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For the early diagnosis and effective evaluation of treatment effects of inflammation, a de novobioanalytical method is urgently needed to monitor the metabolite nitric oxide (NO) associated with inflammatory diseases. However, developing a reliable detection method with excellent water solubility, biocompatibility, long retention time, and blood circulation is still challenging. In this work, we reported for the first time a de novohost–guest self-assembled nanosensor CTA for the quantitative detection and visualization of NO levels in inflammatory models. CTA mainly consists of two parts: (i) an adamantyl-labeled guest small-molecule RN-adH containing a classical response moiety o-phenylenediamine for a chemical-specific response toward NO and fluorophore rhodamine B with excellent optical properties as an internal reference for self-calibration and (ii) a remarkable water-soluble and biocompatible supramolecular β-cyclodextrin polymer (Poly-β-CD) host. In the presence of NO, the o-phenylenediamine unit was reacted with NO at a low pH value of ∼7.0, accompanied by changes in the intensity of the two emission peaks corrected for each other and the change in fluorescence color of the CTA solution from fuchsia to pink. Furthermore, CTA was an effective tool for NO detection with a fast response time (∼60 s), high selectivity, and sensitivity (LOD: 22.3 nM). Impressively, the CTA nanosensor has successfully achieved the targeted imaging of NO in living inflammatory RAW 264.7 cells and mice models with satisfactory results, which can provide a powerful molecular tool for the visualization and assessment of the occurrence and development of NO-related inflammatory diseases in complex biosystems.

Bisulfite (HSO3–) is usually widely added to tap water and food because it has antibacterial, bleaching, and antioxidant effects. However, its abnormal addition would cause a series of serious diseases related to it. Therefore, development of an effective method for HSO3–detection was of great significance to human health. In this work, a new reaction-based ratiometric fluorescent probe KQ–SO2was rationally designed, which could be used for the highly selective detection of HSO3–in tap water, real food samples, onion tissues, and zebrafish. Specifically, a positively charged benzo[e]indolium moiety and a carbazole group through a condensation reaction resulted in KQ–SO2, which displayed two well-resolved emission bands separated by 225 nm, fast response (1 min), and high selectivity and sensitivity toward HSO3–upon undergoing the Michael addition reaction, as well as low cytotoxicity in vitro. In addition, KQ–SO2has been successfully applied for the detection of HSO3–in tap water, real food samples, onion tissues, and zebrafish with satisfactory results. We predict that KQ–SO2could be used as a powerful tool to reveal the relationship between HSO3–and the human health.

The development of new imaging and treatment nanoprodrug systems is highly demanded for diagnosis and therapy of liver cancer, a severe disease characterized by a high recurrence rate. Currently, available small molecule drugs are not possible for cancer diagnosis because of the fast diffusion of imaging agents and low efficacy in treatment due to poor water solubility and significant toxic side effects. In this study, we report the development of a tumor microenvironment activatable nanoprodrug system for the diagnosis and treatment of liver cancer. This nanoprodrug system can accumulate in the tumor site and be selectively activated by an excess of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the tumor microenvironment, releasing near-infrared solid-state organic fluorescent probe (HPQCY-1) and phenylboronic acid-modified camptothecin (CPT) prodrug. Both HPQCY-1 and CPT prodrugs can be further activated in tumor sites for achieving more precise in situ near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging and treatment while reducing the toxic effects of drugs on normal tissues. Additionally, the incorporation of hydrophilic multivalent chitosan as a carrier effectively improved the water solubility of the system. This research thus provides a practical new approach for the diagnosis and treatment of liver cancer.

