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1. Environmental pollution to kidney disease: an updated review of current knowledge and future directions

Author: Lao, Xiang Qian, Bo, Yacong, Chen, Dezhong, Zhang, Kai, and Szeto, Cheuk-Chun
Abstract: Environmental pollution significantly impacts global disease burden. However, the contribution of environmental pollution to kidney disease is often overlooked in nephrology. This review examines the growing body of research demonstrating the significant impacts of environmental pollutants, with a focus on air pollution as a primary factor, and acknowledges the roles of other pollutants, such as heavy metals, in the development and progression of kidney diseases. Short-term exposure to air pollution is linked with an increased risk of kidney disease-related events, including hospital admissions, and death, predominantly occurring in vulnerable populations. In contrast, long-term exposure, even at low to moderate levels, may lead to progressive pathophysiological changes, such as chronic systemic inflammation and oxidative stress, that contribute to the development of kidney disease. In addition, air pollution may exacerbate traditional kidney disease risk factors such as hypertension and diabetes, thereby accelerating disease progression. The review also explores how climate change may interact with various pollutants, including air pollution, influencing kidney disease indirectly. The examined evidence underscores the urgent need for an interdisciplinary approach to research further into environmental kidney disease. Environmental health policies could play a crucial role in the prevention, intervention, and improvement of kidney health worldwide.
Published: 2024
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2. Efficacy and safety of aldosterone synthase inhibition with and without empagliflozin for chronic kidney disease: a randomised, controlled, phase 2 trial

Author: Tuttle, Katherine R, Hauske, Sibylle J, Canziani, Maria Eugenia, Caramori, Maria Luiza, Cherney, David, Cronin, Lisa, Heerspink, Hiddo J L, Hugo, Christian, Nangaku, Masaomi, Rotter, Ricardo Correa, Silva, Arnold, Shah, Shimoli V, Sun, Zhichao, Urbach, Dorothea, de Zeeuw, Dick, Rossing, Peter, Tuttle, Katherine R, Hauske, Sibylle J, Canziani, Maria Eugenia, Caramori, Maria Luiza, Cherney, David, Cronin, Lisa, Heerspink, Hiddo J L, Hugo, Christian, Nangaku, Masaomi, Rotter, Ricardo Correa, Silva, Arnold, Shah, Shimoli V, Sun, Zhichao, Urbach, Dorothea, de Zeeuw, Dick, Rossing, Peter, SZETO, Cheuk Chun, Echeverri, Diego, Martin, Edouard, Yee, Ming Li, Wah, William, Wang, Ray, Chacko, Bobby, Swaminathan, Shriram, MacIsaac, Richard, Hashimura, Hikaru, Ward, Glenn, De Vusser, Katrien, Claes, Kathleen, Kuypers, Dirk, Meijers, Björn, Van Craenenbroeck, Amaryllis, Hilbrands, Robert, Debroye, Corinne, Wissing, Karl Martin, Jadoul, Michel, Demoulin, Nathalie, Treille De Grandsaigne, Serge, Beklevic, Ishak, Marcoux, Diane, Liénart, Fabienne, Daper, Claude, De Brouckere, Véronique, Heureux, Mercédès, Felicio, Joao, Felicio, Karem Mileo, Leite, Daniella, Melo, Franciane, Queiroz, Natercia, Souza, Ana Carolina, Vieira, Jocyelle, Franco, Roberto, Mendes, Adriana, Picolli, Giovana, Canani, Luis Henrique, Sartori, Carla, Valenti, Adriana, Eliaschewitz, Freddy, Bona, Renata, Franco, Denise, Ludovico Costa de Castro, Denise, Magalhaes, Vanessa, Oliveira, Marcelo, Sampaio, Célia Regina, Visconti, Guilherme, Halpern, Bruno, Nihei, Camila, Pessoa, Bruna, Seraphim, Carlos, Santos, Daniel, Brito, Claudia, Douverny, Joao, Colella, Marina, Gazeta, Cristina, Vercia, Monique, Watanabe, Renato, Temelkova, Theodora, Kjurkchiev, Dimo, Statkova, Silviya, Popov, Iliya, Radeva, Radosveta, Arabadzhiev, Lachezar, Binova, Mariya, Bosilkov, Aleksandar, Koleva-Stoicheva, Neli, Ivanov, Ivaylo, Ivanova, Zornitsa, Kotseva, Viktoria, Spasov, Petar, Tsvetkov, Ivaylo, Jolly, Shivinder, Bailey, Gordon, Ye, Zhiming, Niu, Jianying, Li, Hongmei, Wu, Qing, Liao, Bing, Hao, Chuanming, Lai, Lingyun, Xu, Yunyu, Zhang, Min, Li, Yiwen, Liu, Bo, Shao, Lina, Chen, Wei, Wu, Haishan, Pirchala, Marian, Skarpova, Iva, Hraskova, Marketa, Soukupova, Simoneta, Veberova, Lucie, Drasnar, Tomas, Falc, Matej, Racz, Blazej, Votocek, Stepan, Weissova, Danica, Syc-Krivanova, Lenka, Slezak, Dagmar, Kantola, Ilkka, Nieminen, Sakari, Anttonen, Milla, Taurio, Jyrki, Lahtela, Jorma, Tsimihodimos, Vasileios, Balafa, Olga, Dounousi, Evangelia, Sakkou, Sissy, Tentolouris, Nikolaos, Siafarikas, Christos, Siami, Evangelia, Doupis, Ioannis, Angelopoulos, Theodoros, Georgoulias, Christodoulos, Pall, Denes, Esze, Regina, Kobling, Tamas, Varadi, Zita, Zsiros, Noemi, Vass, Viktor, Balo, Timea, Csanyi, Erika, Ory, Ivan, Pall, Istvan, Patai, Valentina, Zeak, Zsuzsanna, Takacs, Istvan, Petho, Akos, Szili, Balazs, Koranyi, Laszlo, Bezzegh, Katalin, Pauer, Jozsef, Peterfai, Eva, Konyves, Laszlo, Szoke, Brigitta, Hajdu, Csaba, Kalman, Krisztina, Yadav, Raj, Saxena, Navneet, Bhattacharya, Meenakshi, Sharma, Bal, Thomas, Nihal, K, Felix Jebasingh, Kapoor, Nitin, Kurian, Mathews E., Paul, Jinson, Ramesh, Priyadharshini, Varghese, Sheeba, Shibusawa, Nobuyuki, Nishi, Hiroshi, Noritake, Nobuyasu, Oda, Takashi, Okamoto, Hideki, Kasuga, Hirotake, Hori, Hiroshi, Ito, Yukiko, Mizukoshi, Toshihiro, Ishii, Hideto, Han, Seung Hyeok, Kim, Hyung Woo, Oh, Kook-Hwan, Han, Seung Seok, Han, Sang Youb, Cha, Dae Ryong, Cha, Jin Joo, Kwon, Soon-Kil, Cho, Hyunjeong, Kim, Hye-Young, Kim, Sun Moon, Lee, Jung Pyo, Lee, Jeonghwan, Lee, Li Yuan, Chang, Meng Lee, Laang, Shian Tuck, Tan, Zhao Zhi, Ahmad Rosdi, Hajar, Mohammad Ismail, Siti Hafizah, Simatherai, Devamalar, Tay, Ju Fan, Eddie, Wong, Fook Sem, Yakob, Suryati, Abdul Sukur, Noorhafini, Anuar, Amalina, Md. Rasid, Syaliza, Mushaddik, Irma Liyana, Mustafar, Ruslinda, Abu Shamsi, Muhammad Yusuf, Fong, Voon Ken, Kamaruzaman, Lydia, Mohd, Rozita, Wan Daud, Wan Rohaslizan, Wan Hassan, Wan Hasnul Halimi, Ab Hamid, Suhaidarwani, Abdullah, Muhammad Nabil, Yusoff, Mohd Yusran, Ramanathan, G R Letchuman, Lee, Kim Yen, Wan Ismail, Wan Fadhilah, Morales Villegas, Enrique, Ramirez Baez, Rubria, Vital Lopez, Jorge, Arias Delgadillo, Cristhian, Herrera Marmolejo, Marisol, Parra Perez, Rosa, Alpizar Salazar, Melchor, Flores Montealegre, Ana, Galvan Magaña, Jose, Gutierrez Tlapale, Minerva, Reyes Munguia, Daniela, Witczak, Bartlomiej, Gøransson, Lasse, Strand Thorsen, Inga, Caringal, Clodoaido, Villardo, Mario, Toledo, Ronaldo, Dijamco, Emerlinda Fausto, De Asis, Norman Cornelio, Kuizon, Angelica, Catindig, Elizabeth Ann, Perez, Ronald, Aquitania, Grace, Pableo, Jimrie David, Sanchez, Jay Karlou, Czernecka, Ewa, Cegiel, Aleksandra, Knychas, Dorota, Ochnio, Malgorzata, Kuligowska-Jakubowska, Monika, Cesarz, Marek, Kowalewska-Celejewska, Milena, Masajtis-Zagajewska, Anna, Jankowski, Lukasz, Ojrzanowski, Marcin, Olszewska-Jander, Magdalena, Skokowska, Ewa, Giermakowska-Samek, Malgorzata, Luchowska, Elzbieta, Patkowska, Renata, Sekulska, Marzenna, Marczuk-Krynicka, Dorota, Marciniak, Andrzej, Barwijuk, Michal, Myslicki, Marcin, Siek, Michal, Wronska, Danuta, Tomsia-Goncerz, Jadwiga, Wronski, Krzysztof, Junik, Roman, Dzialak, Szymon, Kurlapska, Ewelina, Malecha, Wieslaw, Suwala, Szymon, Branco, Patrícia, Birne, Rita, Raposo, João, Ferreira, Marta, Alexandrino, Henrique, Alves, Helena, Correia, Sara, Oliveira, Maria João, Ramalho, Diogo, Tavares, Patricia, Coetzee, Kathleen, Blignaut, Sue, Viljoen, Winifred, Potgieter, Elsje, Malherbe, Elmien, Ortiz Arduán, Alberto, Goma Garcés, Elena, Pérez, María, Santamaría, Rafael, López López, Isabel, Pendón de Mier, Victoria, Rodelo Haad, Cristian, Marques, María, Domènech, Esther, Portoles, Josep Maria, Soler, María José, Agraz, Irene, Azancot, María Antonieta, Bermejo, Sheila, Bolufer, Mónica, López, Marina, Ramos, Natalia, Toapanta, Néstor, Cigarrán Guldris, Secundino, Primo, Juan Carlos, Pérez, Luis Enrique, Rebollido Fernández, María, Holmer, Helene, Bruchfeld, Annette, Rofors, Justus, Tengmark, Bengt-Olov, Wuerzner, Gregoire, Leanizbarrutia, Garazi, Ozturk, Savas, Guler, Nurana, Safak, Seda, Lee, Keung, Campbell, Stephen, Siddiqui, Imran, Abbasi, Nadia, Tahir, Faiza, Azizad, Masoud, Jackson, Timothy, Everhart, Brian, Oliver, Michael, Rust, William, Sniezek, Matthew, Arif, Ahmed, Syed, Mohammed, Bhasin, Nitin, Bien, Michael, Gallego, Claudio, Jamal, Aamir, Moghadam, Mojtaba, Rizvi, Abid, Rizvi, Amna, Rizvi, Syed, Wong, Christopher, Lucas, Kathryn, Buery, Andrea, Chang, Ku-Lang, Presswood, Claire, Smith, Justin, Doshi, Ankur, Parikh, Manish, Wallace, Jeannine, Krishna, Arvind, Daugherty, Heidi, Fearday, Aaron, Keller, Christopher, Meng, Jerry, Nielsen, Alexandra, Rovner, Sergio, Almeida, Javier, Marranzini, Benito, Selby, Lisa, Yablon, Zachary, Jean-Louis, Daphne, Kotzker, Wayne, Perez, Chabely, Richards, Marc, Rosario, Reinaldo, Marcus, Roy, Okechukwu, Chike, Ross, Dennis, Gromala, Rachel, Reed, Matthew, Weber, Lisa, Nazeer, Imran, Kumar, Prashant, Mir, Muhammad, Shea, Heidi, Hart, Amanda, Wiebel, Jaime, Kooienga, Laura, Newsome, Britt, Suyumova, Irina, Alvarez, German, Bireddy, Venkata, Lansang, Maria, Mandry, Jose, Freire, Maria, Herrera Albornoz, Oscarina, Desai, Anant, Gandhi, Dayan, Rajan, Sibu, Raymond, Louis, Posada, Jorge, Garcia-Mayol, Luis, Gutierrez-Alsina, Rodolfo, Fernandez, Juan, Bruce, Kendaling, Cuellar, Juan, Ranz y Alvarez, Maria, Bartolacci, Ines, Pautasso, Mauro, Stoppa, Daniela, Riella, Miguel, Barbosa, Maria, Harcsa, Eleonora, Gulati, Yuvraj, Savalia, Denish, Khetan, Prakash, Sinha, Dhananjay, R, Niranjan, K, Srinivas, Pazos, Fabiola, Gacutan-Liwag, Aretha, Duszynska, Malgorzata, Antkowiak-Piatyszek, Karolina, Konieczny, Grzegorz, Sidorowicz-Bialynicka, Anna, Ciesiolkiewicz-Wojcik, Agnieszka, Dwojak, Marek, Szymkowiak, Katarzyna, Gorczyca-Siudak, Daria, Janik-Palazzolo, Marzena, Siudak, Lukasz, Opiela, Jaroslaw, Iwanow, Dariusz, Solkiewicz, Monika, Sipinska-Surzynska, Malgorzata, Olszanecka - Glinianowicz, Magdalena, Rozmilowska, Izabela, Trokis, Julian, Prozesky, Hans, Burgess, Lesley, Cyster, Henry, Jordaan, Jurie, Mohamed, Hawa, Naude, Christina, Sitsila, Thembie, Mehta, Arvind, Mocherla, Bharat, Lee, Sungchun, Boren, Kenneth, Rudolph, Lance, Benjamin, Sabrina, Sugimoto, Danny, Hammoud, Jamal, Bakleh, Muhammad, Hashish, Yaseen, Da Costa, Jonathan, Gold, Marina, Majul, Claudio, Buscema, Juan, Gatto, Maria, Lombardi, Facundo, Paez, Olga, Puleio, Pablo, Alvarisqueta, Andrés, Pajon, Vanessa, Suarez, Gabriel, Hernandez Gauna, Adrian, Pereyra, Alejandro, Reig, Moira, Gelersztein, Elizabeth, Campestri, Gina, Gonzalez Santos, Maria, Sambresqui, Julieta, Catalano, Gustavo, Igarzabal, Cecilia, Vallejos, Augusto, Escobari, Claudio, Marchetto, Rocio, Chahin, Mariano, Aguilera, Andrea, Comes, Ana, Rodriguez Segade, Silvia, Baccaro, Claudia, Larrieu Lacoste, María Verónica, Saurral, Ruben, Cristino, Alberto, Dran, Dario, Koretzky, Martin, Ponti, Juan, Porto, Alejandro, Tenaglia, Yasmin, Maldonado, Natacha, Bertollo, Natalia, Van Perdeck, Verónica, Lopau, Kai, Wanner, Christoph, Berfelo, Florieke, Contzen, Christel, Arbi, Abdulwahab, Lee-Barkey, Young Hee, Maciejewska, Aleksandra, Arelin, Katrin, Haller, Hermann, Kaufeld, Jessica, Schmidt-Ott, Kai, Heinrichs, Sven, Krüger, Thilo, Gebauer, Chris, Paliege, Alexander, Henkel, Elena, Axthelm, Christoph, Derwahl, Karl-Michael, Trevisan, Roberto, Bellante, Rosalia, Borrella, Nicolò, Corsi, Anna, Gesualdo, Loreto, Ardillo, Teodora, Ficarella, Maria, Fikry, Sameh, Mazza, Giuseppe, Poirier, Lysane, Bajaj, Harpreet, Hatziagelaki, Erifili, Katopodis, Sokratis, Katsoudas, Spiros, Yamaura, Shuichi, Shikano, Tsutomu, Tosaki, Takahiro, Miho, Otoya, Tachibana, Naoki, Yumita, Wataru, Kado, Hiroshi, Villarreal Martinez, Jesus, Soto Miranda, Ernesto, Gonzalez Rodriguez, David, Panelo, Araceli, Santos, Telma, Birne, Rita, Branco, Patrícia, Martins, Ana, Mateus, Catarina, Teixeira e Costa, Fernando, Barreto, Sara, Silva Costa, Joana, Ferrer, Francisco, Silva, Joana, Awad, Ahmed, Khaleel, Shatha, Lustig, Ryan, Maharjan, Gajendra, Moya, Jaynier, Johnsingh, Amit, Acosta, Idalia, Newman, George, Buckle, Anita, and Hendon, Kendra
Abstract: Excess aldosterone accelerates chronic kidney disease progression. This phase 2 clinical trial assessed BI 690517, an aldosterone synthase inhibitor, for efficacy, safety, and dose selection.
Published: 2024
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3. Efficacy and safety of sparsentan versus irbesartan in patients with IgA nephropathy (PROTECT): 2-year results from a randomised, active-controlled, phase 3 trial

