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The structure and concentration distribution of He, H, and D in the ion implanted zone following simultaneous He-D irradiation in W was characterized. A shift in He bubble size from nanometer to tens of nanometers was observed between 800 K < T < 1000 K. The bubble field was found to extend to depths of 30-40 nm with mean concentrations of 4-5 at.%.. An order of magnitude increase in He trapping was observed at 800 K when the ion energy was increased from 0.3 to 1.0 keV. Depth profiles of the trapped D at 500 K indicatea marked decrease in the trapped amount coinciding with the He bubble layer. Conversely, enrichment in hydrogen concentration was observed. One hydrogen atom was found to trap in ratio with ~6 He atoms. Such preferential trapping of hydrogen appears to be an important process in the reduction of D diffusion into W due to He effects.

AbstractT retention and its depth profile in the graphite tiles used for first wall of JT-60U have been measured by a tritium imaging plate technique and a full combustion method. T was found only limited depth beneath the plasma facing surface and little in both the surface region shallow than 1 μm and in bulk more than 1mm in depth. Although most of T produced by DD reactions are thermalized and neutralized in plasma and impinge on the plasma facing surface and penetrate into the inner surface, they are isotopically replaced by subsequently incoming D. Only some of high energy T escaping from plasma are directly implanted beneath the surface and retained escaping from the isotopic replacement until attainment of a saturation concentration.

The chlorine concentration in concrete samples was measured by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). One or two pulsed second harmonic Nd:YAG lasers (λ=532 nm) were used for the generation of laser-induced breakdown, and an intensified CCD camera, spectrometer, and optical bundle fiber were used for spectral measurement. To maximize the spectral intensity of the chlorine fluorescence line at a wavelength of 837.59 nm, the time delay between laser irradiation and spectral measurement, the time delay between the two laser pulses in double-pulse measurement, and the gate width of the spectral measurement were optimized. The linear relationship between the spectral intensity of the chlorine fluorescence line and the chlorine concentration was verified for pressed samples with chlorine concentrations from 0.18 to 5.4 kg/m^3. The signal-to-noise ratio was higher than 2 for the sample with a chlorine concentration of 0.18 kg/m^3 (0.008 wt. %). Thus, a chlorine concentration of 0.6 kg/m^3, at which the reinforcing bars in concrete structures start to corrode, can be detected. These results show that LIBS is effective for the quantitative measurement of chlorine concentration in concrete with high sensitivity.

Purpose To examine postoperative refraction changes following phacoemulsification cataract surgery and to assess their influential factors, including intraocular lens (IOL) materials and anterior chamber depth (ACD) of the implanted IOL.Methods In this prospective study, 339 eyes were randomly assigned to receive a rigid polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) IOL (811C or 824C), an acrylic IOL (MA60BM), or a silicone IOL (AQ110NV). All patients were followed for 48 weeks after surgery. Postoperative spherical equivalent refraction and ACD were measured by a refractometer and by an anterior eye segment image analyzer, respectively.Results In the silicone IOL group, statistically significant myopic shift was observed at 8 weeks after the surgery and continued throughout the follow-up period. Mean myopic shift at the end (48 weeks) was −0.53 D. Concomitantly shortened ACD was also confirmed at 12 weeks after the surgery. In the other groups, postoperative refraction and IOL position did not change after surgery.Conclusions The eyes with silicone IOL caused postoperative myopic shift due to the anterior IOL movement. It is important to be aware of the characteristics of each IOL and to take myopic shift into consideration when silicone IOL is implanted. Preferably the A-constant for silicone IOL should be reconsidered to obtain rather accurate postoperative refraction.

Purpose The authors have invented a method to implant the AcrySof®model SA60AT intraocular lens (IOL) with a single action to avoid complications in the recommended method.Methods After inversely inserting the SA60AT into the Monarch II®cartridge, the optic of the SA60AT is held with IOL forceps and rotated 90° counterclockwise. At this point, the haptics of the SA60AT are placed on the upper side of the optic within the cartridge. Next, the cartridge is inserted into the anterior chamber, and the main body of the Monarch II®injector rotated by 180° prior to pushing the plunger gradually. Once the front area of the SA60AT is inserted into the capsular bag, the remainder of the SA60AT can be slowly injected into the capsular bag. Aspiration of viscoelastic substances enables the haptics to expand in the capsular bag. The authors examined the complications in the invented method.Results The authors successfully implanted the SA60AT into the capsular bag in 226 consecutive patients (170 patients with cataract surgery alone and 56 patients with combined vitreous surgery) using the single-action method without any complications.Conclusions The method is simple and useful for the implantation of SA60AT with Monarch II®injector.

