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Olivine, the most abundant mineral in the upper mantle, plays a key role in controlling the thermodynamic properties in the Earth’s and planetary interiors, like the temperature distribution along the adiabatic geotherm. In this study, we conducted simultaneous high-pressure (P) and high-temperature (T) Raman measurements on a San Carlos olivine sample in an externally heated diamond-anvil cell (DAC). The intrinsic anharmonic parameters, ai, are calculated as functions of both pressure and temperature, and the isochoric (CV) and isobaric (CP) heat capacities are computed at various P-Tconditions with the anharmonic correction. The harmonic heat capacities are CV= 807.7 J/kg/K and CP= 815.4 J/kg/K at ambient conditions, with anharmonic contribution of ΔC= 7.9 J/kg/K. Relative to the previous vibrational measurements conducted at high-Por high-Tconditions, this simultaneous high-P-Texperiment indicates that the anharmonic contribution to heat capacities is overestimated if the anharmonic parameters (ai) are treated as constants, as done previously. The pressure effect is marginal on the intrinsic anharmonic contribution to thermodynamic properties, whereas it has a much more significant effect on the external anharmonicity (thermal expansivity). The pressure dependence of CP(dCP/dP, in J/kg/K/GPa) increases from –3.14 at 300 K to –1.94 at 700 K, and then decreases smoothly to –5.03 at 1800 K. Combining the derived high-P-Tcapacity with a reliable P-V-Tequation of state (EoS) for olivine, we further modeled the thermodynamic Gruneisen parameter, γ(P-T). The Gruneisen parameter is important for the connection between isothermal and adiabatic compressions of minerals, which can be decreased by approximately 5% with the anharmonic correction at high temperatures. The modeled adiabatic bulk modulus and bulk sound velocity can be expressed as: KS(T,P) (GPa) = 127.5(1) + 4.32(5)·P– 0.018(1)·(T– 300) and VΦ(T-P) (km/s) = 6.22(2) + 0.069(3)·P– [3.74(15)–0.075(13)·P]·10–4·(T– 300). The adiabatic temperature gradient, dTS/dP, which is almost independent of pressure, equals 13.40(16) and 12.35(16) K/GPa in the harmonic and anharmonic models, respectively. This study provides a useful example for modeling the radial temperature distribution in adiabatic planetary mantles.

Based on the strong activation activity and affinity of Co and MoS2for peroxymonosulfate (PMS), respectively, in this study, a CoS2/MoS2@chitosan (CoS2/MoS2@CS) gel with favorable photo responsive behavior was synthetically synthesized for more potent degradation of tetracycline (TC). It was found that CoS2/MoS2@CS had excellent catalytic active for the degradation of TC under visible light irradiation. The presence of CoS2/MoS2interfacial structure improve the electron transfer ability of the MoS2interface, and the degradation rate of TC was increased from 0.0106 min−1to 0.0463 min−1, with a high degradation rate of 97.4 %. CoS2/MoS2can effectively degrade TC within 5 cycles, demonstrating superior cycling stability. In addition, the system degraded different organic pollutants (tetracycline (TC), tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH), crystal violet (CV), and methylene blue (MB)) with a degradation rate higher than 96 %, which supports the ability of the CoS2/MoS2@CS-PMS system to degrade various chemical contaminants. Quenching analysis indicates that SO4•−is the primary reactive chemical free radical for the degradation of TC in the CoS2/MoS2@CS-PMS system. It provides an approach of combining the synergistic action of Co (II) and photogenerated carriers for more efficient activation of PMS that some inspirations of heterojunction catalysts for AOP applications.

The high-pressure and high-temperature behaviors of manganotantalite Mn(Ta,Nb)2O6have been investigated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy combined with diamond anvil cell technique, as well as first-principle calculations. A pressure-induced reversible phase transition of manganotantalite occurs at 9.5 GPa and room temperature, accompanied by a large volume collapse (∼7.0%) and drastic color change from brownish-yellow to red. The space groups of low-pressure (LP) and high-pressure (HP) phases are the same (Pbcn), but the coordination numbers of Mn increase from six to eight and Ta increase from six to seven, respectively. The band gap becomes narrow from 2.37 to 1.59 eV. We determined the P-Tphase diagram of manganotantalite with a positive Clapeyron slope of dP/dT= 0.0073 GPa/K. The P-Vdata were fitted to a second-order Birch–Murnaghan equation of state with B0= 149(4) GPa for the LP phase and B0= 188(3) GPa for the HP phase. The isothermal Grüneisen parameters were determined to be 0.23∼2.03 of the LP phase and 0.59∼0.86 of the HP phase for Raman modes. High-pressure behaviors of Mn(Ta,Nb)2O6indicate that this kind of material is a potential effective pressure sensor to monitor pressure change or warn pressure abnormality.

