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The Simple Shoulder Test (SST) is a widely used patient-reported outcome assessment. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a Japanese version of the SST (SST-Jp).

The pathophysiology of atraumatic rotator cuff tears (ATTs) has not been fully understood. Adduction restriction of the glenohumeral joint can cause pain and disability in patients with ATTs. We aimed to use our adduction test (pushing the humerus toward the side in the coronal plane with scapular fixation) to fluoroscopically measure the glenohumeral adduction angle (GAA) and to assess the effectiveness of adduction manipulation.

Asymmetric cyanation of α-ketimino esters catalyzed by combined systems of amino acid/BINAP derivative/Ru(II) complexes and lithium compounds was examined. The use of an appropriate combination of amino acid and BINAP ligands achieved high enantioselectivity for a variety of α-alkynyl (Val/XylBINAP/Ru), α-alkenyl (Val/TolBINAP/Ru), and α-aryl imino esters (Val/XylBINAP/Ru) as well as an isatin-derived cyclic imino amide (t-Leu/BINAP/Ru) to afford the α-cyano-α-amino esters and the amide with an α-nitrogen-substituted quaternary chiral center with up to 98% ee.

OVERVIEW Collaboration between Nikon and IBM has demonstrated the feasibility of an electron optical system for an electron-beam stepper based on the PREVAIL technique. This system differs from conventional direct-write […]

As the number of transistors on a chip continues to increase, the industry's shrinking feature size is outstripping even the best efforts of optical engineers. Extreme ultraviolet lithography can lead to a more-than-tenfold decrease in wavelength, translating to a startling leap in performance.

A direct means of measuring the image blur of electron beam projection lithography (EPL) tools is described. We developed an aerial image sensor using a Si membrane knife-edge and a transmitted electron detection technique. The aerial image sensor is designed to increase signal amplitude and signal contrast in order to yield a large signal to noise ratio even under a low beam current density condition. The image blur can be quantified accurate to a few nanometers because the measurement error due to the sensor is extremely small. The aerial image sensor was installed in Nikon’s electron beam projection experimental column and was evaluated. The measured image blur, defined as the distance between the 12 and 88 points of the beam edge profile, under the optimum condition was 13 nm, and the measurement repeatability was 3 nm (3 sigma). The application of this technique to a system calibration is demonstrated. Focus and astigmatism were measured and the optimum settings of focus coils and stigmators were determined with excellent repeatability. The potential for this technique to provide an automated self-calibration system on EPL tools is clearly shown. © 2002 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.

Although Spirulina(Arthrospira) is expected to be a suitableorganism for producing recombinant proteins, a gene transfer system hasnot yet been established, due to a lack of suitable vectors and because Spirulinaappears refractory to common genetic manipulations. As theinitial stages of the development of recombinant DNA methodology, weexamined the effects on transformation efficiency of electroporationconditions such as electric-field strength (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12kV cm-1) and time constant (2.5, 5 ms). At a time constant of2.5 ms, few transformants were observed regardless of the field strength.The longer time constant of 5.0 ms reproducibly yielded transformants atthe middle field strength of 4 - 8 kV cm-1, but gave high killingand no transformation at the higher field strength of 10 - 12kV cm-1. Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) activities wereincreased only in the transformants from 2–6 kV cm-1and 5.0 ms.The density of the transformants was significantly correlated with therelative value of CAT activity (r = 0.89, n = 11, p< 0.01),suggesting that the chloramphenicol resistance was due to CAT activity. Weconcluded that transformation of S. platensiswas most effective at apulse duration 5.0 ms with an electric field of 4 kV cm-1, and thatforeign genes can be expressed in this organism.

In order to make well-arranged asperities on Al-alloy substrates of magnetic rigid disk as a texturing process, a new nanometer scale indentation method using magnetic fluid and magnetic field was developed. These asperities made by this method could decrease the pull-off force against the Si3N4ball in humid air. A large applied load and coil current of the electric magnet in the indentation process provided a smaller pull-off force. Peak radius of indentation marks is a governing parameter of the pull-off force.

Abstract: We examined thein vitro surface activity, immersional wettability and adhesional wettability shown by aqueous solutions of soy lysophospholipid (SLP)/monoglyceride (MG)/fatty acid (FA), SLP/FA and SLP/MG, and found that many lipid mixtures showed significant surface activity when their MG and FA components consisted of polyunsaturated FA and/or medium chain FA. The more unsaturated the FA, the higher the surface activity. A mixture of SLP/medium chain fatty acid MG (medium chain MG)/medium chain FA showed the highest surface activity, and was comparable to an Aerosol-OT surfactant, the most effective wetting agent. SLP/polyunsaturated FA monoglyceride (polyunsaturated MG)/polyunsaturated FA, SLP/medium chain FA, and SLP/polyunsaturated FA, SLP/medium chain MG, and SLP/polyunsaturated MG also showed a high degree of activity. Wettability decreased rapidly when the amount of saturated, long chain FA moieties increased. It is recognized that the degrees of unsaturation and the chain length of FAs in the lipid mixtures have a decisive influence on surface activities. Higher ratios of MG and FA to SLP gave higher activity; and solubilizers such as bile salts were necessary to dissolve them in water.