Uniform nanocellular structures are successfully formed within the spherical nanodomains of CO2-philic fluorinated blocks in Poly[styrene-block-4-(perfluorooctylpropyloxy)styrene] (PS−PFS) and Poly[styrene-block-perfluorooctylethyl methacrylate] (PS−PFMA) monoliths using supercritical (SC) carbon dioxide (CO2). The nanocells have a very small surface area, indicative of the closed cell structure. Temperature of depressurization (Td) is the key to the uniform nanocellular formation in the CO2-philic block nanodomains:  Td must be well below the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the skeleton PS domains in the presence of CO2. As Td is raised and approaches Tg, the nanocellular structure crosses over to the microcellular structure on the order of micrometers, which is the typical cell structure formed via the conventional foaming mechanism. Two independent cell formation mechanisms coexist when Td is in the vicinity of Tg. The nanocells have upper limit diameter of ca. 40 nm, which is apparently determined by the balance between the expansion of nanocells and diffusion of CO2 either into the growing microcells or to the surface to evaporate. When Td is set above Tg, we simply find conventional microcells only slightly smaller than those formed in homopolystyrene, which are indicative of the negligible effect of block copolymer nanodomains in the conventional process.

We have successfully synthesized two types of chain-end-functionalized polystyrenes with a definite number of C8F17 groups that are dendritically distributed and linearly aligned in a double line. They are referred to as D and L types, respectively. In each type, there are three series of polymers whose C8F17 groups are connected to the main polystyrene chains by phenyl ether, benzyl ether, and benzyl ester linkages. A definite number of C8F17 groups from 2 to 32 and 1 to 10 are introduced at the chain ends of D and L type polymers, respectively. The resulting polymers all were well-defined in architecture and precisely controlled in chain length and degree of chain-end functionalization of C8F17 group. These polymers were cast into film and, after annealing, examined the surface segregation behavior of C8F17 group by angle-dependent X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and contact angle measurements using water and dodecane droplets. All of the C8F17-chain-end-functionalized polymers showed fairly large surface segregation and enrichment of C8F17 group. Furthermore, it was found that the segregation behavior strongly depended on the number and the alignment of C8F17 group and the linkage between C8F17 group and main chain. In general, the extent of the enrichment increased with increasing number of C8F17 groups and appeared to be saturated at a certain number of C8F17 groups, ranging from 4 to 16 depending on the polymer series.

Tritium accumulating in codeposits in the gaps between plasma facing components is a safety concern in next step fusion machines as suitable removal techniques have yet not been developed. We report on Imaging Plate measurements of the tritium areal distribution on the side surface of graphite/CFC tiles installed in the TFTR bumper limiter and JET Mk IIA divertor, both of which were exposed to D-T discharges. The tritium profiles on the four sides of TFTR tiles showed a short- and long-range decay pattern. In case of JET divertor tiles, only a small amount of tritium retention was detected on the tiles side facing the toroidal direction, while tritium retention was very large on the side facing the poloidal direction. These retention properties showed that the orientation or alignment of plasma facing component plays important role on the tritium retention in the gaps of those machines.

Tritium surface distributions on the plasma-facing surface and four sides of JET Mk IIA divertor tiles employed in the D-T operation phase of JET were measured by Tritium Imaging Plate Technique (TIPT). Tritium distribution on the plasma-facing surface was consistent with carbon deposition profiles and asymmetric in both poloidal and toroidal directions. The toroidal asymmetry was attributed to the alignment of the tiles preventing direct impact of flux lines to tile edges. Accordingly, no significant carbon deposition or tritium accumulation was observed on two sides facing the toroidal direction. As already reported, heavy codeposition retaining high levels of tritium was observed on the plasma-shadow area of the horizontal target tile surface and the bottom side of the vertical target tile of the inner divertor region where it was kept relatively cool by water coolant. In addition, TIPT has clearly distinguished at least two different carbon deposition layers with different tritium retention in poloidal direction, showing that the poloidal asymmetry on the horizontal target tiles is due to the different carbon deposition properties in the poloidal direction. All the results suggest that tritium retention in the divertor area, which was determined by the carbon/hydrocarbon distribution, correlates closely with divertor geometry and surface temperature.