AbstractWe have established a highly efficient 96-well format based strategy to characterize nanobody (Nb) from an expressed alpaca Nb repertoire by combining heavy-chain antibody variable region gene cloning with Nb expression and reactivity profiling at the single cell level. Individual alpaca B lymphocytes were isolated based on B cell surface marker and membrane type antigen specific antibodies expression by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). Single cell reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of CH1 and CH2 domain enable the identification and exclusion of B cell clones that express regular antibodies. The corresponding heavy-chain antibody variable region gene transcripts, which are CH1-CH2 domain negative, are then amplified from single B cell clones by nested PCR. Then Nbs were expressed in Escherichia colicells and four Nbs showed high affinity against Pseudomonas aeruginosaExotoxin A (PEA). Moreover, two PEA Nbs that recognize unique epitopes on PEA have been successfully applied to protect human cells from PEA induced apoptosis. In summary, our FACS and single cell reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) based strategy for identifying recombinant Nbs from single alpaca B cells allows highly efficient and unbiased characterization of the expressed Nb repertoires by sequence analysis, expression and parallel antibody reactivity testing.

Organic–inorganic metal halides (OIMHs) can show diverse optical properties under pressure since their emission pathways can be facilely manipulated through hydrostatic compression. However, pressure-induced phase transitions and their irreversibility disrupt the linear tuning of the pressure-dependent optical properties, thereby hampering their applications in pressure sensing. To improve structural stability, we introduced O–H···Br interactions and synthesized a zero-dimensional (0D) manganese-based (Mn-based) OIMH, (TDMA)MnBr3(H2O)2[TDMA = (tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)methylammonium], with a 625 nm phosphorescence emission. For pressure-induced discoloration, high pressure enhances the crystal field splitting energy of Mn2+through octahedral compression and distortion, which leads to the decrease of the band gap and the red shift of the emission wavelength. Above all, the strong O–H···Br interactions formed between adjacent octahedra have effectively improved the structural stability and suppressed phase transitions under high pressure, which promotes the generation of a highly linear pressure–emission wavelength correlation. This encouraging result opens up the potential applications of pressure sensing within the red emission of 0D Mn-based OIMHs.

A new technology is proposed by the directly integrated supercritical fluid extraction and fluidized thermal conversion process, which was named the integrated supercritical fluid extraction and fluid thermal conversion (ISFTC) process. In the extraction unit of ISFTC, the heavy feedstock was separated into deoiled asphalt (DOA) and deasphalted oil (DAO). The DOA phase is fed to a fluidized-bed thermal convertor (FTC) without solvent separating, using hot coke to supply the heat. DAO will be qualified for fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) processing. The proposed process avoids the feedstock quality limit for both FCC and delayed coking (DC). It increased the overall liquid yield of vacuum residue (VR) upgrading and solved the problem of solvent recovery for the solvent–DOA phase at the bottom of the supercritical fluid extraction unit. A continuous laboratory apparatus was built to prove the concept. A Chinese petroleum residue was processed by the built apparatus at appropriate operating conditions. The total liquid yield of ISFTC, the DAO FCC liquid plus DOA FTC liquid, is 7 and 14 wt % higher than VR DC and VR FTC, respectively. The bulk properties, such as the molecular weight, carbon residue, density, viscosity, and elemental contents, of DOA converted liquid were compared to those of VR DC and VR FTC. The structure parameters based on 1H nuclear magnetic resonance were also calculated. To investigate the molecular composition difference of acidic, non-basic, and basic heteroatom species in three samples, Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) was applied with negative- and positive-ion electrospray ionization (±ESI) as ion sources. The quality and compositions of DOA FTC liquid are similar to VR FTC liquid but worse than VR DC.