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This paper deals with the issue of rapid, indicative identification of the age of a vehicle using time stamps on various components of the vehicle for technical, commercial, safety and forensic purposes. The main aim of the paper is the possibility of using markings of individual vehicle windows or “window stamps”, in which the times of production of the windows are encrypted in various ways. An analysis of time markings on vehicle windows was conducted on the basis of an extensive collection of photographs of windows from 980 basic vehicle models manufactured between 1991 and 2021, and acquired between 2015 and 2021 as part of the Europe-wide initiative eCall. Research found that 98.8% of all common motor vehicle window panes on the European market come with one of only three basic types of window stamps, which were named Euro-American, Japanese and Korean. The paper provides a detailed description of the structure and decoding of vehicle window stamps of the three specified basic types.

Several different system balance methods and programmes have been developed and used for decades in the refrigeration industry to design refrigeration circuits and components. One of the oldest methods is the graphical—analytical method, developed and used long before computers and even calculators became standard engineering tools. The method is relatively easy and it helps to design and choose proper components. It can be successfully used today in the computer age for a better understanding of the refrigeration system behaviour, enabling the designer to see and evaluate major components, system characteristics, and system trends.This article will introduce the graphical—analytical method for the simplest refrigeration systems and later extend it to more complex refrigeration systems.