Cell culture on gels made of poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(propylene oxide) (Pluronic), which has a lower critical solution temperature around 30 °C, could be performed for 48 h. However, the Pluronic gels were highly hydrophilic and tended to dissolve in the culture medium. We achieved temperature-dependent detachment of cells from Pluronic gels containing or lacking extracellular matrix (ECM) by cooling the gels to 4 °C. Using normal human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) grown on and released from Pluronic gels lacking ECM, we further found that the expression ratio of the surface markers CD34 and CD105 was twofold higher than for cells grown on polystyrene and removed with trypsin. In addition, the expression ratios for CD34 and CD105 on HUVECs cultivated on the Pluronic gels containing higher concentrations of ECM were lower, which may be due to ECM coating of the cell surface and, thus, interference with antibody binding. In summary, temperature-dependent detachment of cells from Pluronic gels allows the isolation of cells under mild conditions. This can be a powerful tool for surface marker analysis by flow cytometry.

Background & Aims: The surrounding cancer stroma is increasingly recognized as playing an important role in cancer proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. Here, we analyzed patterns of gene expression in colon cancer cells, surrounding stroma, and normal mucosa and normal stroma using laser capture microdissection. Methods: Tissues were fixed from 11 patients undergoing colorectal resection for cancer, and laser capture microdissection was performed. Samples (4 per patient) were extracted for RNA, which was then used for focused gene arrays. In addition, protein expression of selected genes was determined by Western blot or immunohistochemistry. Results: We showed differential expression patterns in cancer cells and surrounding stroma compared with their normal counterparts. Genes contributing to angiogenesis, cell cycle regulation, and proliferation were significantly increased in cancer cells compared with the adjacent normal mucosa. Genes contributing to angiogenesis, cancer invasion, and metastasis were significantly increased in surrounding cancer stromal cells compared with normal stroma. Conclusions: Delineating the differential patterns of gene expression between colon cancers and the surrounding reactive stroma will better determine the role of the stromal components in the progression of colon cancers and may lead to chemopreventive therapy targeted specifically to the stroma.

Background: Epithelial neutrophil-activating peptide 78 (ENA-78) and interferon @c-inducible protein 10 (IP10) belong to the CXC chemokine family and are considered to be important factors in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Idiopathic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) and IPF are the two largest subsets of idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIP). In patients with NSIP, the prognosis is generally good compared with IPF. Therefore, the pathogenesis of NSIP seems to be different from that of IPF, but this remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the contribution of ENA-78 and IP10 in the two diseases. Methods: We measured the levels of ENA-78 and IP10 in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of patients with IPF (n=17), idiopathic NSIP (n=10) and healthy subjects (n=12) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Results: The level of ENA-78 in BALF was significantly higher in IPF patients than in NSIP patients and controls. Serum levels of ENA-78 and BALF levels of IP10 in NSIP patients were significantly higher than in patients with IPF and controls. In BALF of patients with NSIP, IP10 level significantly correlated with the absolute number of lymphocytes. In IPF patients, BALF IP10 levels also correlated with the proportion of lymphocytes in BALF. Conclusion: Our results show distinct profiles of CXC chemokines in IPF and NSIP, and suggest that these chemokines play an important role in inflammatory cell recruitment into the lung in patients with IIP.

Supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) annealing enhances the hydrophobicity of the surfaces of asymmetric perfluorinated block copolymers. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and contact angle measurement reveal that the surface domains of the fluorinated block (PF) of poly[styrene-block-4-(perfluorooctylpropyloxy)styrene] (PS−PF) become thicker than those annealed in a vacuum. Consequently, the contact angles of water on the surfaces of PS−PF block copolymers significantly increase after the scCO2 annealing compared to those annealed in a vacuum. The surface hydrophobicity enhanced by the scCO2 annealing is related to the thickness of the surface PF domain and the conformation of the PF block.