Author: Rovin, Brad H, Barratt, Jonathan, Heerspink, Hiddo J L, Alpers, Charles E, Bieler, Stewart, Chae, Dong-Wan, Diva, Ulysses A, Floege, Jürgen, Gesualdo, Loreto, Inrig, Jula K, Kohan, Donald E, Komers, Radko, Kooienga, Laura Ann, Lafayette, Richard, Maes, Bart, Małecki, Robert, Mercer, Alex, Noronha, Irene L, Oh, Se Won, Peh, Chen Au, Praga, Manuel, Preciado, Priscila, Radhakrishnan, Jai, Rheault, Michelle N, Rote, William E, Tang, Sydney C W, Tesar, Vladimir, Trachtman, Howard, Trimarchi, Hernán, Tumlin, James A, Wong, Muh Geot, Perkovic, Vlado, Abbasciano, Isabella, Abrantes, Catarina, Accarino, Simone, Adler, Sharon, Adoberg, Annika, Afsari, Rouzbeh, Ahmad, Syeda, Ahmed, Jafar, Ahn, Wooin, Ajayi, Bamidele, Aksamit, Dariusz, Al Chalabi, Saif, Alamartine, Eric, Alchi, Bassam, Ali, Mohammad, Aliotta, Roberta, Almaani, Salem, Almeida, Catarina, Almeida, Edgar, Alvarez, Francisco de la Prada, Alves, Patricia, Annese, Francesca, Appel, Gerald, Arduan, Alberto Ortiz, Arena, Maria, Arevalo, Marta Calvo, Arfaania, Dariush, Arias, Carlos, Aristoy, Emma Calatayud, Asakiene, Egle, Ashley, Sarah, Assefi, Ali, Atenza, Alba, Auerbach, Asta, Augustyniak-Bartosik, Hanna, Avella, Monroy, Ayling-Smith, Jonathan, Ayoub, Isabelle, Ayvazyan, Christine, Baccaro, Rocco, Bailey, Asha, Baker, Bruce, Balamuthusamy, Saravanan, Ballarin, Jose, Barata, Rui, Barbic, Jerko, Barisic, Dunja, Barratt, Jonathan, Barreto, Jose Carlos de Jesus, Barrios, Clara, Belingheri, Mirco, Benesova, Anna, Bernabeu, Ana Avila, Bernhardt, Wanja, Bhadra, Shamik, Biancone, Luigi, Blanchard, Anne, Boaglio, Elena, Bolignano, Davide, Bomback, Andrew, Bonilla, Gustavo Andres Useche, Bordoli, Monica, Bose, Bhadran, Boudville, Neil, Brandon, Donald, Brandon, Donald, Brown, Karen, Broyet, Christian, Bucknall, Thomas, Buffet, Alexandre, Bumblyte', Inga Arune, Burdese, Manuel, Burgos, Natalia Allende, Burgos, Natalia Allende, Burguet, Laure, Burtey, Stephane, Busch, Martin, Cakiroglu, Figen, Campbell, Victoria, Canetta, Pietro, Capaccio, Flavia, Carbonell, Juan, Cardoso, Filipa, Carro, Clara Garcia, Carroll, Robert, Carron, Pierre-Louis, Carullo, Nazareno, Cassia, Matthias, Caster, Dawn, Castillo, Belen Vizcaino, Catucci, Davide, Cavalli, Andrea, Chae, Dong-Wan, Chakera, Aron, Chan, Doris, Chan, Gary Chi Wang, Chan, Anthony Ting Pong, Chan, Lai Wan, Chang, Jae Hyun, Chang, Ming-Shan, Chapman, Fiona, Charytan, Chaim, Chaudhry, Asghar, Cheetham, Melissa, Chen, Cheng-Hsu, Chen, Hsin-Yu, Chen, Chien-Liang, Chen, Hung-Yuan, Chen, Hung-Chun, Chenine, Leila, Cheung, Siu Fai, Cheung, Chee Kay, Chiche-Jourde, Noemie, Chiu, Hsien-Fu, Chiu, Yen-Ling, Chiu, Yi-Wen, Chiu, Ian, Choi, Hoon Young, Chou, Kang-Ju, Chowdhury, Paramit, Chowdhury, Pradip, Chrysochou, Constantina, Chukwu, Chukwuma, Chun, Ka Yeong, Chung, Wookyung, Cieniawski, Dominik, Claisse, Guillaume, Clayton, Philip, Cleary, Catalina Martín, Clement, Nisha, Coates, Toby, Cogno, Chiara, Colla, Loredana, Collins, Michael, Colucci, Marco, Combe, Christian, Comi, Nicolino, Comunale, Roderick, Contreras, Gabriel, Cooper, Bruce, Coppock, Gaia, Costa, Ana Cortesão, Costanzi, Stefano, Cozzolino, Mario, Crail, Susan, Cunha, Liliana, Curry, Elizabeth, Dai, Tiane, Daina, Erica, Daneshvari, Sam, Dasgupta, Indranil, DaSilva, Louise, Davidson, Robert, De Bhailis, Aine Maire, de Précigout, Valérie, Decupere, Marc, Delmas, Yahsou, Deodato, Francesca, Dhaun, Neeraj, Dhaygude, Ajay, Dhelaria, Ranjit, Di Maio, Federica, Diezhandino, Maria Angeles Goicoechea, Dika, Zivka, Dinic, Miriana, Dittmer, Ian, Dobre, Mirela, Doctor, Gabriel, Donati, Gabriele, Doubel, Peter, Douthit, Nicole, Draganova, Diliana, Drexler, Yelena, Drinkovic, Martin, Drinovska, Klara, Dudreuilh, Caroline, Dumond, Clement, Durlen, Ivan, Dussol, Bertrand, Encarnacion, Montserrat Diaz, Endre, Zoltan, Enrique, Jorge, Eqbal, Yusuf, Erlich, Jonathan, Esposito, Vittoria, Esposito, Ciro, Fakih, Faisal, Fang, Hua-Chang, Farinha, Ana, Fearday, Aaron, Felgueiras, Joana de Sousa Soares, Felicjanczuk, Elzbieta, Fernandes, João Carlos, Fernandes, Sara, Fernandes, Adriana, Fernandez, Jose Luño, Fernandez, Victor, Fernando, Mangalee, Figueiredo, Ana Carolina, Firre, Eric, Floege, Jürgen, Flossmann, Oliver, Floyd, Lauren, Fonseca, Nuno, Fonseca, Jose Nuno de Almeida Agapito, Foote, Celine, Forbes, Suzanne, Forcen, Angel, Fornoni, Alessia, Fouassier, David, Fraser, Ian, Fung, Ka Shun Samuel, Furlano, Monica, Furtado, Teresa, Gadh, Rajdeep, Gaisset, Roxane, Gallagher, Martin, Gameiro, Joana, Gangadharan, Muralikrishna, Garcia, Fabiola Alonso, Garcia, Olga Gracia, Garg, Gunjan, Garrouste, Cyril, Gautam, Archana, Geara, Abdallah, Geddes, Colin, Gellineo, Lana, Germain, Michael, Gesualdo, Loreto, Ghalli, Farid, Giaroni, Francesco, Giles, Harold, Gillies, Alastair, Gimeno, Ana Vilar, Girardet, Annette, Glaze, Jeffrey, Goh, Tze, Gois, Mario, Goldsmith, Christopher, Goma, Elena, Gomes, Ana Marta, Goncalves, Luis Pedro Falcao, Goncalves, Sara, Gontarek-Kacprzak, Julita, Gonzalez, Carlos, Gopu, Arun, Gowda, Nayan, Gray, Nicholas, Greco, Barbara, Green, Heather, Greze, Clarisse, Griffin, Sian, Guldris, Secundino Cigarran, Guzman, Ursula Verdalles, Ha, Jeffrey Tsun Kit, Hall, Amanda, Hamilton, Patrick, Han, Seung Hyeok, Haws, Robert, Hayat, Ashik, Heath, Lauren, Heinrichs, Sven, Henderson, Andrew, Henderson, Amy, Hendren, Elizabeth, Heng, Anne-Elisabeth, Heres, Salia Virxinia Pol, Herfurth, Johann Konstantin, Herrero, Evangelina Merida, Ho, Tzung-Yo, Hogan, Jonathan, Hohenstein, Bernd, Hollett, Peter, Horvatic, Ivica, Hsu, Bang-Gee, Hsu, Chia-Tien, Hsu, Chih-Yang, Hsu, Shih-Ping, Huang, Chien-Wei, Hudson, Amy, Hung, Chi-Chih, Hwang, Shang-Jyh, Hwang, Daw-Yang, Hyun, Young Youl, Ilmoja, Madis, Irish, Georgina, Jacob, Radu, Jahan, Sadia, Jain, Arunima, Jamar, Sofie, Jander, Anna, Jang, Hye Ryoun, Janko, Catherine, Jardine, Meg, Jaskowski, Piotr, Jeantet, Guillaume, Jelakovic, Bojan, Jeon, Junseok, Jeong, Jong Cheol, Jesudason, Shilpanjali, Jittirat, Arksarapuk, Jo, Sang-Kyung, Jones, Rachel, Joo, Narae, Jorge, Sofia, Julian, Bruce, Jung, JiYong, Jyothinagaram, Praveena, Kadakia, Jigar, Kamal, Fahameedah, Kanigicherla, Durga, Karanovic, Sandra, Karras, Alexandre, Kasimatis, Theodoros, Kassem, Mohamad, Kattamanchi, Siddhartha, Keller, Christopher, Kentric, Dubravka Trajbar, Kettner, Christiane, Khalil, Kassem, Kim, Dana, Kim, Se Joong, Kim, Yeong Hoon, Kim, Yunmi, Kim, Hyung Wook, Kim, Sunggyun, Kim, Jwa-Kyung, Kim, Aejin, Kim, Myung-Gyu, Kimber, Cassandra, Klamm, Kathryn, Koch, Annegret, Koester, Eric, Kolvald, Kulli, Kon, Sui, Kooienga, Laura Ann, Kotwal, Sradha, Krajewska, Magdalena, Kratka, Karolina, Krishnan, Anoushka, Krishnasamy, Rathika, Krueger, Thilo, Kruljac, Ivan, Kulka, Simone, Kunzendorf, Ulrich, Kuo, Mei-Chuan, Kuo, Hung-Tien, Kuo, Sheng, Kwan, Lorraine Pui Yuen, Kwella, Norbert, Kwella, Bogna, Kyaw, Kay, Labat, Aurore, Lafayette, Richard, Lagatta, Mark, Lam, Chi Kwan Darwin, Lambie, Mark, Lanaret, Camille, Latif, Farah, Laute, Margo, Law, Wai Ping, Lawman, Sarah, Lazo, Mercedes Salgueira, Lee, Hajeong, Lee, Moon Hyoung, Lee, Kyu-Beck, Lee, Hyung-seok, Lee, JungEun, Lee, Hyun Hee, Lee, Po-Tsang, Leis, Liisi, Lemahieu, Wim, Leung, Janson, Li, Yan, Lie, Davina Ngoi Wah, Lifland, Howard, Lilienthal, Kadri, Lim, Wai, Limardo, Monica, Livrozet, Marine, Longhi, Selena, Lopes, Daniela, Lopes, Jose Antonio, Lorde, Nathan, Luxton, Grant, Ma, Mingyao, Madhrira, Machaiah, Madonia, Phillip, Maes, Bart, Mahadevan, Kumaradevan, Mahdi, Amar, Mahdi, Eamon, Maillard, Nicolas, Maixnerova, Dita, Majstorovic Barac, Karolina, Malecki, Robert, Malfait, Thomas, Malvica, Silvia, Mandayam, Sreedhar, Manley, Paul, Mansfield, Nick, Marcantoni, Carmelita, Mariat, Christophe, Marin, Tamara Malek, Marin, Lida Maria Rodas, Mark, Patrick, Marques, Joana, Martinez, Eduardo Gutierrez, Martinez, Stacy, Masset, Catherine, Masson, Ingrid, Mather, Amanda, Maung Myint, Thida Maung, Mayet, Valentin, McCafferty, Kieran, McCarthy, Ellen, McDonald, Stephen, McGreal, Kerri, McMahon, Kellyn, McNally, Andrew, McQuarrie, Emily, Medina, Allyson, Meeus, Gert, Mehta, Kshama, Mendoza, Elder, Menezes, Maria, Meng, Jerry, Messa, Piergiorgio, Messias, Ana, Miarka, Przemyslaw, Miglinas, Marius, Mikacic, Ivana, Mikhail, Ashraf, Milicevic, Martina, Minasian, Raffi, Moeller, Marcus, Mohey, Hesham, Mojarrab, Javad, Mok, Maggie Ming Yee, Moncasi, Eduardo Parra, Moonen, Martial, Morales, Wenceslao Adrian Aguilera, Moreno, Eduardo Verde, Moreno, Antolina, Morris, Adam, Moutzouris, Dimitrios, Moya, Mercedes Gonzalez, Mucha, Simon, Musolino, Michela, Napodano, Pietro, Natario, Ana, Negrea, Lavinia, Nelson, Bradley, Neuen, Brendon, Newsome, Britt, Ng, Kit Chung Jack, Nguyen, Thu, Nguyen, Viet, Nicolo, Clementine, Nitschke, Martin, Noble, Euan, Noble, Euan, Nolasco, Fernando, O'Lone, Emma, Ochoa, Adriana Sierra, Oh, Kook-Hwan, Oh, SeWon, Okoh, Pedro, Ombelet, Sara, O'Shaughnessy, Michelle, Ou, Shih-Hsiang, Packham, David, Padiyar, Aparna, Pai, Mei-Fen, Pamplona, Irene Agraz, Pan, Szu-Yu, Pandya, Bhavna, Papadia, Federica, Pardinhas, Clara, Parikh, Nishita, Parikh, Samir, Park, Hyeong Cheon, Park, Jung Tak, Parreira, Lucia, Passerini, Patrizia, Patak, Ramachandra, Patecki, Margret, Patel, Rajan, Patel, Jusmin, Patel Suthar, Meera, Patella, Gemma, Patrikyan, Artashes, Pavlovic, Drasko, Paxton, William, Peh, Chen, Peleg, Yonatan, Pelicano, Josep Miquel Blasco, Peng, Yu-Sen, Pereira de Vicente, Manuel, Perez, Jonay Pantoja, Perez, Erika, Perez de Jose, Ana, Pérez Gómez, María Vanessa, Perez Lluna, Leticia, Peri, Usha, Perico, Norberto, Philipponnet, Carole, Phua, Elaine, Piel, Julia, Pillai, Unnikrishnan, Pilmore, Helen, Plavljanic, Djuro, Plaza, Mercedes Velo, Pollock, Carol, Ponnusamy, Arvind, Ponti, Serena, Powell, Thomas, Pradhan, Nishigandha, Prado, Raul Fernandez, Prkacin, Ingrid, Pruthi, Rishi, Pugh, Dan, Quinn, Sarah, Quintana, Luis F, Raakesh, Lathika, Rabindranath, Kannaiyan, Radermacher, Luc, Radhakrishnan, Jai, Ragy, Omar Sherin Ibrahim, Raichoudhury, Ritesh, Raimundo, Mario, Randone, Paolo, Razavian, Mona, Reichel, Helmut, Reis, Marina, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Reynolds, Annie, Ricchiuto, Anna, Rico, Ivon Maritza Bobadilla, Rigothier, Claire, Ritchie, Angus, Rivero, Maria Antonieta Azancot, Rizk, Dana, Ro, Han, Rodriguez, Alfred, Rodriguez Garcia, Eva, Roger, Simon, Rony, Mohammad, Rosenberg, Mai, Roueff, Stephane, Rovin, Brad, Roxburgh, Sarah, Ruiz, Mario, Rusinol, Helena Marco, Rychlik, Ivan, Sá, Helena, Salehi, Tania, Sánchez de la Nieta, Maria Dolores, Sanden, Silja, Santockiene, Lina, Santos, Patricia Valerio, Santos, Iara Da Silva, Sargsyan, Mari, Sarnow, Franziska, Sat, Sebahat, Satora, Ewa, Savuk, Ana, Sayer, Matthew, Schlieper, Georg, Schlosser, Mandy, Schmidt-Guertler, Hans, Schockaert, Olivier, Schulte, Kevin, Schulz, Lisa, Selvaskandan, Haresh, Semple, David, Sen, Shaundeep, Seppet, Elviira, Serrano, Antonio Galan, Serre, Jean-Emmanuel, Sevillano, Angel, Shah, Sapna, Shen, Yvonne, Sheridan, Brittany, Shu, Kai-Hsiang, Sightler, Ford, Silva, Sónia, Silva, Arnold, Sinha, Smeeta, Siriwardana, Amanda, Sitas, Zvonimir, Sivo, Carmen, Sizeland, Peter, Sly, Cathylee, Smith, Priscilla, Snow, Brian, Soares, Elsa Sofia Quadrado, Solazzo, Andrea, Solis, Elena Gutierrez, Solomon, Laurence, Song, Young Rim, Sousa, Helena, Spinowitz, Bruce, Stallworthy, Elizabeth, Stamellou, Eleni, Stanczyk, Malgorzata, Stangenberg, Stefanie, Stankovic, Marija, Stankuviene, Asta, Stea, Emma Diletta, Stompor, Tomasz, Storrar, Joshua, Sullivan, James, Sulowicz, Wladyslaw, Suyumova, Irina, Szeto, Cheuk Chun, Tamarit, Esther, Tan, Eddie, Tan, May, Tang, Sydney Chi Wai, Tang, Hon, Teixeira, Catarina, Telling, Kadri, Terrades, Natalia Ramos, Tesar, Vladimir, Tez, Didem, Thervet, Eric, Thibaudin, Damien, Thomas, Mark, Thyagarajan, Nikhil, Tkaczyk, Marcin, Torreggiani, Massimo, Trillini, Matias, Tsai, Shang-Feng, Tsai, Wan-Chuan, Tsai, Jer-Chia, Tseng, Po-Yu, Tumlin, James, Tung, Kuei-Ting, Turnbull, Angus, Udani, Suneel, Uhlinova, Jana, Unt, Kristin, Urciuolo, Federica, Vanacker, An, Vandewiele, Bert, Vaz, Alvaro, Veermae, Kristi, Viaene, Liesbeth, Vickiene, Alvita, Vigano, Sara, Vila, Maria Antonia Munar, Vilayur, Eswari, Villanueva, Caridad Martinez, Villarroya, Cristina Medrano, Villen, Alejandro Soria, Viramontes, Veronica, Vita, Caterina, Vujcic, Dunja, Wahba, Mona, Wan, Susan, Wang, Chih-Hsien, Warling, Xavier, Waters, Gerald, Waugh, Jane, Weiland, Lea, Weiner, Stefan, Weinreich, Thomas, Werth, Stephan Christian, Wickens, Olivia, Wijeratne, Vidu, Wilder, Karen, Willcocks, Lisa, Williams, Allister, Winiarska, Agata, Wirtz, Nikolaus, Wolf, Lothar, Wolf, Gunter, Wong, Muh Geot, Wong, Yick Hei, Wong, Sze Ho Sunny, Workeneh, Biruh, Wu, Ming-Ju, Wu, Hon-Yen, Wyndham, Roger, Yang, Jihyun, Yang, Ju-Yeh, Yeap, Chii, Yim, Ka Fai, Yong, Kenneth, Yoo, Tae-Hyun, Yoon, Songuk, Yu, Tung-Min, Yue, Tak Tai Andrew, Zakari, Michel, Zakauskiene, Urte, Zaoui, Philippe, Zbrzezniak, Justyna, Zielinska, Dorota, and Zizzi, Carlotta Federica
Abstract: Sparsentan, a novel, non-immunosuppressive, single-molecule, dual endothelin angiotensin receptor antagonist, significantly reduced proteinuria versus irbesartan, an angiotensin II receptor blocker, at 36 weeks (primary endpoint) in patients with immunoglobulin A nephropathy in the phase 3 PROTECT trial's previously reported interim analysis. Here, we report kidney function and outcomes over 110 weeks from the double-blind final analysis.
Published: 2023
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4. Change in Albuminuria and GFR Slope as Joint Surrogate End Points for Kidney Failure: Implications for Phase 2 Clinical Trials in CKD