In order to make well-arranged asperities on Al-alloy substrates of magnetic rigid disk as a texturing process, a new texturing method using magnetic fluid and magnetic field was developed, and its fundamental properties were shown. By applying magnetic field and normal load to the magnetic fluid including 4μm SiO2 micro particles in the gap between the Al-alloy substrate and the glass plate, well-arranged micro particles were indented to the substrate and then made well-arranged asperities. It is concluded that magnetic field controlled the density of micro particles and the distance between micro particles well.

Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder (also known as frozen shoulder) is a painful and disabling disorder with an estimated prevalence ranging from 2% to 5% in the general population. Although the precise pathogenesis of frozen shoulder is unclear, thickened capsule and coracohumeral ligament (CHL) have been documented to be one of the most specific manifestations. The thickened CHL has been understood to limit external rotation of the shoulder, and restriction of internal rotation of the shoulder has been believed to be related to posterior capsular tightness. In this paper, three cases of refractory frozen shoulder treated through arthroscopic release of a contracted capsule including CHL were reported. Two cases in which there is recalcitrant severe restriction of internal rotation after manipulation under anesthesia (MUA) were finally treated with arthroscopic surgery. Although MUA could release the posterior capsule, internal rotation did not improve in our cases. After release of the thickened CHL, range of motion of internal rotation was significantly improved. This report demonstrates the role of the thickened CHL in limiting the internal rotation of the shoulder. We highlight the importance of release of thickened CHL in addition to the pancapsular release, in case of severe limitation of internal rotation of shoulder.

Interface properties of molecular beam epitaxy (MBE)-ZnSe/GaAs (100) substrate systems formed after various pretreatments of the substrate surface, including standard chemical etching, and (NH4)2Sx-, HF-, Te-, Se- and (HF+Se)-pretreatments, have been characterized by C-V, deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) and I-Vmeasurements. A comparative study of the quality of the grown epilayer has also been made by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman scattering measurements. It is found that the (HF+Se)-pretreatment gives superior interface with minimum interface state density, Nss,min, which is smaller than 1×1011cm-2eV-1below the midgap of GaAs. The value is about a thirtieth of the standard chemically etched sample. The influence of interface states on I-Vcharacteristics across the interface is also analyzed on the basis of a model which takes interface charge into consideration. The excess voltage drop at the interface is considerably reduced for the Se-pretreated sample, which is in agreement with the present model. The quality of the ZnSe epilayers assessed by XRD and Raman spectra is firmly correlated with the interface quality.

A ferroelectric Pb(Fe2/3W1/3)O3-Pb (Fe1/2Nb1/2)O3(PFW-PFN) system has a low sintering temperature. A partial substitution of Ca for Pb in PFN shift the transition temperature sufficiently low, transforming this material into a paraelectric at room temperature. When paraelectric PFW-PCFN formed a single-phase (Pb, Ca)(W, Fe, Nb)O3(PCWFN), this material was confirmed to have a high dielectric constant with temperature stability and low dissipation loss. There was a certain amount of difficulty associated with the synthesis of single-phased PCWFN. A process to overcome this difficulty is reported. Up to now, the sintering temperature of the best characterized material was 1000°C. This temperature is very low for the sintering of a glass-free dielectric material used as a microwave resonator.

Techniques of dosage control for scanning exposure are introduced and the accuracy of exposure dose achieved by these techniques are discussed. Analytical formulation of the dosage accuracy is performed for the first time under consideration of both pulsed energy fluctuation and exposed position jitter. Actual dosage accuracy was measured by adopting the simplest method. Experimental data from the exposure apparatus are shown and the effectiveness of derived formula for dosage error estimation is confirmed. Application for the exposure system is also discussed.

The theoretical meaning of the ratio of top width to bottom width of a resist pattern (T/B) is explained by a simple model. In KrF excimer lithography, the positive photoresist, FH-EX1, is suitable for T/Bevaluation. The method of measuring the optical performance of the projection optical systems using T/Bis introduced. The response data of T/Bfor defocus, dose, the normalized spatial frequency and the illumination/projection condition are shown. In addition, with application of the result of the optimization of the illumination/projection condition by T/Bevaluation to the exposure of the chemical amplification resist, it is shown that sufficient depth of focus for 0.35 µm line and space patterns can be obtained.