Surface structures of asymmetric poly[styrene-block-4-(perfluorooctylpropyloxy)styrene] block copolymers (PS−PF) with the shorter PF block than the PS block have been investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and dynamic secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). Fluorooctyl side groups (C8F17) of the block copolymers segregate to the surface due to their low surface energy. Asymmetry of the block remarkably influences the structure of the C8F17 side groups and the backbone of PS−PF copolymers at the surface. When a weight fraction of the PF block, %@mt;sys@%%@ital@%f%@rsf@%%@mh;-1q@% %@sx@%PF%@be@%wt%@sxx@%%@mx@% , is 0.09, the surface is partially covered by the C8F17 side groups with a thickness thinner than the length of the C8F17 side group. The C8F17 side groups hence lie parallel to the surface. When %@mt;sys@%%@ital@%f%@rsf@%%@mh;-1q@% %@sx@%PF%@be@%wt%@sxx@%%@mx@% is approximately 0.25, the backbone of the PF block lies parallel to the surface, and the C8F17 side groups stand perpendicular to the surface. Such a conformation results in a domain thickness of the PF block comparable to the length of the C8F17 side group. However, as %@mt;sys@%%@ital@%f%@rsf@%%@mh;-1q@% %@sx@%PF%@be@%wt%@sxx@%%@mx@% goes beyond 0.3, the backbone of the PF block orients toward the surface while the top surface region, i.e., 1.5 nm from the surface, is still occupied by the C8F17 side groups standing perpendicular to the surface.

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A series of new chain-end-functionalized polystyrenes with two, four, and eight 1,3-butadienyl groups (PS(Bd)n, n = 2, 4, and 8) were synthesized by the reaction of chain-end-functionalized polystyrenes with the same numbers of benzyl bromide moieties with the 1,1-diphenylalkyl anion prepared from oligo(α-methylstyryl)lithium and 1-[4-(4-methylene-5-hexenyl)phenyl]-1-phenylethylene. These 1,3-butadiene-functionalized polymers reacted efficiently with polystyryllithium (PSLi) to afford well-defined 3-, 5-, and 9-arm star-branched polystyrenes. A successive synthesis from (PS(Bd)4 to 5-arm followed by 9-arm star-branched polystyrenes was demonstrated by twice repeating the reaction sequence involving the reaction of PSLi with (PS(Bd)4 and subsequent in-situ introduction of 1,3-butadienyl groups via the generated anions. The terminal 1,3-butadienyl groups were quantitatively converted into highly reactive anhydride and epoxy functions by the Diels−Alder and epoxidation reactions, respectively. The resulting anhydride- and epoxy-functionalized polymers were successfully used as new polymeric coupling agents to synthesize well-defined star-branched polystyrenes.

Triticum turgidumssp. polonicumand T. ispahanicumwere characterized by the long glume phenotype. P1gene determines the long glume phenotype of T. polonicum, and locates on chromosome 7A. T. ispahanicumhas shorter glume than T. polonicumand the long glumephenotype is determined by P2gene located on chromosome 7B. In the present study, aneuploid stocks of `Langdon' durum wheat were used to map the genes, P1and P2. P1located on the long arms of chromosome 7A and its map distances from the centromere was 14.5 cM. On chromosome 7B, four loci located as cc(chocolate black chaff) – Pc(purple culm) – centromere – P2– cn-BI(chlorina). P2located on the long arms of chromosome 7B and its map distances from the centromere was 11.7 cM. It was suggested that a paralogous gene set conditions long glume phenotype in the homoeologous group 7 chromosomes. The P1and P2genes may be useful as genetic markers in tetraploid wheat.