Author: Heerspink, Hiddo J.L., Inker, Lesley A., Tighiouart, Hocine, Collier, Willem H., Haaland, Benjamin, Luo, Jiyu, Appel, Gerald B., Chan, Tak Mao, Estacio, Raymond O., Fervenza, Fernando, Floege, Jürgen, Imai, Enyu, Jafar, Tazeen H., Lewis, Julia B., Kam-Tao Li, Philip, Locatelli, Francesco, Maes, Bart D., Perna, Annalisa, Perrone, Ronald D., Praga, Manuel, Schena, Francesco P., Wanner, Christoph, Xie, Di, Greene, Tom, Schrier, Robert W., Hanratty, Rebecca, Maschio, Giuseppe, Carlo, Manno, Saddelli, Mauro, Brenner, Barry M., Lewis, Edmund, von Eynatten, Maximilian, de Jong, Paul E., van Essen, GG, Hou, Fan Fan, Chapman, Arlene, Torres, Vicente, Yu, Alan, Brosnahan, Godela, Chow, Kai-Ming, Szeto, Cheuk-Chun, Leung, Chi-Bon, Hunsicker, Lawrence G., Dwyer, Jamie, Pohl, Marc, Raz, Itamar, Del Vecchio, Lucia, Andrulli, Simeone, Pozzi, Claudio, Casartelli, Donatella, Malfait, Thomas, Vanacker, An, Caravaca-Fontán, Fernando, Trujillo, Hernando, Cavero, Teresa, Gutierrez, Eduardo, Beck, Gerald, Kusek, John, Eknoyan, Garabed, Ponticelli, Claudio, Montagnino, Giuseppe, Passerini, Patrizia, Moroni, Gabriella, Kobayashi, Fumiaki, Makino, Hirofumi, Ito, Sadayoshi, Chan, Juliana CN, Tang, Colin, Gaspari, Flavio, Lesti, Maria Domenica, Gherardi, Giulia, Gamba, Sara, Keane, William, Donadio, James, Rauen, Thomas, Seikrit, Claudia, Wied, Stefanie, Dwyer, Jamie, and Becker, Gavin J.
Published: 2023
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5. Sparsentan in patients with IgA nephropathy: a prespecified interim analysis from a randomised, double-blind, active-controlled clinical trial

