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Purpose: To evaluate rural community-based eye care models from the perspective of community ophthalmology experts and suggest sustainable technological solutions for enhancing rural eye care delivery. Methods: A semi-structured descriptive survey, using close-ended and open-ended questions, was administered to the experts in community ophthalmology sourced through purposive sampling. The survey was self-administered and was facilitated through online platforms or in-person meetings. Uniform questions were presented to all participants, irrespective of their roles. Results: Surveyed participants (n = 22 with 15 from India and 7 from Nepal) in high-volume tertiary eye hospitals faced challenges with resources and rural outreach. Participants had mixed satisfaction with pre-operative screening and theatre resources. Delayed presentations and inexperienced surgeons contributed to the surgery complications. Barriers to rural eye care included resource scarcity, funding disparities, and limited infrastructure. In rural/peri-urban areas 87% of participants agreed with providing primary eye care services, with more than 60% of the experts not in agreement with the makeshift center model of eye care delivery. Key components for an effective eye care model are sustainability, accessibility, affordability, and quality. These can be bolstered through a healthcare management platform and a human-chain supply distribution system. Conclusion: Tailored interventions are crucial for rural eye care, emphasizing the need for stronger human resources, optimized funding, and community awareness. Addressing challenges pertinent to delayed presentation and surgical training is vital to minimizing complications, especially with advanced cataracts. Enhancements in rural eye care demand a comprehensive approach prioritizing accessibility, affordability, and consistent quality. Keywords: Community ophthalmology, eye care, eye care barrier, perspectives, primary eye care, Author(s): Renee Liu [1]; Ashita A Sule [2]; Choo Sheriel Shannon [3]; Thulasiraj Ravilla [4]; Hugh Taylor [5]; William Rojas-Carabali [3,13]; Rohit C Khanna [6]; Chitaranjan Mishra [7]; Alok Sen [...]

Diabetes complications occur at higher rates in individuals of African ancestry. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PDdef), common in some African populations, confers malaria resistance, and reduces hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels by shortening erythrocyte lifespan. In a combined-ancestry genome-wide association study of diabetic retinopathy, we identified nine loci including a G6PDdef causal variant, rs1050828-T (Val98Met), which was also associated with increased risk of other diabetes complications. The effect of rs1050828-T on retinopathy was fully mediated by glucose levels. In the years preceding diabetes diagnosis and insulin prescription, glucose levels were significantly higher and HbA1c significantly lower in those with versus without G6PDdef. In the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) trial, participants with G6PDdef had significantly higher hazards of incident retinopathy and neuropathy. At the same HbA1c levels, G6PDdef participants in both ACCORD and the Million Veteran Program had significantly increased risk of retinopathy. We estimate that 12% and 9% of diabetic retinopathy and neuropathy cases, respectively, in participants of African ancestry are due to this exposure. Across continentally defined ancestral populations, the differences in frequency of rs1050828-T and other G6PDdef alleles contribute to disparities in diabetes complications. Diabetes management guided by glucose or potentially genotype-adjusted HbA1c levels could lead to more timely diagnoses and appropriate intensification of therapy, decreasing the risk of diabetes complications in patients with G6PDdef alleles.

Byline: Atitaya. Apivatthakakul, Naomi. Goldberg, Lucia. Sobrin To describe the clinical features of a South Asian patient with HLA-A29-positive birdshot chorioretinopathy (BSCR). A 54-year-old South Asian woman presented with blurred [...]

Byline: Gazal. Patnaik, Vinata. Rajendran, Lucia. Sobrin, Jyotirmay. Biswas Acute annular outer retinopathy (AAOR) is a very rare variant of white dot syndrome. Ocular imaging helps in distinguishing it from [...]