Various chain-end and in-chain functionalized polystyrenes with one, two, three, and four perfluorooctyl (C8F17) groups with well-defined structures (Mn = (3.5−29) × 10³ g/mol) were synthesized by the addition reaction of polystyryllithiums to phenol-functionalized agents such as 1-(4-bromobutyl)-4-tert-butyldimethylsilyloxybenzene, 1-(4-tert-butyldimethylsilyloxyphenyl)-1-phenylethylene, and 1,1-bis(4-tert-butyldimethylsilyloxyphenyl)ethylene and the subsequent Williamson reaction with C8F17(CH2)3Br to introduce C8F17 groups via the phenol functions regenerated after deprotection. In addition, chain-end-functionalized polystyrene with C8F17 group at both ends and in-chain-functionalized polystyrenes with one and two C8F17 groups introduced at two positions in chains were synthesized in a similar fashion using difunctional living polystyrenes. Surface structures of annealed films prepared from such C8F17-chain-functionalized polystyrenes were characterized by angle-dependent XPS and contact angle measurements using water and dodecane droplets. Both measurements confirmed that the C8F17 group segregated and preferentially enriched at the surfaces in virtually all films. The degree of surface enrichment increased with the number of C8F17 groups and, on the other hand, decreased with the molecular weight of the functionalized polymer. The terminal C8F17 group was usually much more effective for surface enrichment than the internal group in the same number. On the assumption that this moiety is highly ordered and oriented with the chain axis perpendicular to the surface, it can be speculated from the F/C values at 10° TOA by XPS in some polymers that all surface areas of these films are completely covered with the C8F17C3H6OC6H4 moiety.

Abstract The patient.We present the very rare case of a pineoblastoma with large central cyst in a 7-year-old boy who presented with a short history of gradually worsening headache and upward gaze palsy. Imaging investigations.On CT and MRI studies, it was seen as a peripherally calcified, irregularly shaped mass with heterogeneous low signal intensity on T1-weighted images and ringed enhancement after gadolinium administration; there was homogeneous high signal intensity on T1-weighted images. Discussion.We discuss differential diagnosis for several types of cystic tumors in the pineal region, including pineoblastomas.

ABSTRACTTritium distributions on the graphite tiles used as plasma facing tiles in divertor tiles, dome units, and the baffle plates of JT-60U were successfully measured. The highest tritium level was found at the top of the dome or the private region and the outer baffle plates, where the plasma did not hit but the distance from the plasma was the shortest. For the divertor tiles, the tritium retention was very small. Such tritium distribution observed in JT-60U tiles can be well explained by the homogeneous implantation of rather high energy tritium and thermal release due to the heat load.

Abstract: Background. Combination therapy with doxorubicin (DOX) and docetaxel (DOC), given 3 weeks apart, is one of the standard regimens used for treating metastatic breast cancer, but it frequently generates febrile neutropenia. To find a safer regimen with less myelotoxicity and the appropriate dose intensity, we conducted a phase I study of simultaneous weekly infusion with DOX and DOC. Methods. Twenty-five patients with advanced breast cancer were treated with an intravenous push-injection of DOX that was immediately followed by a 1-h infusion of DOC. This was repeated every week for at least 6 weeks. The premedication employed was three 4-mg doses of dexamethasone every week. Patients were divided into four groups for which the doses of DOX and DOC were escalated in 5-mg/m2 increments. Results. In the 18 patients who were treated with DOX 15 or 20 mg/m2 and DOC 25 mg/m2, or lower, the regimen was found to be tolerable, without febrile episodes. The regimen with 20 mg/m2 of DOX and 30 mg/m2 of DOC was the maximum tolerated dose. Other indications of grade 3 toxicity included asthenia in 4% of patients, anorexia in 8%, and vomiting in 8%. Of the 25 patients, 14 had a partial response. The overall response rate was 56% (95% confidence interval [CI] , 35% to 77%). The recommended dose for further trial was 20 mg/m2 of DOX and 25 mg/m2 of DOC. Conclusion. Simultaneous weekly infusion with DOX and DOC was feasible, with modest neutropenia and preserved dose intensity. This regimen may be helpful in the management of patients with advanced breast cancer.