Author: Heerspink, Hiddo J L, Radhakrishnan, Jai, Alpers, Charles E, Barratt, Jonathan, Bieler, Stewart, Diva, Ulysses, Inrig, Jula, Komers, Radko, Mercer, Alex, Noronha, Irene L, Rheault, Michelle N, Rote, William, Rovin, Brad, Trachtman, Howard, Trimarchi, Hernán, Wong, Muh Geot, Perkovic, Vlado, Alarmartine, Eric, Barratt, Jonathan, Chae, Dong Wan, Del Vecchio, Lucia, Floege, Jurgen, Hwang, Shang-Jyh, Jelakovic, Bojan, Maes, Bart, Malecki, Robert, Miglinas, Marius, Nolasco, Fernando Eduardo Barbosa, Praga, Manual, Rabindranath, Kannaiyan, Rosenberg, Mai, Rovin, Brad, Tang, Sydney Chi Wai, Tesar, Vladmir, Wong, Muh Geot, Bose, Bhadran, Gangadharan, Muralikrishna, McDonald, Stephen, Peh, Chen, Jahan, Sadia, Yeap, Chii, Clayton, Philip, Irish, Georgina, Thyagarajan, Nikhil, Hollett, Peter, Krishnasamy, Rathika, Carroll, Robert, Jesudason, Shilpanjali, Crail, Susan, Coates, Toby, Waugh, Jane, Noble, Euan, Mahadevan, Kumaradevan, Campbell, Victoria, Salehi, Tania, Lim, Wai, Boudville, Neil, Chakera, Aron, Chan, Doris, Krishnan, Anoushka, Eqbal, Yusuf, Gillies, Alastair, Vilayur, Eswari, Maung Myint, Thida Maung, Gray, Nicholas, Waugh, Jane, Noble, Euan, Cheetham, Melissa, Eqbal, Yusuf, Hollett, Peter, Krishnasamy, Rathika, Mahadevan, Kumaradevan, Campbell, Victoria, Pollock, Carol, Cooper, Bruce, Mather, Amanda, Roxburgh, Sarah, Shen, Yvonne, Stangenberg, Stefanie, Siriwardana, Amanda, O'Lone, Emma, Wan, Susan, Neuen, Brendon, Tsun Kit Ha, Jeffrey, Kim, Dana, Heath, Lauren, Jain, Arunima, Phua, Elaine, Li, Yan, Gallagher, Martin, Jardine, Meg, Ritchie, Angus, Razavian, Mona, Foote, Celine, Wyndham, Roger, Sen, Shaundeep, Endre, Zoltan, Erlich, Jonathan, Fernando, Mangalee, Yong, Kenneth, Luxton, Grant, Kotwal, Sradha, Roger, Simon, Wijeratne, Vidu, Packham, David, Fraser, Ian, Vandewiele, Bert, Laute, Margo, Lemahieu, Wim, Jamar, Sofie, Ombelet, Sara, Meeus, Gert, Decupere, Marc, Schockaert, Olivier, Doubel, Peter, Viaene, Liesbeth, Radermacher, Luc, Masset, Catherine, Moonen, Martial, Firre, Eric, Milicevic, Martina, Warling, Xavier, Vanacker, An, Malfait, Thomas, Durlen, Ivan, Horvatic, Ivica, Savuk, Ana, Gellineo, Lana, Karanovic, Sandra, Dika, Zivka, Plavljanic, Djuro, Mikacic, Ivana, Trajbar Kentric, Dubravka, Barisic, Dunja, Stankovic, Marija, Majstorovic Barac, Karolina, Kruljac, Ivan, Pavlovic, Drasko, Drinkovic, Martin, Prkacin, Ingrid, Barbic, Jerko, Sitas, Zvonimir, Vujcic, Dunja, Rychlik, Ivan, Benesova, Anna, Drinovska, Klara, Kratka, Karolina, Maixnerova, Dita, Ilmoja, Madis, Unt, Kristin, Lilienthal, Kadri, Auerbach, Asta, Leis, Liisi, Piel, Julia, Adoberg, Annika, Kolvald, Kulli, Veermae, Kristi, Telling, Kadri, Seppet, Elviira, Uhlinova, Jana, Zaoui, Philippe, Carron, Pierre-Louis, Masson, Ingrid, Dinic, Miriana, Thibaudin, Damien, Broyet, Christian, Maillard, Nicolas, Mohey, Hesham, Mariat, Christophe, Claisse, Guillaume, Alamartine, Eric, Dussol, Bertrand, Burtey, Stephane, Chiche-Jourde, Noemie, Serre, Jean-Emmanuel, Jeantet, Guillaume, Chenine, Leila, Blanchard, Anne, Roueff, Stephane, Thervet, Eric, Fouassier, David, Buffet, Alexandre, Livrozet, Marine, Gaisset, Roxane, Karras, Alexandre, Heng, Anne-Elisabeth, Garrouste, Cyril, Philipponnet, Carole, Nicolo, Clementine, Atenza, Alba, Lanaret, Camille, Greze, Clarisse, Mayet, Valentin, Dumond, Clement, Delmas, Yahsou, Combe, Christian, Rigothier, Claire, Burguet, Laure, Labat, Aurore, Mucha, Simon, de Précigout, Valérie, Weinreich, Thomas, Reichel, Helmut, Draganova, Diliana, Wolf, Lothar, Hohenstein, Bernd, Heinrichs, Sven, Kulka, Simone, Sat, Sebahat, Weiland, Lea, Krueger, Thilo, Wolf, Gunter, Kettner, Christiane, Schlosser, Mandy, Herfurth, Johann Konstantin, Koch, Annegret, Busch, Martin, Werth, Stephan Christian, Nitschke, Martin, Cakiroglu, Figen, Sarnow, Franziska, Schulz, Lisa, Weiner, Stefan, Wirtz, Nikolaus, Koester, Eric, Moeller, Marcus, Stamellou, Eleni, Sanden, Silja, Schmidt-Guertler, Hans, Bernhardt, Wanja, Patecki, Margret, Schlieper, Georg, Schulte, Kevin, Girardet, Annette, Kunzendorf, Ulrich, Kwan, Lorraine Pui Yuen, Mok, Maggie Ming Yee, Chan, Gary Chi Wang, Ma, Mingyao, Lie, Davina Ngoi Wah, Chan, Anthony Ting Pong, Szeto, Cheuk Chun, Ng, Kit Chung Jack, Cheung, Siu Fai, Yue, Tak Tai Andrew, Fung, Ka Shun Samuel, Tang, Hon, Yim, Ka Fai, Law, Wai Ping, Wong, Yick Hei, Lam, Chi Kwan Darwin, Wong, Sze Ho Sunny, Marcantoni, Carmelita, Aliotta, Roberta, Deodato, Francesca, Patella, Gemma, Comi, Nicolino, Vita, Caterina, Carullo, Nazareno, Bolignano, Davide, Musolino, Michela, Trillini, Matias, Perico, Norberto, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Daina, Erica, Biancone, Luigi, Colla, Loredana, Burdese, Manuel, Cogno, Chiara, Boaglio, Elena, Abbasciano, Isabella, Zizzi, Carlotta Federica, Randone, Paolo, Napodano, Pietro, Ricchiuto, Anna, Cassia, Matthias, Accarino, Simone, Cozzolino, Mario, Baccaro, Rocco, Costanzi, Stefano, Di Maio, Federica, Arena, Maria, Urciuolo, Federica, Vigano, Sara, Cavalli, Andrea, Limardo, Monica, Bordoli, Monica, Ponti, Serena, Longhi, Selena, Solazzo, Andrea, Giaroni, Francesco, Donati, Gabriele, Torreggiani, Massimo, Catucci, Davide, Colucci, Marco, Esposito, Vittoria, Esposito, Ciro, Gesualdo, Loreto, Capaccio, Flavia, Diletta Stea, Emma, Sivo, Carmen, Annese, Francesca, Papadia, Federica, Messa, Piergiorgio, Belingheri, Mirco, Passerini, Patrizia, Malvica, Silvia, Vickiene, Alvita, Zakauskiene, Urte, Asakiene, Egle, Bumblyte', Inga Arune, Stankuviene, Asta, Santockiene, Lina, Hayat, Ashik, Williams, Allister, Sizeland, Peter, Tan, Eddie, Waters, Gerald, Chan, Lai Wan, Henderson, Andrew, Turnbull, Angus, McNally, Andrew, Reynolds, Annie, Pilmore, Helen, Dittmer, Ian, Manley, Paul, Stallworthy, Elizabeth, Goh, Tze, Semple, David, Collins, Michael, Curry, Elizabeth, Ahmed, Jafar, Nguyen, Thu, Winiarska, Agata, Zbrzezniak, Justyna, Stompor, Tomasz, Krajewska, Magdalena, Augustyniak-Bartosik, Hanna, Zielinska, Dorota, Jander, Anna, Stanczyk, Malgorzata, Tkaczyk, Marcin, Miarka, Przemyslaw, Aksamit, Dariusz, Jaskowski, Piotr, Sulowicz, Wladyslaw, Cieniawski, Dominik, Gontarek-Kacprzak, Julita, Felicjanczuk, Elzbieta, Kwella, Norbert, Kwella, Bogna, Satora, Ewa, Fernandes, João Carlos, Gomes, Ana Marta, Reis, Marina, Lopes, Daniela, Almeida, Catarina, Sá, Helena, Figueiredo, Ana Carolina, Pardinhas, Clara, Almeida, Edgar, Raimundo, Mario, Cortesão Costa, Ana, Falcao Goncalves, Luis Pedro, Fernandes, Sara, Silva, Sónia, Teixeira, Catarina, Fernandes, Adriana, Nolasco, Fernando, Alves, Patricia, Gois, Mario, Fonseca, Nuno, Messias, Ana, Menezes, Maria, Cardoso, Filipa, Sousa, Helena, Marques, Joana, Barata, Rui, Lopes, Jose Antonio, Jorge, Sofia, Gameiro, Joana, de Almeida Agapito Fonseca, Jose Nuno, Goncalves, Sara, Farinha, Ana, Valerio Santos, Patricia, Natario, Ana, de Jesus Barreto, Jose Carlos, Abrantes, Catarina, Quadrado Soares, Elsa Sofia, Soares Felgueiras, Joana de Sousa, Cunha, Liliana, Parreira, Lucia, Furtado, Teresa, Vaz, Alvaro, Oh, Kook-Hwan, Lee, Hajeong, Joong Kim, Se, Jeong, Jong Cheol, Hoon Kim, Yeong, Kim, Yunmi, Park, Hyeong Cheon, Choi, Hoon Young, Wook Kim, Hyung, Lee, Moon Hyoung, Yoon, Songuk, Lee, Kyu-Beck, Hyun, YoungYoul, Yoo, Tae-Hyun, Han, Seung Hyeok, Park, Jung Tak, Kim, Sunggyun, Song, Young Rim, Kim, Jwa-Kyung, Lee, Hyung-seok, Joo, Narae, Lee, JungEun, Ryoun Jang, Hye, Jeon, Junseok, Chung, Wookyung, Lee, HyunHee, Chang, Jae Hyun, Chun, Ka Yeong, Jung, Ji Yong, Ro, Han, Kim, Aejin, Jo, Sang-Kyung, Yang, Jihyun, Kim, Myung-Gyu, Oh, SeWon, Martinez Villanueva, Caridad, Gimeno, Ana Vilar, Andres Useche Bonilla, Gustavo, Tamarit, Esther, Galan Serrano, Antonio, Verde Moreno, Eduardo, Fernandez, Jose Luño, Goicoechea Diezhandino, Maria Angeles, Verdalles Guzman, Ursula, de Jose, Ana Perez, Ortiz Arduan, Alberto, Pérez Gómez, María Vanessa, Martín Cleary, Catalina, Prado, Raul Fernandez, Goma, Elena, Ballarin, Jose, Encarnacion, Montserrat Diaz, Da Silva Santos, Iara, Marco Rusinol, Helena, Furlano, Monica, Arias, Carlos, Barrios, Clara, Garcia, Eva Rodriguez, Sierra Ochoa, Adriana, Vizcaino Castillo, Belen, Pantoja Perez, Jonay, Gonzalez Moya, Mercedes, Sargsyan, Mari, Calatayud Aristoy, Emma, Bernabeu, Ana Avila, Perez Lluna, Leticia, Malek Marin, Tamara, Antonia Munar Vila, Maria, Bobadilla Rico, Ivon Maritza, Allende Burgos, Natalia, Gutierrez Martinez, Eduardo, Gutierrez Solis, Elena, Sevillano, Angel, Merida Herrero, Evangelina, Miquel Blasco Pelicano, Josep, Rodas Marin, Lida Maria, Quintana, Luis F, Antonieta Azancot Rivero, Maria, Ramos Terrades, Natalia, Garcia Carro, Clara, Agraz Pamplona, Irene, Salgueira Lazo, Mercedes, de la Prada Alvarez, Francisco, Alonso Garcia, Fabiola, Adrian Aguilera Morales, Wenceslao, Virxinia Pol Heres, Salia, Forcen, Angel, Parra Moncasi, Eduardo, Medrano Villarroya, Cristina, Soria Villen, Alejandro, Gracia Garcia, Olga, Velo Plaza, Mercedes, Sánchez de la Nieta, Maria Dolores, Calvo Arevalo, Marta, Moreno, Antolina, Cigarran Guldris, Secundino, de Vicente, Manuel Pereira, Munar Vila, Maria Antonia, Bobadilla Rico, Ivon Maritza, Allende Burgos, Natalia, Hsu, Bang-Gee, Wang, Chih-Hsien, Chen, Cheng-Hsu, Yu, Tung-Min, Wu, Ming-Ju, Tsai, Shang-Feng, Hsu, Chia-Tien, Chiu, Hsien-Fu, Chou, Kang-Ju, Fang, Hua-Chang, Lee, Po-Tsang, Chen, Hsin-Yu, Chen, Chien-Liang, Huang, Chien-Wei, Ou, Shih-Hsiang, Ho, Tzung-Yo, Hsu, Chih-Yang, Chang, Ming-Shan, Chiu, Yen-Ling, Peng, Yu-Sen, Shu, Kai-Hsiang, Pan, Szu-Yu, Hsu, Shih-Ping, Yang, Ju-Yeh, Pai, Mei-Fen, Tseng, Po-Yu, Wu, Hon-Yen, Tsai, Wan-Chuan, Tung, Kuei-Ting, Chen, Hung-Yuan, Chen, Hung-Chun, Kuo, Mei-Chuan, Hwang, Daw-Yang, Chiu, Yi-Wen, Hung, Chi-Chih, Kuo, Hung-Tien, Tsai, Jer-Chia, McCafferty, Kieran, Forbes, Suzanne, Dasgupta, Indranil, Thomas, Mark, Mahdi, Amar, Ajayi, Bamidele, Chowdhury, Paramit, Kasimatis, Theodoros, Moutzouris, Dimitrios, Dudreuilh, Caroline, Pruthi, Rishi, Mansfield, Nick, Doctor, Gabriel, Shah, Sapna, Kon, Sui, Smith, Priscilla, Hamilton, Patrick, Kanigicherla, Durga, Ibrahim Ragy, Omar Sherin, Alchi, Bassam, Flossmann, Oliver, Ghalli, Farid, Lawman, Sarah, Sinha, Smeeta, Chrysochou, Constantina, Chukwu, Chukwuma, Maire De Bhailis, Aine, Al Chalabi, Saif, Hudson, Amy, Gopu, Arun, Wickens, Olivia, Storrar, Joshua, Wahba, Mona, Lorde, Nathan, Rony, Mohammad, Griffin, Sian, Latif, Farah, Ali, Mohammad, DaSilva, Louise, Ayling-Smith, Jonathan, Mahdi, Eamon, Willcocks, Lisa, Jones, Rachel, Cheung, Chee Kay, Selvaskandan, Haresh, Pugh, Dan, Sayer, Matthew, Dhaun, Neeraj, Chapman, Fiona, Mark, Patrick, Geddes, Colin, McQuarrie, Emily, Patel, Rajan, Solomon, Laurence, Ponnusamy, Arvind, Morris, Adam, Okoh, Pedro, Floyd, Lauren, Dhaygude, Ajay, Leung, Janson, Goldsmith, Christopher, Pandya, Bhavna, Tez, Didem, Mikhail, Ashraf, Brown, Karen, Bucknall, Thomas, Lambie, Mark, Comunale, Roderick, Brandon, Donald, Martinez, Stacy, Hall, Amanda, Henderson, Amy, Fearday, Aaron, Douthit, Nicole, Snow, Brian, Silva, Arnold, Sly, Cathylee, Keller, Christopher, Davidson, Robert, Meng, Jerry, Haws, Robert, Kattamanchi, Siddhartha, Mojarrab, Javad, Pillai, Unnikrishnan, Lafayette, Richard, O'Shaughnessy, Michelle, Kamal, Fahameedah, Mehta, Kshama, Baker, Bruce, Ruiz, Mario, Jyothinagaram, Praveena, Peri, Usha, Paxton, William, Tumlin, James, McGreal, Kerri, McCarthy, Ellen, Kimber, Cassandra, Gautam, Archana, Khalil, Kassem, Nguyen, Viet, Nguyen, Viet, Minasian, Raffi, Arfaania, Dariush, Daneshvari, Sam, Zakari, Michel, Patrikyan, Artashes, Afsari, Rouzbeh, Ayvazyan, Christine, Fakih, Faisal, Lagatta, Mark, Fakih, Faisal, Rodriguez, Alfred, Avella, Jorge Enrique Monroy, Patak, Ramachandra, Kadakia, Jigar, Radhakrishnan, Jai, Appel, Gerald, Ahn, Wooin, Nelson, Bradley, Medina, Allyson, Ahmad, Syeda, Peleg, Yonatan, Clement, Nisha, Chiu, Ian, Hendren, Elizabeth, Bomback, Andrew, Canetta, Pietro, Spinowitz, Bruce, Charytan, Chaim, Parikh, Nishita, Kuo, Sheng, Raichoudhury, Ritesh, Dobre, Mirela, Negrea, Lavinia, Padiyar, Aparna, Jittirat, Arksarapuk, Pradhan, Nishigandha, Dhelaria, Ranjit, Balamuthusamy, Saravanan, Madhrira, Machaiah, Powell, Thomas, Lifland, Howard, Bailey, Asha, Ford Sightler, Sarah Ashley, Suthar, Meera Patel, Green, Heather, Parikh, Samir, Ayoub, Isabelle, Almaani, Salem, Contreras, Gabriel, Fornoni, Alessia, Drexler, Yelena, Geara, Abdallah, Sheridan, Brittany, Coppock, Gaia, Hogan, Jonathan, Gonzalez, Carlos, Bhadra, Shamik, Chowdhury, Pradip, Kyaw, Kay, Tan, May, Raakesh, Lathika, Mendoza, Elder, Viramontes, Veronica, Chaudhry, Asghar, Carbonell, Juan, Gadh, Rajdeep, Fernandez, Victor, Kassem, Mohamad, Jacob, Radu, Wilder, Karen, Newsome, Britt, Klamm, Kathryn, Suyumova, Irina, Kooienga, Laura Ann, Janko, Catherine, Rizk, Dana, Julian, Bruce, Caster, Dawn, Perez, Erika, Garg, Gunjan, Gowda, Nayan, Udani, Suneel, Mandayam, Sreedhar, Workeneh, Biruh, Comunale, Roderick, Brandon, Donald, Pillai, Unnikrishnan, Assefi, Ali, Greco, Barbara, Germain, Michael, Patel, Jusmin, Quinn, Sarah, Sullivan, James, Glaze, Jeffrey, Madonia, Phillip, McMahon, Kellyn, Giles, Harold, Adler, Sharon, and Dai, Tiane
Abstract: Sparsentan is a novel, non-immunosuppressive, single-molecule, dual endothelin and angiotensin receptor antagonist being examined in an ongoing phase 3 trial in adults with IgA nephropathy. We report the prespecified interim analysis of the primary proteinuria efficacy endpoint, and safety.
Published: 2023
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6. Predictors and prognostic significance of persistent fluid overload: A longitudinal study in Chinese peritoneal dialysis patients