In the current literature, clinical registry cohorts related to ocular inflammation are few and far between, and there are none involving multi-continental international data. Many existing registries comprise administrative databases, data related to specific uveitic diseases, or are designed to address a particular clinical problem. The existing data, although useful and serving their intended purposes, are segmented and may not be sufficiently robust to design prognostication tools or draw epidemiological conclusions in the field of uveitis and ocular inflammation. To solve this, we have developed the Ocular Autoimmune Systemic Inflammatory Infectious Study (OASIS) Clinical Registry. OASIS collects prospective and retrospective data on patients with all types of ocular inflammatory conditions from centers all around the world. It is a primarily web-based platform with alternative offline modes of access. A comprehensive set of clinical data ranging from demographics, past medical history, clinical presentation, working diagnosis to visual outcomes are collected over a range of time points. Additionally, clinical images such as optical coherence tomography, fundus fluorescein angiography and indocyanine green angiography studies may be uploaded. Through the capturing of diverse, well-structured, and clinically meaningful data in a simplified and consistent fashion, OASIS will deliver a comprehensive and well organized data set ripe for data analysis. The applications of the registry are numerous, and include performing epidemiological analysis, monitoring drug side effects, and studying treatment safety efficacy. Furthermore, the data compiled in OASIS will be used to develop new classification and diagnostic systems, as well as treatment and prognostication guidelines for uveitis.

IMPORTANCE: Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) is a serous maculopathy of unknown etiology. Two of 3 previously reported CSC genetic risk loci are also associated with AMD. Improved understanding of CSC genetics may broaden our understanding of this genetic overlap and unveil mechanisms in both diseases. OBJECTIVE: To identify novel genetic risk factors for CSC and compare genetic risk factors for CSC and AMD. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth (ICD-9) and Tenth (ICD-10) Revision code-based inclusion and exclusion criteria, patients with CSC and controls were identified in both the FinnGen study and the Estonian Biobank (EstBB). Also included in a meta-analysis were previously reported patients with chronic CSC and controls. Data were analyzed from March 1 to September 31, 2022. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) were performed in the biobank-based cohorts followed by a meta-analysis of all cohorts. The expression of genes prioritized by the polygenic priority score and nearest-gene methods were assessed in cultured choroidal endothelial cells and public ocular single-cell RNA sequencing data sets. The predictive utility of polygenic scores (PGSs) for CSC and AMD were evaluated in the FinnGen study. RESULTS: A total of 1176 patients with CSC and 526 787 controls (312 162 female [59.3%]) were included in this analysis: 552 patients with CSC and 343 461 controls were identified in the FinnGen study, 103 patients with CSC and 178 573 controls were identified in the EstBB, and 521 patients with chronic CSC and 3577 controls were included in a meta-analysis. Two previously reported CSC risk loci were replicated (near CFH and GATA5) and 3 novel loci were identified (near CD34/46, NOTCH4, and PREX1). The CFH and NOTCH4 loci were associated with AMD but in the opposite direction. Prioritized genes showed increased expression in cultured choroidal endothelial cells compared with other genes in the loci (median [IQR] of log 2 [counts per million], 7.3 [0.6] vs 4.7 [3.7]; P = .004) and were differentially expressed in choroidal vascular endothelial cells in single-cell RNA sequencing data (mean [SD] fold change, 2.05 [0.38] compared with other cell types; P < 7.1 × 10−20). A PGS for AMD was predictive of reduced CSC risk (odds ratio, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.70-0.83 per +1 SD in AMD-PGS; P = 7.4 × 10−10). This association may have been mediated by loci containing complement genes. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this 3-cohort genetic association study, 5 genetic risk loci for CSC were identified, highlighting a likely role for genes involved in choroidal vascular function and complement regulation. Results suggest that polygenic AMD risk was associated with reduced risk of CSC and that this genetic overlap was largely due to loci containing complement genes.

Purpose: To report a case of bilateral occlusive retinal vasculitis in a patient with autoimmunity.Methods: A case was analyzed and a literature review performed.Results: A 55-year-old woman with autoimmune diagnoses of Isaacs syndrome and inclusion body myositis (IBM) reported decreased vision for 3 months. A fundus examination showed peripheral intraretinal hemorrhages in the right eye and an inferotemporal subhyaloid hemorrhage with adjacent intraretinal hemorrhages and preretinal fibrosis in the left eye. Fluorescein angiography showed temporal peripheral leakage and capillary dropout in both eyes, consistent with occlusive vasculitis. Scatter laser treatment to peripheral areas of retinal nonperfusion was followed by an intravitreal bevacizumab injection. Four months later, vision had stabilized at 20/15 in both eyes and the peripheral leakage had resolved.Conclusions: This patient developed retinal vasculitis associated with the rare autoimmune neuromuscular disorders of Isaacs syndrome and IBM. An extensive workup showed the most plausible mechanism for the vasculitis was autoimmunity with a history of previously elevated antibodies levels associated with the antiphospholipid syndrome.

