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Purpose: In recent years, some peer-to-peer (P2P) service sharing platforms have improved their service quality by setting an entry quality threshold for service providers. Considering consumers' heterogeneous preferences for service quality and commission rate, it is worth studying how to select the commission rate contract for a P2P platform under a predetermined entry quality threshold for service providers. Design/methodology/approach: In this study, the platform's profit-maximizing model is constructed under two proposed contracts: unilateral commission rate contract and bilateral commission rate contract. The optimal entry quality threshold and the optimal commission rate are obtained. This study also explores the impacts of cross-side network externality and service price on a platform's optimal decisions and social welfare. Findings: Results show that it is always advantageous for the platform to adopt the bilateral commission rate contract, which is closely related to the strength of cross-side network externality, service price and quality sensitivity coefficient. Under certain conditions, adopting the unilateral commission rate contract can reduce platform profit and service provider surplus, and improve consumer surplus and social welfare. Originality/value: This study analyzes the unilateral commission rate contract and the bilateral commission rate contract of the platform, and discusses which contract is beneficial to the platform, consumers and service providers. In addition, this study provides a basis for the operation decision of a P2P service sharing platform and the pricing decision of service providers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to analyze the operational decisions of a manufacturer who produces multiple products and the government's selection of cap-and-trade and carbon tax regulations. Design/methodology/approach: This paper explores the production decisions of a multi-product manufacturer under cap-and-trade and carbon tax regulations in a cap-dependent carbon trading price setting and compares carbon emission, the manufacturer's profits and social welfare under the two regulations. Game theory and extreme value theory are used to analyze our models. Findings: First, the authors find that the optimal profit of the manufacturer (the optimal cap) increases and then decreases with the cap (the unit carbon emission of product). Second, if the environmental damage coefficient is moderate, the optimal cap of unit environmental damage coefficient is independent of the product carbon emission or other related product parameters. Ultimately, cap-and-trade regulation always generates more carbon emission than carbon tax regulation. And cap-and-trade regulation (carbon tax regulation) can generate more social welfare if the environmental damage coefficient is low (high), and the social welfare under the two regulations is equal to each other, or otherwise. Originality/value: This paper contributes the prior literature by considering the inverse relationship of the allocated cap and the carbon trading price and discusses the social welfare under cap-and-trade and carbon tax regulations. Some important and new results are found, which can guide the government's implementation of the two regulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Study the pricing policy selection for a B2C car-sharing platform. • Develop profit maximization models of the platform under different policies. • Obtain the platform's optimal pricing decisions during peak and off-peak hours. • Present a case study on determining the optimal pricing policy. • Provide useful managerial insights for B2C car-sharing platforms. This study examines the optimal pricing and pricing policy selection for a business-to-consumer (B2C) car-sharing platform during peak and off-peak hours, where two pricing policies are evaluated, that is, fixed pricing policy and dynamic pricing policy. First, we construct the B2C car-sharing market demand function and the sharing platform's profit maximization model under each pricing policy, and obtain optimal outcomes by solving the model, including service price, market demand, platform's profit, consumer surplus, and social welfare. Then, through analysis, we reveal the effects of the pricing policy selection on the optimal outcomes. The results show that compared with the fixed pricing policy, implementing a dynamic pricing policy can increase the sharing platform's profit, but decrease the consumer surplus and social welfare. Additionally, implementing a dynamic pricing policy can also increase the demand during off-peak hours and decrease the demand during peak hours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Members in a supply chain account for corporate social responsibility (CSR) in different ways. This paper considers a socially responsible supply chain in which the manufacturer innovates in a sustainable product while the retailer exhibits CSR concerns. This paper aims to investigate how socially responsible behavior, namely, sustainable innovations or CSR concerns, affects the pure profit, environmental impact and social welfare, in such a socially responsible supply chain. Design/methodology/approach: This paper first constructs an integrated case as a benchmark and then develops a Manufacturer-Stackelberg game in a decentralized scenario. The pure profit, environmental impact and social welfare are confirmed and analyzed in centralized and decentralized cases. Moreover, two unique coordinating contracts, i.e. wholesale price discount contract and revenue-sharing contract, are used in this socially responsible supply chain. Findings: Analytical analysis shows that, under certain conditions, the optimal CSR strategies hold for maximizing pure channel profit, minimizing environmental impact and maximizing social welfare. Whether the performance in a centralized case outnumbers that in a decentralized case depends on the CSR concerns level and environment-friendly degree of the product. In addition, it is found that a wholesale price discount contract is better for the retailer whereas a revenue-sharing contract is better for the manufacturer in pure profit to improve coordinating efficiency. Practical implications: These results can offer managerial implications to the socially responsible supply chain in terms of pricing decisions, CSR strategies and sustainability innovations. Specifically, under certain conditions, placing more CSR concerns level increases pure channel profit and the social welfare. A balance between the pure profit and the social welfare is hereby achieved for the two socially responsible individuals by designing a proper contract. Originality/value: To the best of the authors' knowledge, this paper is among the first studies so far to combine the CSR concerns strategy and sustainability innovation into a socially responsible supply chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Considering the cross-market network externality, this paper aims to explore the platform's pricing decisions and its optimal profit under the given government investment, and then investigate the investment decision to improve social responsibility, which is measured by the social welfare. Design/methodology/approach: When exploring the optimal pricing decisions under the given government investment, extreme value theory and sensitive analysis are used. When investigating the investment level, game theory and optimization method are used. Numerical examples are conducted to further illustrate the results. Findings: First, after considering the government investment, whether the buyers and the sellers are charged depends on the investment level and the difference of the cross-market network externality (CNC) of the sellers and the buyers. Second, the optimal price on the sellers is decreasing (increasing) in the CNC of the buyers (sellers). The optimal price on the buyers is significantly affected by the investment level. Finally, the government investment is win-win for both the platform and the government, and Chinese Government should invest on the sellers heavily. Originality/value: This study specifies the role of the government investment on the sellers in determining the platform's pricing decisions and the improvement of the social responsibility, which is measured by social welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The determination of the optimal tax rate of water resources is one of the core as well as the key economic and technological issue in the 'fee to tax' work of water resources in China. Therefore, based on the introduction of the computable general equilibrium (CGE) model of water resources tax, using production parameters and consumption parameters of Hebei province in 2008-2017, the optimal tax rate of water resources is simulated and calculated, and the impact of the optimal tax rate on social welfare is analyzed. The results show that the reference of the best water resources tax rate in Hebei Province is 18%, and taxation on water resources effectively promotes the water use structure and water resources utilization efficiency in Hebei, which is beneficial to its water resources protection. The effective calculation of the optimal tax rate of water resources tax in Hebei Province proves the effectiveness of the CGE model in the formulation of water resources tax rate, which provides an important reference for the nationwide popularization of water resources 'fee to tax reform' in China and the formulation of water resources tax rate in other regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PolicyMap is a web-based tool for mapping United States data. It blends geographic information system features with an uncomplicated interface and abundant health, economic, and social welfare data from government and private sources. PolicyMap is of interest to a wide range of public and private sector researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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We expect that tax reforms will help to bolster revenue in the short term, but the additional funds raised will be redistributed to the government's ambitious infrastructure programme and social [...]

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