Author: Ng, Jack Kit-Chung, Kwan, Bonnie Ching-Ha, Chan, Gordon Chun-Kau, Chow, Kai Ming, Pang, Wing Fai, Cheng, Phyllis Mei-Shan, Leung, Chi Bon, Li, Philip Kam-Tao, and Szeto, Cheuk Chun
Abstract: Background: Cross-sectional studies showed that fluid overload (FO) measured by bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) predicted adverse outcomes in patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD). We aimed to describe the longitudinal change in volume status in Chinese PD patients and determine its relation with clinical outcomes.Methods: We performed a single-centre, retrospective analysis of all PD patients who underwent repeated BIS from 2010 to 2015. FO was defined by relative hydration index (RHI; volume of overhydration adjusted by extracellular water >7%). Variability of volume status (VVS) was denoted by the standard deviation of all RHI. The association of time-averaged RHI and VVS on patient and technique survival was explored by a competing risk model.Results: A total of 269 patients were followed for a median of 47.1 months. Mean time-averaged RHI was 17.6 ± 10.2%. Multivariable mixed linear regression revealed that RHI was significantly associated with diabetes, time-varying systolic blood pressure, and inversely with time-varying albumin level, lean tissue index and fat tissue index (p<0.0001 for all). Time-averaged RHI independently predicted patient survival (subdistribution hazard ratio (SHR) 1.05, 95% CI 1.03–1.07, p<0.0001) and technique survival (SHR 1.04, 95% CI 1.02–1.06, p<0.0001), whereas VVS did not. The mortality risk for patients with persistent FO was consistently higher than the corresponding risk estimated from baseline FO of the same extent.Conclusions: Persistent FO was a strong predictor of patient and technique failure. Repeated bioimpedance measurements to monitor volume status may provide additional prognostic information in PD patients.
Published: 2023
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7. Impact of Weight Gain on the Subsequent Survival of New Peritoneal Dialysis Patients

Author: Than, Win Hlaing, Ng, Jack Kit-Chung, Chan, Gordon Chun-Kau, Fung, Winston Wing-Shing, Chow, Kai-Ming, and Szeto, Cheuk-Chun
Abstract: Introduction:Obesity at the initiation of dialysis was reported to adversely affect the clinical outcome of peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients, and weight gain is common after started on PD. However, there are few studies on the prognostic implications of weight gain after PD. Methods:We reviewed the change in body weight of 954 consecutive patients during the first 2 years of PD in a single Hong Kong center. Their subsequent clinical outcomes, including patient and technique survival rates, hospitalization, and peritonitis rates, were analyzed. Results:The mean age was 60.3 ± 12.2 years; 535 patients (56.1%) were men, and 504 (52.8%) had diabetes. From 1995–1999 to 2015–2019, the percentage of body weight gain during the first 2 years of PD was 1.0 ± 7.9%, 1.6 ± 7.1%, 1.6 ± 7.2%, 3.9 ± 9.5%, and 4.0 ± 10.3% for each 5-year period, respectively (pfor linearity <0.0001). The subsequent 5-year patient survival rates were 29.9%, 43.3%, 40.5%, 43.6%, and 43.3% for patients with weight loss >5%, weight loss 2–5%, weight change with ±2%, weight gain 2–5%, and weight gain >5% during the first 2 years on PD, respectively (log-rank test, p= 0.035). With multivariable Cox regression model to adjust for clinical confounders, weight loss >5% during the first 2 years of PD was associated with a worse patient survival rate subsequently (adjusted hazard ratio 4.118, 95% confidence interval 1.040–16.313, p= 0.044), while weight gain was not associated with subsequent patient survival. Weight change during the first 2 years of PD does not appear to affect subsequent technique survival, hospitalization, decline in residual renal function, or peritonitis rate. Discussion and Conclusions:Weight gain is common during the first 2 years of PD, but weight gain does not appear to have any significant impact on the subsequent outcome. In contrast, weight loss >5% was significantly associated with worse patient survival subsequently.
Published: 2023
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8. Recombinant erythropoietin treatment improves serum podocyte marker levels in diabetic kidney disease

Author: Zeng, Lingfeng, Ng, Jack Kit-Chung, Fung, Winston Wing-Shing, Chan, Gordon Chun-Kau, Chow, Kai-Ming, and Szeto, Cheuk-Chun
Abstract: Recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) is an effective treatment for renal anemia. Recently, there is evidence to suggest that rHuEPO may reduce podocyte injury in diabetic kidney disease (DKD). However, there is no published study on the change in podocyte injury marker levels before and after rHuEPO treatment in DKD. MethodsWe measured serum nephrin and podocalyxin level, and their corresponding plasma mRNA levels, in 49 DKD patients before rHuEPO treatment, and then 12 and 36 weeks afterward. ResultsThere were reductions in serum nephrin (p = 0.002) and podocalyxin levels (p = 0.09), as well as their corresponding plasma mRNA levels (p < 0.0001 for both) after rHuEPO treatment. The change in serum nephrin and podocin level had significant inverse correlation with the concomitant change in hemoglobin level (r = −0.670 and −0.739 respectively, p < 0.0001 for both), but not with the change in kidney function or proteinuria. ConclusionSerum nephrin and podocalyxin levels and their corresponding plasma mRNA levels were significant reduced after rHuEPO treatment in DKD patients, and the change in serum nephrin and podocalyxin levels correlated with the change in hemoglobin level. The effect of rHuEPO on podocyte injury deserves further study.
Published: 2023
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9. A lady with rapid onset of swollen parotid glands

Author: Chow, Kai Ming, Wong, Ka Tak, and Szeto, Cheuk Chun
Subjects: Contrast media -- Usage, Contrast media -- Complications and side effects, Salivary glands -- Diseases, Salivary glands -- Causes of, Salivary glands -- Case studies, Health
Published: 2008

10. Intrarenal cytokine gene expression in lupus nephritis

Author: Chan, Rebecca Wing-Yan, Lai, Fernand Mac-Moune, Li, Edmund Kwok-Ming, Tam, Lai-Shan, Chow, Kai-Ming, Lai, Ka-Bik, Li, Philip Kam-Tao, and Szeto, Cheuk-Chun
Subjects: Nephritis -- Genetic aspects, Lupus -- Genetic aspects, Cytokines -- Genetic aspects, Cytokines -- Analysis, Gene expression -- Research, Health
Published: 2007

11. Risk factors of vitamin B12 deficiency in patients receiving metformin

Author: Ting, Rose Zhao-Wei, Szeto, Cheuk Chun, Chan, Michael Ho-Ming, Ma, Kwok Kuen, and Chow, Kai Ming
Subjects: Vitamin B12 deficiency -- Risk factors, Metformin -- Complications and side effects, Metformin -- Research, Health
Published: 2006

12. Glomerular filtration rate, cardiorenal end points, and all-cause mortality in type 2 diabetic patients

Author: So, Wing Yee, Kong, Alice P.S., Ma, Ronald C.W., Ozaki, Risa, Szeto, Cheuk Chun, Chan, Norman N., Ng, Vanessa, Ho, Chung Shun, Lam, Christopher W.K., Chow, Chun Chung, Cockram, Clive S., Chan, Juliana C.N., and Tong, Peter C.Y.
Subjects: Type 1 diabetes -- Diagnosis -- Risk factors, Cardiovascular diseases -- Diagnosis -- Risk factors, Glomerular filtration rate, Health, Diagnosis, Risk factors
Abstract: OBJECTIVE--Chronic kidney disease (CKD) predicts cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the general population. We investigated the effects of stages of renal function using the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) on all-cause [...]
Published: 2006

13. Effects of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor on residual renal function in patients receiving peritoneal dialysis: a randomized, controlled study

Author: Li, Philip Kam-Tao, Chow, Kai-Ming, Wong, Teresa Yuk-Hwa, Leung, Chi-Bon, and Szeto, Cheuk-Chun
Subjects: Peritoneal dialysis, Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, ACE inhibitors -- Evaluation, Ramipril -- Evaluation, Chronic kidney failure -- Drug therapy, Hemodialysis patients -- Care and treatment, Health
Abstract: Background: Residual renal function is an important determinant of mortality and morbidity in patients receiving peritoneal dialysis. However, few studies have evaluated therapeutic approaches for preserving residual renal function after the initiation of dialysis. Objective: To test the hypothesis that the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor ramipril slows the decline in residual renal function in patients with end-stage renal failure treated with peritoneal dialysis. Design: Randomized, open-label, controlled trial. Setting: Single-center study in the dialysis unit of a university teaching hospital. Patients: 60 patients receiving peritoneal dialysis. Measurements: Patients were randomly assigned to ramipril (5 mg daily) or no treatment. The target blood pressure was 135/85 mm Hg or less. Rate of decline in residual glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and development of complete anuria were compared among groups. Results: Over 12 months, average residual GFR declined by 2.07 mL/min per 1.73 m(super 2) in the ramipril group versus 3.00 mL/min per 1.73 m(super 2) in the control group (P=0.03). The difference between the average changes in residual GFR in the ramipril and control groups from baseline to 12 months was 0.93 mL/min per 1.73 m(super 2) (95%CI, 0.09 to 1.78 mL/min per 1.73 m(super 2). At 12 months, 14 patients in the ramipril group and 22 in the control group developed anuria. With intention-to-treat multivariable analysis using the Cox model, it was estimated that at 3, 6, and 9 months patients assigned to ramipril had a higher adjusted hazard of complete anuria than did patients assigned to no treatment. Of the 25 patients who still did not have complete anuria at 12 months, those assigned to ramipril had a better prognosis than did those assigned to no treatment (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.58 [CI, 0.36 to 0.94]). The rates of death from any cause, duration of hospitalization, and cardiovascular events did not differ significantly between groups. Conclusions: Although the trial was small and had a limited ability to exclude effects of potential confounding factors, the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor ramipril may reduce the rate of decline of residual renal function in patients with end-stage renal failure treated with peritoneal dialysis.
Published: 2003

14. Risk of peritonitis after gastroscopy in peritoneal dialysis patients

Author: Chan, Gordon Chun-Kau, Wong, Sunny Hei, Ng, Jack Kit-Chung, Li, Philip Kam-Tao, Szeto, Cheuk-Chun, and Chow, Kai-Ming
Abstract: Background: Peritonitis is a common and serious complication of peritoneal dialysis (PD). Translocation of gut bacteria to peritoneum is an important mechanism, which may be enhanced by gastrointestinal endoscopy.Methods: In this retrospective observational cohort study, we identified 450 gastroscopies performed in PD patients within a single centre between 2014 and 2019. Gastroscopy-related peritonitis was defined by peritonitis within 1 week after endoscopy.Results: A total of 408 endoscopic episodes in 216 patients were analysed after excluding 42 cases with either pre-existing peritonitis before endoscopy, or concomitant biliary, small bowel or large bowel endoscopy. There were 16 episodes of peritonitis within 1 week of endoscopy (3.9%). One-quarter of cases were polymicrobial (four episodes, 25.0%). Logistic regression model showed that patient’s age, number of endoscopic biopsies, and histamine-2 receptor blocker use were independently associated with peritonitis, while prior antibiotics exposure was associated with lower risk of peritonitis, odds ratio 0.23 (95% confidence interval 0.06–0.95; p= 0.04).Conclusion: Peritonitis can complicate gastroscopy in PD patients and occurs more often in elderly or after repeated biopsy procedures.
Published: 2022
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15. Clinical course of peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis due to non-tuberculosis mycobacterium – A single centre experience spanning 20 years

Author: Fung, Winston Wing-Shing, Chow, Kai-Ming, Li, Philip Kam-Tao, and Szeto, Cheuk-Chun
Abstract: Background: Peritoneal dialysis (PD)-related peritonitis caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are difficult to diagnose, is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, and clinical course remains unclear. We determined the prevalence and clinical course of peritonitis caused by these organisms through our kidney registry over 20-year period.Method: We reviewed all patients with NTM peritonitis identified in our tertiary centre between July 2000 and July 2020. The demographic characteristics, microbiological and clinical outcomes were examined.Result: Among 27 patients identified, 20 patients presented with abdominal pain and all had cloudy peritoneal fluid. Twenty-one cases had concomitant exit site infection and 14 cases had prior antibiotic use. The majority of the cases are caused by Mycobacterium chelonae(37%) and Mycobacterium fortuitum(29.7%), with most being resistant to fluoroquinolones (59.3%) and cefoxitin (73.1%). They are all sensitive to amikacin otherwise. None of the cases achieve primary response at day 10 and 20 cases resulted in Tenckhoff catheter removal. Only two of them were able to resume PD. Eight patients died in our cohort. The presence of exit site infection, the use of prior antibiotics and topical disinfectants did not associate with a poorer outcome.Conclusion: NTM peritonitis remains difficult to treat and often with a delay in diagnosis. Refractory peritonitis with negative culture and a poor response to standard antibiotics should raise a possibility of NTM infection and prompt catheter removal and an expert with experience treating NTM infections should be consulted.
Published: 2022
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16. Conservative management of polymicrobial peritonitis complicating peritoneal dialysis -- a series of 140 consecutive cases

Author: Szeto, Cheuk-Chun, Chow, Kai-Ming, Wong, Teresa Yuk-Hwa, Leung, Chi-Bon, and Li, Philip Kam-Tao
Subjects: Peritoneal dialysis -- Complications, Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis -- Complications, Peritonitis -- Care and treatment, Peritonitis -- Causes of, Health, Health care industry
Published: 2002

17. The natural history of immunoglobulin A nephropathy among patients wtih hematuria and minimal proteinuria

Author: Szeto, Cheuk-Chun, Mac-Moune-Lai, Fernand, Ka-Fai To, Yuk-Hwa Wong, Teresa, Kai-Ming Chow, Cheung-Lung Choi, Paul, Siu-Fai Lui, and Kam-Tao Li, Philip
Subjects: IgA glomerulonephritis -- Development and progression, Prevalence studies (Epidemiology) -- Analysis, Hematuria -- Causes of, Proteinuria -- Causes of, Health, Health care industry
Published: 2001