The efficiency and working performance of the motor and controller system in micro-electric vehicles depends mainly on its thermal performance, which is contingent upon effective and active cooling. The working temperature of the motor and controller may be too high during operation, which properly causes motor power reduction or motor breakdowns. Therefore, it is crucial to design a good cooling channel for better cooling the integrated motor and controller system. This work proposes an integrated cooling channel of motor and controller, and the fluid-solid coupling analysis is applied for analyzing the velocity, pressure distributions of the cooling channel, and temperature distributions of motor solid components. Meanwhile, the collaborative optimization method based on the multi-island genetic algorithm (MIGA) is used to attain optimal design parameters of the integrated cooling channel of the motor and controller for obtaining a better cooling channel design with lower flow resistance and lower winding temperatures. Results show that the original cooling channel’s flow resistance and maximum winding temperature are 31.87 kPa and 120.04°C, respectively. The flow resistance and winding temperature are pretty significant. After optimization, the local vortex flow and zero velocity area in optimal cooling channel design are improved, the coolant flow velocity becomes more uniform, and the flow resistance is significantly reduced. The flow resistance and maximum winding temperature of the optimal cooling channel design are 12.5 kPa and 116.76°C, respectively, which are decreased compared with the original cooling channel structure, with a decrease of 39.4% and 2.7%, respectively. The research findings in this work can provide theoretical reference for solid components temperature evaluation of motor and give valuable data to cooling performance evaluation and optimization of integrated cooling channel for motor and controller system.

ABSTRACTIn order to meet the needs of customers and take advantage of the customer’s innovative resources, companies open up their design activities of products to customers. In contrast to the traditional product innovation, the primary characteristic of open innovation is the participation of a large number of autonomous individuals across organisational boundaries, and there is not a central authority. Hence, it is necessary to study the dynamic mechanism for obtaining a good decision. This paper first studies the evolution of individual interaction based on game theory and then studies the dynamic characteristics of large-scale interaction. According to the results of simulation, it is concluded that the opinions are convergent under various communication conditions, and he convergent velocity distribution of the product solution with payoffs as the independent variable is obtained. A case study is used to deeply understand the participant behaviour based on the game theory and verify the conclusion of dynamic analysis in this paper.

Consumers, industry, and government entities put more focus on the global warming. With this point in view, enterprises have started to take into account of the low carbon idea to develop products. Recently, lots of firms are using the Modular Product Platform Planning (MP3) between product generations for the rapid update of products with lesser production costs and time to market. Traditionally, MP3mainly concerns on module sharing between product generations in modular planning, but pays no attention to the environmental concern which becomes an important design criterion due to the rising awareness of environmental protection. In this paper, an optimization model for low carbon oriented MP3is presented. To support low carbon oriented MP3, this article proposed a probability approach to evaluate the scheme of modular planning for MP3. Meanwhile, a measurement method for low carbon performance of modular planning is provided. Then, an optimization model for low carbon oriented MP3 is formulated to determine the modular planning in pursuit of maximizing the low carbon performance of the product with controlling the implementation probability of MP3. Furthermore, an Adaptive Memetic Algorithm (AMA) is developed for solving the optimization problem. Finally, a case study is proposed to validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Liver injury poses a serious threat to human health and growing evidence suggests that it is closely associated with a biomarker (peroxynitrite, ONOO–). Therefore, considering that the relationship of ONOO–levels with the occurrence and development of liver injury disease remains a challenge, an urgent need exists to develop a reliable and robust tool for its visual rapid diagnosis and assessment. Herein, a two-photon near-infrared (TP-NIR) ratiometric fluorescent nanoprobe (NTC) based on a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) strategy was designed, synthesized, and characterized, which had the advantages of good water solubility, low background interference, deep tissue penetration, and high imaging resolution. Specially, NTCwas constructed by self-assembly of an alkynyl group of a small-molecule fluorescent probe (NR) via click chemistry grafting onto azide chitosan (natural polymeric nanomaterial). NR contained acceptor 1(NIR fluorophore) and donor 3(D–π–Astructure of naphthalimide derivative fluorophore) with outstanding TP properties that could be activated by ONOO–for the ratiometric detection of ONOO–. Furthermore, in the presence of ONOO–, NTCexhibited a short response time (∼10 s) and high selectivity and sensitivity toward ONOO–with an excellent detection limit as low as 15.3 nM over other reactive oxygen/nitrogen species. Notably, NTChas been successfully employed for ONOO–detection and imaging in living HepG2 cells, liver injury mice tissues, and mice models with satisfactory results. Thus, the construction of this NTCnanoprobe can provide a robust molecule tool for enabling early diagnosis and assessment of liver injury in the future.