Recent studies have found that severe surfactant dysfunction occurs during an asthma attack, but the changes in surfactant in a guinea-pig model of chronic asthma have not been studied. We therefore analysed the surfactant recovered from guinea-pigs after repeated inhalation of ovalbumin to see if the surfactant recovered from chronic asthmatic lungs would be intrinsically altered. Guinea pigs immunized through repeated inhalation of aerosolized ovalbumin (OA) were exposed to the antigen once a week for a month. Twenty-four hours after the last challenge the alveolar wash was recovered. We calculated saturated phosphatidylcholine (Sat-PC) and total protein (TP) pool sizes in alveolar spaces. Surfactant subtype conversion of large aggregate surfactant (LA) to small aggregate surfactant was studied in vitroby means of the surface area cycling technique. The phospholipid composition of LA was analysed by thin layer chromatography and the surface activity of LA was also determined. We found decreased surfactant pool sizes, decreased ratio of Sat-PC to TP in alveolar lavages in asthma groups, and surface activity of the surfactant recovered from asthmatic lungs to be inferior to that of the controls. Accelerated surfactant subtype conversionin vitrowas also noted in the lungs of asthmatic animal models. In addition, the changes in phospholipid compositions which were similar to the pattern of acute lung injury suggested that alveolar inflammation might be involved in the pathogenesis of chronic asthma. These results indicate that surfactant is intrinsically abnormal in chronically asthmatic lungs.

The suitable organic templates for the formation of 3-D interrupted open-framework aluminophosphate can be predicted in terms of nonbonding interaction energies of host−guest through molecular dynamics simulations by Cerius². The prediction is well proven by the successful syntheses of Al4P5O19(OH)·C5N2H16 (1) and Al4P5O19(OH)·C4N3H15 (2) through rational selection of 1,5-pentanediamine and diethylenetriamine template molecules based on energy calculations. The structures of 1 and 2 are anionic Al4P5O19(OH)^2- open-frameworks, which are analogous to Al4P5O20H·C6H18N2 (AlPO-HDA) with 12- and 8-membered ring intersecting channels. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis shows that 1 crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1 with lattice parameters a = 9.2450(9) Å, b = 12.688(2) Å, c = 5.0657(5) Å, α = 96.02(1)°, β = 105.89(1)°, and γ = 102.88(1)°. The as-synthesized compound 2 is characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, ICP, MAS NMR, and TG analyses. It has an empirical formula of Al4P5O19(OH)·C4N3H15 and possesses the same open-framework structure as AlPO-HDA.

From the structural analysis of Al13Fe4and Al13Co4phases as well as a new Al13(Pd, Fe)4phase with single-crystal X-ray diffraction, their structures were examined in terms of tilings of two types of pentagonal columns, which have similar atomic arrangements in the three phases. It has been found that the tilings of the pentagonal columns in these phases are characterized as arrangements of squashed hexagonal tiles formed by an edge-sharing linkage of the pentagonal columns, and that there is a rule for arrangements of the pentagonal columns forming the hexagonal tiles. It has been found from high-resolution electron microscopy observations that the structures of twins in the three phases can be interpreted by this topological rule for arrangements of the pentagonal columns.

Detailed structures of (Al, Zn)49Mg32-type crystalline phases, which are closely related to the Mg–Al–Zn icosahedral quasicrystal in Mg40Al60−xZnx(x=14–51) alloys, were examined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The structures have been determined with final Rfactors less than 0.04, and show good correspondence between chemical compositions obtained from structural refinements and those determined by electron probe microanalysis. The refined structures are somewhat different from that proposed by Bergman et al. [G. Bergman, J.L.T. Waugh, L. Pauling, Acta Crystallogr. 10 (1957) 254] in that they have no central atom in the Bergman-type atom cluster. The atom site occupancy is also discussed as a function of Zn content.

Glutathione is synthesized in two sequential reactions catalyzed by gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GSH1 gene product) and glutathione synthetase (GSH2 gene product). The expression of GSH1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been known to be up-regulated by Yap1p, a critical transcription factor for the oxidative stress response in yeast. The present study demonstrates that GSH2 expression is also regulated by Yap1p under oxidative stress-induced conditions. In addition to oxidative stress, expression of GSH1 and GSH2 was induced by heat shock stress in a Yap1p-dependent manner with subsequent increases in intracellular glutathione content. Oxygen respiration rate increased when cells were exposed to higher temperatures, and as a result, intracellular oxidation levels were increased. The heat shock-induced expression of GSH1 and GSH2 did not occur under anaerobic conditions. Furthermore, even under aerobic conditions, the heat shock response of these genes was not observed when cells were pretreated with KCN to block oxygen respiration. We speculate that heat shock stress enhances oxygen respiration, which in turn results in an increase in the generation of reactive oxygen species in mitochondria. This signal may be mediated by Yap1p, resulting in the elevation of intracellular glutathione levels.