18. Straight Versus Coiled Peritoneal Dialysis Catheters: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Author: Chow, Kai Ming, Wong, Steve Siu Man, Ng, Jack Kit Chung, Cheng, Yuk Lun, Leung, Chi Bon, Pang, Wing Fai, Fung, Winston Wing Shing, Szeto, Cheuk Chun, and Li, Philip Kam Tao
Abstract: Despite a recent meta-analysis favoring straight catheters, the clinical benefits of straight versus coiled peritoneal dialysis catheters remain uncertain. We conducted a randomized controlled study to compare the complication rates associated with these 2 types of double-cuffed peritoneal dialysis catheters.
Published: 2024
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19. Frailty in patients on dialysis

Author: Chun-Kau Chan, Gordon, Kalantar-Zadeh, Kamyar, Kit-Chung Ng, Jack, Tian, Na, Burns, Aine, Chow, Kai-Ming, Szeto, Cheuk-Chun, and Kam-Tao Li, Philip
Abstract: Frailty is a condition that is frequently observed among patients undergoing dialysis. Frailty is characterized by a decline in both physiological state and cognitive state, leading to a combination of symptoms, such as weight loss, exhaustion, low physical activity level, weakness, and slow walking speed. Frail patients not only experience a poor quality of life, but also are at higher risk of hospitalization, infection, cardiovascular events, dialysis-associated complications, and death. Frailty occurs as a result of a combination and interaction of various medical issues in patients who are on dialysis. Unfortunately, frailty has no cure. To address frailty, a multifaceted approach is necessary, involving coordinated efforts from nephrologists, geriatricians, nurses, allied health practitioners, and family members. Strategies such as optimizing nutrition and chronic kidney disease–related complications, reducing polypharmacy by deprescription, personalizing dialysis prescription, and considering home-based or assisted dialysis may help slow the decline of physical function over time in subjects with frailty. This review discusses the underlying causes of frailty in patients on dialysis and examines the methods and difficulties involved in managing frailty among this group.
Published: 2024
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20. Progression of diabetic kidney disease and trajectory of kidney function decline in Chinese patients with Type 2 diabetes

Author: Jiang, Guozhi, Luk, Andrea On Yan, Tam, Claudia Ha Ting, Xie, Fangying, Carstensen, Bendix, Lau, Eric Siu Him, Lim, Cadmon King Poo, Lee, Heung Man, Ng, Alex Chi Wai, Ng, Maggie Chor Yin, Ozaki, Risa, Kong, Alice Pik Shan, Chow, Chun Chung, Yang, Xilin, Lan, Hui-yao, Tsui, Stephen Kwok Wing, Fan, Xiaodan, Szeto, Cheuk Chun, So, Wing Yee, Chan, Juliana Chung Ngor, Ma, Ronald Ching Wan, Ma, Ronald C.W., Chan, Juliana C.N., Huang, Yu, Lan, Hui-yao, Lok, Si, Tomlinson, Brian, Tsui, Stephen K.W., Yu, Weichuan, Yip, Kevin Y.L., Chan, Ting Fung, Fan, Xiaodan, So, Wing Yee, Szeto, Cheuk Chun, Tang, Nelson L.S., Luk, Andrea O., Tian, Xiaoyu, Jiang, Guozhi, Tam, Claudia H.T., Lee, Heung Man, Lim, Cadmon K.P., Chan, Katie K.H., Xie, Fangying, Ng, Alex C.W., Cheung, Grace P.Y., Yeung, Ming-wai, Mai, Shi, Xie, Fei, Zhang, Sen, Yu, Pu, and Weng, Meng
Abstract: Diabetes is a major cause of end stage renal disease (ESRD), yet the natural history of diabetic kidney disease is not well understood. We aimed to identify patterns of estimated GFR (eGFR) trajectory and to determine the clinical and genetic factors and their associations of these different patterns with all-cause mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. Among 6330 patients with baseline eGFR >60 ml/min per 1.73 m2in the Hong Kong Diabetes Register, a total of 456 patients (7.2%) developed Stage 5 chronic kidney disease or ESRD over a median follow-up of 13 years (incidence rate 5.6 per 1000 person-years). Joint latent class modeling was used to identify different patterns of eGFR trajectory. Four distinct and non-linear trajectories of eGFR were identified: slow decline (84.3% of patients), curvilinear decline (6.5%), progressive decline (6.1%) and accelerated decline (3.1%). Microalbuminuria and retinopathy were associated with accelerated eGFR decline, which was itself associated with all-cause mortality (odds ratio [OR] 6.9; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.6–8.4 for comparison with slow eGFR decline). Of 68 candidate genetic loci evaluated, the inclusion of five loci (rs11803049, rs911119, rs1933182, rs11123170, and rs889472) improved the prediction of eGFR trajectories (net reclassification improvement 0.232; 95% CI: 0.057-–0.406). Our study highlights substantial heterogeneity in the patterns of eGFR decline among patients with diabetic kidney disease, and identifies associated clinical and genetic factors that may help to identify those who are more likely to experience an accelerated decline in kidney function.
Published: 2019
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21. Polymerase chain reaction/electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry (PCR/ESI-MS) is not suitable for rapid bacterial identification in peritoneal dialysis effluent

Author: Szeto, Cheuk Chun, Ng, Jack Kit-Chung, Fung, Winston Wing-Shing, Lai, Ka-Bik, Chow, Kai-Ming, Li, Philip Kam-Tao, Massiah, Arikana, Alcolea-Medina, Adela, Wilks, Mark, and Fan, Stanley L
Abstract: Background: Peritoneal dialysis (PD)-related peritonitis is a serious complication of PD, but routine microbiological culture is slow and could not identify the organism in 15% cases. We examine the accuracy of polymerase chain reaction/electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry (PCR/ESI-MS), a PCR-based method developed for the direct detection of bacteria in blood, for rapid identification of microorganisms from PD effluent.Methods: We recruited 73 consecutive patients with PD-related peritonitis. Dialysis effluent was collected for routine bacterial culture, PCR/ESI-MS, and bacterial DNA quantification before initiation of antibiotic therapy.Results: By digital PCR with universal bacterial primers, bacterial DNA was detectable in all PD effluent specimens. For the entire cohort, taking standard bacterial culture as the gold standard, the PCR/ESI-MS assay correctly identified 34.3% of the causative organisms, failed to identify any organism in 52.1% cases, and identified a different organism in 8.2% cases. For the 14 episodes of peritonitis that were culture negative by conventional bacterial culture, the PCR/ESI-MS assay identified an organism in only four cases. The detection rate of the IRIDICA BAC BSI assay was not affected by the use of biocompatible PD solution or concomitant exit-site infection.Conclusions: The PCR/ESI-MS assay could not identify the causative organism in over 50% of the PD effluent samples in patients with PD-related peritonitis and should be not used for such purpose. The reason for the poor performance needs further investigation.
Published: 2021
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22. Establishing a Core Outcome Set for Peritoneal Dialysis: Report of the SONG-PD (Standardized Outcomes in Nephrology–Peritoneal Dialysis) Consensus Workshop

Author: Manera, Karine E., Johnson, David W., Craig, Jonathan C., Shen, Jenny I., Gutman, Talia, Cho, Yeoungjee, Wang, Angela Yee-Moon, Brown, Edwina A., Brunier, Gillian, Dong, Jie, Dunning, Tony, Mehrotra, Rajnish, Naicker, Saraladevi, Pecoits-Filho, Roberto, Perl, Jeffrey, Wilkie, Martin, Tong, Allison, Levin, Adeera, Liew, Adrian, Cueto Manzano, Alfonso, Abu Alfa, Ali, Neu, Alicia, Tong, Allison, Baumgart, Amanda, Bernier-Jean, Amelie, Kelly, Amy, Figueiredo, Ana, Matus, Andrea, Viecelli, Andrea, Ju, Angela, Wang, Angela Yee-Moon, Saxena, Anjali, Sharma, Ankit, Nadeau-Fredette, Annie-Claire, Teixeira-Pinto, Armando, Mendelson, Asher, Kelly, Ayano, Goh, Bak Leong, Sautenet, Benedicte, Manns, Braden, Hemmelgarn, Brenda, Robinson, Bruce, Hanson, Camilla, Cheung, Catherine, Guha, Chandana, Logeman, Charlotte, Szeto, Cheuk-Chun, Rutherford, Claudia, Schwartz, Daniel, Sumpton, Daniel, Johnson, David, Wheeler, David, Brown, Edwina, O’Lone, Emma, Au, Eric, Goffin, Eric, Finkelstein, Fred, Abraham, Georgi, Brunier, Gillian, Germino, Greg, Hurst, Helen, Kawanishi, Hideki, Htay, Htay, Yap, Hui Kim, Teitelbaum, Isaac, Perl, Jeffrey, Chen, Jenny, Shen, Jenny, Dong, Jie, Neumann, Joanna, Bargman, Joanne, Morelle, Johann, Craig, Jonathan, Kilonzo, Kajiru Gad, Yeates, Karen, Manera, Karine, Azukaitis, Karolis, Van, Kim Linh, Dunn, Louese, Krishnan, Mahesh, Lambie, Mark, Howell, Martin, Schreiber, Martin, Wilkie, Martin, Oliver, Matthew, Sanabria, Mauricio Rafael, Nataatmadja, Melissa, Lichodziejewska-Niemierko, Monika, Verdin, Nancy, Mann, Neelam, Boudville, Neil, Evangelidis, Nicole, Scholes-Robertson, Nicole, Blake, Peter, Nourse, Peter, Tugwell, Peter, Li, Philip Kam-Tao, Mehrotra, Rajnish, McGee, Richard, Quinn, Robert, Pecoits-Filho, Roberto, Crowe, Sally, Anumudu, Samaya, Bernays, Sarah, Naicker, Sarala, Wilson, Scott, Nessim, Sharon, Teo, Sharon, Carter, Simon A., Davies, Simon, Sweety, Soheli Ahmed, Gutman, Talia, Toffelmire, Ted, Jassal, Vanita, Jha, Vivekanand, da Silva, Viviane Calice, Van Biesen, Wim, Winkelmayer, Wolfgang, Ito, Yasuhiko, Cho, Yeoungjee, Kim, Yong-Lim, and Butt, Zeeshan
Abstract: Outcomes reported in randomized controlled trials in peritoneal dialysis (PD) are diverse, are measured inconsistently, and may not be important to patients, families, and clinicians. The Standardized Outcomes in Nephrology–Peritoneal Dialysis (SONG-PD) initiative aims to establish a core outcome set for trials in PD based on the shared priorities of all stakeholders. We convened an international SONG-PD stakeholder consensus workshop in May 2018 in Vancouver, Canada. Nineteen patients/caregivers and 51 health professionals attended. Participants discussed core outcome domains and implementation in trials in PD. Four themes relating to the formation of core outcome domains were identified: life participation as a main goal of PD, impact of fatigue, empowerment for preparation and planning, and separation of contributing factors from core factors. Considerations for implementation were identified: standardizing patient-reported outcomes, requiring a validated and feasible measure, simplicity of binary outcomes, responsiveness to interventions, and using positive terminology. All stakeholders supported inclusion of PD-related infection, cardiovascular disease, mortality, technique survival, and life participation as the core outcome domains for PD.
Published: 2020
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23. Helper-assisted continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: Does the choice of helper matter?

Author: Ng, Jack Kit-Chung, Chan, Gordon Chun-Kau, Chow, Kai Ming, Fung, Winston, Pang, Wing-Fai, Law, Man-Ching, Leung, Chi Bon, Li, Philip Kam-Tao, and Szeto, Cheuk Chun
Abstract: Background: There is an increasing number of elderly patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) who could not perform dialysis exchange themselves and require assistance. We examine the outcome of Chinese CAPD patients who required helper-assisted dialysis and compare the outcome between different types of helper.Methods: We reviewed 133 incident patients on helper-assisted CAPD and 266 incident patients who performed self-CAPD exchanges (self-peritoneal dialysis (PD) group). Outcome measures included patient survival, peritonitis-free survival, and overall peritonitis rate.Results: At 24 months, patient survival of the helper-assisted and self-PD groups were 56.0% and 80.6%, respectively (p< 0.0001). Within the helper-assisted group, patient survival at 24 months was 55.5%, 63.2%, and 27.2% for the patients with domestic helper, family member, and nursing home staff as their helpers, respectively (p= 0.037). Peritonitis-free survival of the helper-assisted and self-PD groups were 54.2% and 64.9%, respectively (p= 0.039). Within the helper-assisted group, peritonitis-free survival at 24 months was 59.4%, 55.4%, and 37.2% for the patients with domestic helper, family member, and nursing home staff as their helpers, respectively (p= 0.06). There was no significant difference in peritonitis rate between patients with domestic helper, family member, and nursing home staff as their helpers (0.54, 0.57, and 0.94 episodes per patient-year, respectively, p= 0.2).Conclusions: Helper-assisted CAPD patients had worse patient survival and peritonitis-free survival than the self-PD group. Assistance by nursing home staff was associated with worse patients’ survival and peritonitis-free survival than assistance by family members or domestic maids.
Published: 2020
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24. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) therapy in patients with hypertension, cardiovascular, renal or gastrointestinal comorbidities: joint APAGE/APLAR/APSDE/APSH/APSN/PoA recommendations

Author: Szeto, Cheuk-Chun, Sugano, Kentaro, Wang, Ji-Guang, Fujimoto, Kazuma, Whittle, Samuel, Modi, Gopesh K, Chen, Chen-Huen, Park, Jeong-Bae, Tam, Lai-Shan, Vareesangthip, Kriengsak, Tsoi, Kelvin K F, and Chan, Francis K L
Abstract: BackgroundNon-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are one of the most commonly prescribed medications, but they are associated with a number of serious adverse effects, including hypertension, cardiovascular disease, kidney injury and GI complications.ObjectiveTo develop a set of multidisciplinary recommendations for the safe prescription of NSAIDs.MethodsRandomised control trials and observational studies published before January 2018 were reviewed, with 329 papers included for the synthesis of evidence-based recommendations.ResultsWhenever possible, a NSAID should be avoided in patients with treatment-resistant hypertension, high risk of cardiovascular disease and severe chronic kidney disease (CKD). Before treatment with a NSAID is started, blood pressure should be measured, unrecognised CKD should be screened in high risk cases, and unexplained iron-deficiency anaemia should be investigated. For patients with high cardiovascular risk, and if NSAID treatment cannot be avoided, naproxen or celecoxib are preferred. For patients with a moderate risk of peptic ulcer disease, monotherapy with a non-selective NSAID plus a proton pump inhibitor (PPI), or a selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor should be used; for those with a high risk of peptic ulcer disease, a selective COX-2 inhibitor plus PPI are needed. For patients with pre-existing hypertension receiving renin-angiotensin system blockers, empirical addition (or increase in the dose) of an antihypertensive agent of a different class should be considered. Blood pressure and renal function should be monitored in most cases.ConclusionNSAIDs are a valuable armamentarium in clinical medicine, but appropriate recognition of high-risk cases, selection of a specific agent, choice of ulcer prophylaxis and monitoring after therapy are necessary to minimise the risk of adverse events.
Published: 2020
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25. The role of obesity on chronic kidney disease development, progression, and cardiovascular complications

Author: Than, Win Hlaing, Chan, Gordon Chun-Kau, Ng, Jack Kit-Chung, and Szeto, Cheuk-Chun
Abstract: The complex links between obesity, chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) are not completely understood. The objective of this review is to describe and discuss the anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry of the adipose tissue, as well as its involvement in the pathophysiology of CVD and CKD. We searched for original articles in PubMed. The search terms used were “obesity”, “CKD”, and “CVD”. In addition, we also identified publications from our personal databases of literature about obesity, CKD and CVD to identify any important studies that might have been missing from the PubMed search. We further searched the reference lists of identified articles for further relevant papers. Epidemiological studies show that obesity is associated with obesity-related glomerulopathy (ORG) as well as an increase in the risk of CKD in the general population. A number of pathophysiological mechanisms, including renal hemodynamic changes, neurohumoral pathways that activate the sympathetic and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone systems, proinflammatory and profibrotic effects of various adipokines, and insulin resistance may explain the excessive risk of CKD development and progression in obese patients. In patients with mild to moderate CKD, obesity per secontributes a modest increase in cardiovascular risk, while the effect of obesity on the cardiovascular risk of patients with advanced CKD is probably due to the concurrent metabolic syndrome and coexisting cardiovascular risk factors, but the effect of obesity on the cardiovascular risk of patients with advanced CKD is probably the result of the concomitant metabolic syndrome and coexisting cardiovascular risk factors. There are recent data suggesting that subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue have different and probably opposite effects on the CVD risk in CKD. Further studies are necessary to distinguish the specific clinical implication of different adipose tissue compartments, and to determine the principal mediators that connect obesity, CKD and CVD.
Published: 2020
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26. Role of inflammatory burden and treatment on joint space width in psoriatic arthritis—a high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography study

Author: Jin, Yingzhao, Cheng, Isaac T, So, Ho, Wu, Dongze, Griffith, James F, Hung, Vivian W, Qin, Ling, Szeto, Cheuk-Chun, Chan, Agnes WS, and Tam, Lai-Shan
Abstract: Background: To investigate the relationship between disease-related parameters and joint space width (JSW) on high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) in psoriatic arthritis (PsA) patients. Methods: PsA patients who underwent HR-pQCT examination of the second to fourth metacarpophalangeal joint (MCPJ 2–4) were recruited in this cross-sectional study. The joint space metrics included joint space volume (JSV), mean, minimum, and maximum JSW, JSW asymmetry, and distribution. Correlation analysis and multivariable linear regression models were used to determine the association between disease-related variables and JSW. Results: Sixty-seven patients [37 (55.2%) males; median (IQR) age: 57.0 (53.0, 63.0); median disease duration: 21 (16, 28) years] were included in this analysis. Multivariable linear regression analysis demonstrated that males had larger JSV (MCPJ 2–4), mean (MCPJ 4), and maximum JSW (MCPJ 3). Longer disease duration (MCPJ 2–3) and higher ESR values (MCPJ 3) were negatively associated with mean and maximum JSW, while higher damage joint count was negatively associated with mean and minimum JSW (MCPJ 2). Use of conventional synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (csDMARDs) was negatively associated with minimum JSW (MCPJ 3) while use of biologic DMARDs (bDMARDs) was positively associated with minimum JSW (MCPJ 2). Conclusion: Higher inflammatory burden as reflected by longer disease duration, higher ESR levels, and damage joint count was negatively associated with mean, maximum, and minimum JSW, while suppression of inflammation using bDMARDs seems to limit the decline in JSW.
Published: 2023
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27. SGLT2 Inhibitor Therapy Ameliorates Anemia in Diabetic Kidney Disease

Author: Li, Chuanlei and Szeto, Cheuk-Chun
Published: 2023
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28. Outcomes of Nitrelmivir-Ritonavir in Patients with Advanced CKD and COVID-19

Author: Chan, Gordon C., Ng, Jack K., Szeto, Cheuk-Chun, and Chow, Kai Ming
Published: 2023
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29. Transition between Different Renal Replacement Modalities: Gaps in Knowledge and Care—the Integrated Research Initiative

Author: Chan, Christopher, Combes, Gill, Davies, Simon, Finkelstein, Fred, Firanek, Catherine, Gomez, Rafael, Jager, Kitty J., George, Vivek Jha, Johnson, David W., Lambie, Mark, Madero, Magdalena, Masakane, Ikuto, McDonald, Stephen, Misra, Madhukar, Mitra, Sandip, Moraes, Thyago, Nadeau-Fredette, Annie-Claire, Mukhopadhyay, Purna, Perl, Jeff, Pisoni, Ronald, Robinson, Bruce, Ryu, Dong-Ryeol, Saran, Rajiv, Sloand, James, Sukul, Nidhi, Tong, Allison, Szeto, Cheuk-Chun, and Van Biesen, Wim
Abstract: Patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) have different options to replace the function of their failing kidneys. The “integrated care” model considers treatment pathways rather than individual renal replacement therapy (RRT) techniques. In such a paradigm, the optimal strategy to plan and enact transitions between the different modalities is very relevant, but so far, only limited data on transitions have been published. Perspectives of patients, care-givers, and health professionals on the process of transitioning are even less well documented. Available literature suggests that poor coordination causes significant morbidity and mortality.This review briefly provides the background, development, and scope of the INTErnational Group Research Assessing Transition Effects in Dialysis (INTEGRATED) initiative. We summarize the literature on the transition between different RRT modalities.Further, we present an international research plan to quantify the epidemiology and to assess the qualitative aspects of transition between different modalities.
Published: 2019
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30. The effect of Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors on hemoglobin level in diabetic kidney disease: A retrospective cohort study

Author: Zeng, Lingfeng, Chan, Gordon C.K., Ng, Jack K.C., Fung, Winston W.S., Chow, Kai-Ming, and Szeto, Cheuk-Chun
Abstract: Anemia typically develops early in the course of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). There are data to show that dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors affect hematopoietic growth factor activity and hemoglobin level. We retrospectively reviewed 443 DKD patients who were started on DDP-4 inhibitor therapy in 2019. Their hemoglobin level at baseline (6–12 months before treatment), pretreatment (0–6 months before treatment), and post-treatment periods (within 6 months after DPP-4 inhibitor), concomitant estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), HbA1c, peripheral blood white cell and platelet counts were reviewed. The severity of kidney failure was classified according to the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes stages. The hemoglobin level had a small but significant decline from 11.98 ± 2.07 to 11.87 ± 2.12 g/dL from pretreatment to post-treatment period (paired Student ttest, P< .0001). From the pre- to post-treatment period, the decline of hemoglobin level was 0.10 ± 0.89 g/dL, which was significantly less than that from baseline to pretreatment period (0.24 ± 0.90 g/dL, P= .0008). The change in hemoglobin level had a positive correlation with the change in HbA1c level (R= 0.218, P< .0001), but did not correlate with the type of DPP-4 inhibitor or pretreatment eGFR. There was no significant change in peripheral blood white cell or platelet count during the same period. DPP-4 inhibitor ameliorates hemoglobin decline in DKD. The effect of DPP-4 inhibitor on hemoglobin is statistically significant but clinically modest, and did not correlate with the concomitant change in kidney function.
Published: 2023
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31. Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter Revision and Replacement by Nephrologist for Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter Malfunction

Author: Ma, Terry King-Wing, Chow, Kai Ming, Kwan, Bonnie Ching-Ha, Ng, Jack Kit-Chung, Choy, Agnes Shin-Man, Kwong, Vickie Wai-Ki, Pang, Wing-Fai, Leung, Chi Bon, Li, Philip Kam-To, and Szeto, Cheuk Chun
Abstract: Background:Catheter malfunction is an important cause of technique failure for peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients, and is commonly managed by surgeons or intervention radiologists. We reviewed our experience in catheter revision or replacement by nephrologists. Method:We reviewed the clinical outcome and complication rate of 95 consecutive patients who had PD catheter malfunction, with catheter revision or replacement by nephrologist. Result:Amongst the 95 patients, 32 had catheter revision, 24 catheter replacement via the original wound, and 39 catheter replacement via a new mini-laparotomy wound. Catheter survival was 71.6% at 1 month and 48.4% at 6 months; technique survival was 88.4% at 1 month and 77.4% at 6 months. When the 3 types of procedure were analyzed separately, technique survival at 1 month was 96.8, 75.0, and 89.7%, respectively, for patients who received catheter revision, catheter replacement via the original wound, and catheter replacement via a new mini-laparotomy wound (p= 0.0002), although their catheter survival rates were not significantly different. Also, 2 patients had bleeding that required urgent surgical exploration, 2 had wound infection, and 8 had peritonitis within 4 weeks after the surgery. Conclusion:PD catheter revision and replacement by nephrologist has an acceptable catheter survival and a reasonable complication rate. Given that prompt intervention is an important consideration, catheter revision and replacement by nephrologist is a suitable method for the management of catheter malfunction.
Published: 2018
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32. Metformin and vitamin B12 deficiency: association and not causation may play a major role in cohort studies

Author: Lev, Ishay, Chow, Kai Ming, Ting, Rose Zhao-Wei, and Szeto, Cheuk Chun
Subjects: Metformin -- Complications and side effects, Metformin -- Research, Vitamin B12 deficiency -- Risk factors, Vitamin B12 deficiency -- Development and progression, Vitamin B12 deficiency -- Research, Health
Published: 2007

33. Cerebral atrophy and skull thickening due to chronic phenytoin therapy

Author: Chow, Kai Ming and Szeto, Cheuk Chun
Subjects: Atrophy -- Causes of, Phenytoin -- Dosage and administration, Phenytoin -- Complications and side effects
Abstract: The woman had refractory epilepsy and mental insufficiency since 15 years of age following an episode of encephalitis. Her epilepsy showed a fair response to adjunctive vagus nerve stimulation (placement [...]
Published: 2007

34. An unusual cause of hypercalcemia

Author: Chow, Kai Ming and Szeto, Cheuk Chun
Subjects: Hyperthyroidism -- Influence -- Case studies, Hypercalcemia -- Causes of -- Influence -- Case studies, Health, Influence, Case studies, Causes of
Abstract: Abstract: We describe a case of pronounced symptomatic hypercalcemia as a consequence of thyrotoxicosis alone. Primary hyperparathyroidism and other secondary causes of hypercalcemia were excluded. Hypercalcemia completely abated after treatment [...]
Published: 2004

35. Urinary Mitochondrial DNA Level as a Biomarker of Acute Kidney Injury Severity

Author: Ho, Phoebe Wing-Lam, Pang, Wing-Fai, Luk, Cathy Choi-Wan, Ng, Jack Kit-Chung, Chow, Kai-Ming, Kwan, Bonnie Ching-Ha, Li, Philip Kam-Tao, and Szeto, Cheuk-Chun
Abstract: Background:Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to the pathogenesis of acute kidney injury (AKI). The urinary mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) level was previously shown to predict renal function recovery in AKI following cardiac surgery. Herein, we determine whether urinary mtDNA is a marker of severity and predictor of recovery in AKI due to other etiologies. Methods:We recruited 107 AKI patients. The urinary mtDNA level was measured, the severity of AKI was quantified, and patients were followed for 90 days. Results:The urinary mtDNA level had modest but statistically significant correlations with the peak serum creatinine level (Spearman's r= -0.248, p= 0.010) and the duration of hospital stay (r= -0.217, p= 0.025). Patients who required temporary dialysis also tended to have higher urinary mtDNA levels than those without dialysis (22.6 ± 4.5 vs. 24.9 ± 5.7 cycles, p= 0.06). There was no definite relation between the urinary mtDNA level and renal function recovery. Conclusion:The urinary mtDNA level is a marker of AKI severity, as reflected by its significant correlation with the peak serum creatinine level, duration of hospital stay, and probably the need for temporary dialysis. Our result suggests that urinary mtDNA has the potential to serve as a biomarker of AKI.
Published: 2017
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36. ISPD Catheter-Related Infection Recommendations: 2017 Update

Author: Szeto, Cheuk-Chun, Li, Philip Kam-Tao, Johnson, David W., Bernardini, Judith, Dong, Jie, Figueiredo, Ana E., Ito, Yasuhiko, Kazancioglu, Rumeyza, Moraes, Thyago, Van Esch, Sadie, and Brown, Edwina A.
Published: 2017
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37. Endotoxemia in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients: A Pilot Study to Examine the Role of Intestinal Perfusion and Congestion

Author: Grant, Claire, Harrison, Laura, Hoad, Caroline, Marciani, Luca, Cox, Eleanor, Buchanan, Charlotte, Costigan, Carolyn, Francis, Susan, Lai, Ka-Bik, Szeto, Cheuk-Chun, Gowland, Penny, and McIntyre, Christopher
Abstract: Endotoxemia is common in advanced chronic kidney disease and is particularly severe in those receiving dialysis. In hemodialysis patients, translocation from the bowel occurs as a consequence of recurrent circulatory stress leading to a reduction in circulating splanchnic volume and increased intestinal permeability. Peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients are often volume expanded and have continuous direct immersion of bowel in fluid; these may also be important factors in endotoxin translocation and would suggest different therapeutic strategies to improve it. The mechanisms leading to endotoxemia have never been specifically studied in PD. In this study, 17 subjects (8 PD patients, 9 healthy controls) underwent detailed gastrointestinal and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging during fasted and fed states. Gross splanchnic perfusion was assessed by quantification of superior mesenteric artery flow. Magnetic resonance imaging findings were correlated to endotoxemia, markers of hydration status and cardiac structure and function.
Published: 2017
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38. Low GDP Solution and Glucose-Sparing Strategies for Peritoneal Dialysis

Author: Szeto, Cheuk Chun and Johnson, David W.
Abstract: Long-term exposure to a high glucose concentration in conventional peritoneal dialysis (PD) solution has a number of direct and indirect (via glucose degradation products [GDP]) detrimental effects on the peritoneal membrane, as well as systemic metabolism. Glucose- or GDP-sparing strategies often are hypothesized to confer clinical benefits to PD patients. Icodextrin (glucose polymer) solution improves peritoneal ultrafiltration and reduces the risk of fluid overload, but these beneficial effects are probably the result of better fluid removal rather than being glucose sparing. Although frequently used for glucose sparing, the role of amino acid–based solution in this regard has not been tested thoroughly. When glucose-free solutions are used in a combination regimen, published studies showed that glycemic control was improved significantly in diabetic PD patients, and there probably are beneficial effects on peritoneal function. However, the long-term effects of glucose-free solutions, used either alone or as a combination regimen, require further studies. On the other hand, neutral pH–low GDP fluids have been shown convincingly to preserve residual renal function and urine volume. The cost effectiveness of these solutions supports the regular use of neutral pH–low GDP solutions. Nevertheless, further studies are required to determine whether neutral pH–low GDP solutions exert beneficial effects on patient-level outcomes, such as peritonitis, technique survival, and patient survival.
Published: 2017
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39. Pharmacokinetic study of once-daily formulation of tacrolimus (Advagraf) in stable Chinese kidney transplant recipients

Author: Ma, Terry King-Wing, Chow, Kai Ming, Cheng, Phyllis Mei-Shan, Kwan, Bonnie Ching-Ha, Leung, Chi Bon, Li, Philip Kam-Tao, and Szeto, Cheuk Chun
Abstract: The objective of this study is to determine whether tacrolimus trough level is appropriate for therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of Advagraf in stable Chinese kidney transplant recipients (KTRs).
Published: 2016
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40. ISPD Peritonitis Recommendations: 2016 Update on Prevention and Treatment

Author: Li, Philip Kam-Tao, Szeto, Cheuk Chun, Piraino, Beth, de Arteaga, Javier, Fan, Stanley, Figueiredo, Ana E., Fish, Douglas N., Goffin, Eric, Kim, Yong-Lim, Salzer, William, Struijk, Dirk G., Teitelbaum, Isaac, and Johnson, David W.
Published: 2016
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41. Employment status in peritoneal-dialysis patients

Author: Law, Man Ching, Chow, Kai Ming, Fung, Janny Suk Fun, Szeto, Cheuk Chun, and Li, Philip Kam Tao
Abstract: The employment status of peritoneal-dialysis patients could have been related to selection bias. This study examined the employment rate and associated factors in a population with peritoneal-dialysis-first policy.
Published: 2016
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42. Genetic and clinical variables identify predictors for chronic kidney disease in type 2 diabetes

Author: Jiang, Guozhi, Hu, Cheng, Tam, Claudia H.T., Lau, Eric S.H., Wang, Ying, Luk, Andrea O.Y., Yang, Xilin, Kong, Alice P.S., Ho, Janice S.K., Lam, Vincent K.L., Lee, Heung Man, Wang, Jie, Zhang, Rong, Tsui, Stephen K.W., Ng, Maggie C.Y., Szeto, Cheuk-Chun, Jia, Weiping, Fan, Xiaodan, So, Wing Yee, Chan, Juliana C.N., and Ma, Ronald C.W.
Abstract: Type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease (CKD) may share common risk factors. Here we used a 3-stage procedure to discover novel predictors of CKD by repeatedly applying a stepwise selection based on the Akaike information criterion to subsamples of a prospective complete-case cohort of 2755 patients. This cohort encompassed 25 clinical variables and 36 genetic variants associated with type 2 diabetes, obesity, or fasting plasma glucose. We compared the performance of the clinical, genetic, and clinico-genomic models and used net reclassification improvement to evaluate the impact of top selected genetic variants to the clinico-genomic model. Associations of selected genetic variants with CKD were validated in 2 independent cohorts followed by meta-analyses. Among the top 6 single-nucleotide polymorphisms selected from clinico-genomic data, three (rs478333 of G6PC2, rs7754840 and rs7756992 of CDKAL1) contributed toward the improvement of prediction performance. The variant rs478333 was associated with rapid decline (over 4% per year) in estimated glomerular filtration rate. In a meta-analysis of 2 replication cohorts, the variants rs478333 and rs7754840 showed significant associations with CKD after adjustment for conventional risk factors. Thus, this novel 3-stage approach to a clinico-genomic data set identified 3 novel genetic predictors of CKD in type 2 diabetes. This method can be applied to similar data sets containing clinical and genetic variables to select predictors for clinical outcomes.
Published: 2016
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43. Peritoneal Dialysis-Related Infection in the Older Population

Author: Szeto, Cheuk-Chun
Abstract: With appropriate training and adequate support, it is possible to keep the peritonitis rate of elderly peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients at a highly respectable level. In general, the latest recommendations for the treatment and prevention of PD-related infections by the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis (ISPD) are applicable to older patients. However, there are minor differences in the spectrum of causative organisms amongst elderly patients, with coagulase-negative staphylococcal species (CNSS) and Enterobacteriaceaespecies being more common in elderly patients. Elderly PD patients who develop peritonitis have an excessive short-term mortality, and, amongst elderly patients, a high burden of comorbid load increases the risk of relapsing episodes. In addition, technical problems, social difficulties, and concomitant comorbid diseases often have profound effects on the risk of peritonitis as well as its management.
Published: 2015
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44. Weight change during the first year of peritoneal dialysis: Risk factors and prognostic implications

Author: Choy, Agnes Shin-Man, Chow, Kai-Ming, Kwan, Bonnie Ching-Ha, Cheng, Phyllis Mei-Shan, Kwong, Vickie Wai-Ki, Pang, Wing-Fai, Leung, Chi-Bon, Law, Man-Ching, Li, Philip Kam-Tao, and Szeto, Cheuk-Chun
Abstract: Weight gain is common amongst patients who start peritoneal dialysis (PD). However, the prevalence, risk factors, and long-term implications of body weight gain in new PD patients have not been explored.
Published: 2015
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45. High inflammatory burden predicts cardiovascular events in patients with axial spondyloarthritis: a long-term follow-up study

Author: Shi, Lin-Hong, Lam, Steven H., So, Ho, Li, Edmund K., Li, Tena K., Szeto, Cheuk-Chun, and Tam, Lai-Shan
Abstract: Background: Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) patients are at higher risk of cardiovascular (CV) disease (CVD) than the general population, partly due to consequences of inflammation or its treatment. But relationship between inflammation in axSpA and cardiovascular events (CVE) is unknown.Objectives: To examine whether inflammatory burden over time can predict CVE independent of baseline CV risk factors in axSpA patients.Design: A cohort analysis was performed in patients who had been recruited since January 2001. The primary outcome was a first CVE occurring between January 2001 and December 2020.Methods: Three CVD risk scores were computed at baseline. The performance of the original and modified (*1.5 multiplication factor) CV risk algorithms were assessed. Time-varying Cox proportional hazard models and Kaplan–Meier survival analysis were used to assess whether inflammatory burden (Bath ankylosing spondylitis disease activity index [BASDAI] and inflammatory markers), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) can predict the development of first CVE.Results: 463 patients (35 [26–45] years, male: 360 [77.8%]) were recruited. After a median follow-up of 12 (7–19) years, 61 patients (13.2%) experienced a first CVE. Traditional/modified CV risk scores underestimated CV risk. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) ⩾ 20 mm/h was associated with a significantly higher risk of CVE during follow-up (HR: 2.07, 95%CI [1.10, 3.98], p= 0.008). Active disease as indicated by a rising BASDAI also showed positive trend towards a higher risk of developing CVE over time. After adjusting for CV risk scores in the multivariable models, high ESR level (ESR ⩾ 20 mm/h) over time remained significantly associated with a higher risk of developing CV events.Conclusion: Increased inflammatory burden as reflected by elevated ESR levels (ESR ⩾ 20) was associated with increased risk of CVE, while the use of NSAIDs and DMARDs were not.
Published: 2022
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46. Long-term Outcome of Biopsy-Proven Minimal Change Nephropathy in Chinese Adults

Author: Szeto, Cheuk-Chun, Lai, Fernand Mac-Moune, Chow, Kai-Ming, Kwan, Bonnie Ching-Ha, Kwong, Vickie Wai-Ki, Leung, Chi-Bon, and Li, Philip Kam-Tao
Abstract: Minimal change nephropathy is a common cause of primary nephrotic syndrome in adults. However, there are few studies of its clinical course, response to treatment, and long-term outcome.
Published: 2015
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47. Predictors of Residual Renal Function Decline in Patients Undergoing Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis

Author: Szeto, Cheuk-Chun, Kwan, Bonnie Ching-Ha, Chow, Kai-Ming, Chung, Sebastian, Yu, Vincent, Cheng, Phyllis Mei-Shan, Leung, Chi-Bon, Law, Man-Ching, and Li, Philip Kam-Tao
Abstract: Background Residual renal function (RRF) is an important prognostic indicator in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients. We determined the predictors of RRF loss in a cohort of incident CAPD patients.Methods We reviewed the record of 645 incident CAPD patients. RRF loss is represented by the slope of decline of residual glomerular filtration rate (GFR) as well as the time to anuria.Results The average rate of residual GFR decline was -0.083 ± 0.094 mL/min/month. The rate of residual GFR decline was faster with a higher proteinuria (r = -0.506, p< 0.0001) and baseline residual GFR (r = -0.560, p< 0.0001). Multivariate analysis showed that proteinuria, baseline residual GFR, and the use of diuretics were independent predictors of residual GFR decline. Cox proportional hazard model showed that proteinuria, glucose exposure, and the number of peritonitis episodes were independent predictors of progression to anuria, while a higher baseline GFR was protective. Each 1 g/day of proteinuria is associated with a 13.2% increase in the risk of progressing to anuria, each 10 g/day higher glucose exposure is associated with a 2.5% increase in risk, while each peritonitis episode confers a 3.8% increase in risk.Conclusions Our study shows that factors predicting the loss of residual solute clearance and urine output are different. Proteinuria, baseline residual GFR, and the use of diuretics are independently related to the rate of RRF decline in CAPD patients, while proteinuria, glucose exposure, and the number of peritonitis episodes are independent predictors for the development of anuria. The role of anti-proteinuric therapy and measures to prevent peritonitis episodes in the preservation of RRF should be tested in future studies.
Published: 2015
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48. Intrarenal and Urinary Th9 and Th22 Cytokine Gene Expression in Lupus Nephritis

Author: Luk, Cathy Choi-Wan, Tam, Lai-Shan, Kwan, Bonnie Ching-Ha, Wong, Priscilla Ching-Han, Ma, Terry King-Wing, Chow, Kai-Ming, Lai, Fernand Mac-Moune, Li, Philip Kam-Tao, and Szeto, Cheuk-Chun
Abstract: Objective.We studied the urinary sediment mRNA level of Th9- and Th22-related cytokines in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).Methods.We quantified urinary mRNA levels of interleukin (IL) 9, IL-10, IL-22, and their corresponding transcription factors in 73 patients with active lupus nephritis, 13 patients with hypertensive nephrosclerosis (HTN), and 25 healthy subjects.Results.There was no detectable IL-9 mRNA in all samples. Patients with proliferative lupus nephritis had significantly lower urinary IL-22 mRNA levels than those with nonproliferative nephritis (2.2 ± 5.4 vs 8.6 ± 20.0 copies, p = 0.019), and urinary IL-22 mRNA level inversely correlated with the histological activity index (r = −0.427, p < 0.0001). In contrast, patients with lupus nephritis had significantly higher urinary IL-10 mRNA levels than patients with HTN (7.8 ± 18.5 vs 1.9 ± 4.0 copies, p = 0.012), and urinary IL-10 mRNA levels correlated with its intrarenal mRNA levels (r = 0.337, p = 0.004) and SLE disease activity index (r = 0.277, p = 0.018). Urinary IL-10 mRNA level was significantly lower among patients who achieved complete remission than those with partial remission or no response (4.1 ± 6.5 vs 14.1 ± 28.0 copies, p = 0.036).Conclusion.Urinary IL-22 mRNA level is decreased in patients with SLE with proliferative nephritis, while urinary IL-10 mRNA levels correlates with its intrarenal mRNA level and disease activity. Urinary IL-10 mRNA levels may also predict treatment response. These results suggest that urinary mRNA levels of IL-10 and IL-22 might be used as biomarkers for assessing disease activity and risk stratification in lupus nephritis.
Published: 2015
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49. Circulating Endotoxaemia and Frequent Haemodialysis Schedules

Author: Jefferies, Helen J., Crowley, Lisa E., Harrison, Laura E.A., Szeto, Cheuk-Chun, Li, Philip K.T., Schiller, Brigitte, Moran, John, and McIntyre, Christopher W.
Abstract: AbstractBackground/Aims:Endotoxaemia, a driver of systemic inflammation, appears to be driven by dialysis-induced circulatory stress in haemodialysis (HD) patients. More frequent HD regimens are associated with lower ultrafiltration requirements, improved haemodynamic stability and lower systemic inflammation. This study investigated the hypothesis that more frequently dialysed patients, with reduced exposure to dialysis-induced haemodynamic perturbation, would have lower circulating endotoxin (ET) levels. Methods:A cross-sectional study of86 established HD patients compared three groups: conventional HD 3× per week (HD3, n = 56), frequent HD 5-6× per week (SDHD, n = 20), and nocturnal HD (NHD, n = 10). Data collection included ultrafiltration volume and rate, serial blood pressures and blood sampling with quantification of ET, troponin T and high-sensitivity CRP (hsCRP). Results:Pre-dialysis serum ET was highest in the conventional HD group (HD3 0.66 ± 0.29 EU/ml vs. NHD 0.08 ± 0.04 EU/ml). Across the study population, severity of endotoxaemia was associated with higher ultrafiltration rates, degree of intradialytic hypotension, troponin T and hsCRP levels. NHD patients had the lowest ultrafiltration requirements, the greatest haemodynamic stability and lower ET levels. Conclusion:More frequent HD regimens are associated with lower levels of circulating ET compared with conventional HD. Reduced ET translocation may be related to the greater haemodynamic stability of these treatments, with superior maintenance of splanchnic perfusion.© 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel
Published: 2014
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50. Relationship between HSP70-2 A+1267G Polymorphism and Cardiovascular Events of Chinese Peritoneal Dialysis Patients

Author: Poon, Peter Yam-Kau, Szeto, Cheuk-Chun, Kwan, Bonnie Ching-Ha, Chow, Kai-Ming, and Li, Philip Kam-Tao
Abstract: AbstractBackground:Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are expressed by cells in response to various environmental stresses. A single-nucleotide polymorphism A+1267G of the HSPA1Bgene affects the expression of HSP70-2, with the A allele being protective against inflammatory conditions. We investigated the relation between the HSP A+1267G polymorphism and the clinical outcomes of Chinese peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. Methods:We studied 347 new PD cases (181 males, age 56.6 ± 13.7 years). Genotyping was done by standard methods. Patients were followed for 40.5 ± 20.7 months for survival analysis. Results:For the entire cohort, there was no difference in the 5-year survival between genotype groups. However, there was a significant interaction between HSP polymorphism and diabetic status on the cardiovascular event-free survival. In patients without pre-existing diabetes, 5-year cardiovascular event-free survival of the GG/AG genotype group was significantly better than that of the AA genotype group (57.2 vs. 32.1, p = 0.011). Conclusion:The G allele of the HSP70-2 A+1267G polymorphism confers survival advantages in non-diabetic PD patients. The role of HSP in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease in renal failure patients needs further investigation.© 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel
Published: 2014
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