A woman with calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasis syndrome; systemic hypertension; and proliferative diabetic retinopathy and a man with systemic hypertension, polymyalgia rheumatica, and neovascular age-related macular degeneration developed bilateral extensive retinal vascular occlusion with intraretinal hemorrhages after bilateral and unilateral intravitreal bevacizumab injections, respectively. Catastrophic retinal vascular occlusion can occur after intravitreal bevacizumab.

We report a unique case of acute retinal necrosis with early macular involvement. Multimodal imaging demonstrated hyperreflectivity of both the inner and outer retina on optical coherence tomography and a choriocapillaris flow void on optical coherence tomography angiography.

Purpose: This report illustrates that peripheral vascular leakage on ultra-widefield fluorescein angiography (FA) can occur in patients with inherited retinal degeneration (IRD) without evidence of a separate cause of leakage.Methods: We searched the electronic medical records of the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary from 2010 to 2019 for patients with an IRD diagnosis and examination with an ultra-widefield FA. Images from FAs were evaluated in masked fashion by 2 retina specialists. Documentation of an evaluation for alternative causes of vascular leakage was recorded, as well as results from electroretinography, Goldmann perimetry, and genetic testing.Results: A total of 305 patients with an IRD diagnosis and FA procedure code were identified. Of these, 26 patients had both a clinical diagnosis of IRD and ultra-widefield FA on detailed medical-record review. Three patients had FA to evaluate a Coats-like response and were excluded. Of the remaining 23, 4 patients (17%) had significant peripheral leakage on FA. Of these, 1 had pericentral retinitis pigmentosa (for which the genetic cause of disease was undefined), 1 had Refsum disease with confirmed biallelic PHYHmutations, 1 had a CRB1-associated macular dystrophy, and 1 had CERKL-associated macular dystrophy. There was no evidence of ocular inflammation from history, examination, or laboratory testing to account for the FA findings. Of the 19 patients without significant leakage, 4 had minimal leakage and 15 had no peripheral leakage.Conclusions: Peripheral retinal vascular leakage can be seen on ultra-widefield FA in patients with IRD that is likely due to the IRD disease process itself rather than to an additional, distinct eye condition.

Herein, the authors describe an initial case report of widefield swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCTA) in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease. When compared to fluorescent angiography, indocyanine green angiography, and enhanced-depth OCT — upon which the revised criteria for VHK are based — widefield SS-OCTA enables detection of vitreous inflammation, noninvasive identification of characteristic areas of flow void at the level of choriocapillaris in the acute phase and may be a novel valuable tool not only for noninvasive diagnosis and monitoring of disease progression, persistence, resolution, and recurrence to guide therapy in VKH disease in the future.[[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2020;51:407–412.]

Purpose:To report the characteristics and prevalence of a previously undescribed circular perivascular fundus autofluorescence (FAF) pattern in paraneoplastic and nonparaneoplastic autoimmune retinopathy. Methods:This retrospective case series used clinical and imaging data extracted from charts of patients with autoimmune retinopathy in whom FAF imaging was performed from the initial presentation to the last visit. Results:Six of 25 patients with autoimmune retinopathy and FAF imaging developed circular perivascular FAF changes. Three patients had paraneoplastic autoimmune retinopathy, and 3 had nonparaneoplastic autoimmune retinopathy. The lesions appeared a mean of 25 months after symptom onset; however, the timing varied from months to years and did not correlate with the overall disease course. The lesions were initially typically hyperautofluorescent and varied in progression, distribution, and quality. Optical coherence tomography showed hyperreflective subretinal deposits in the corresponding areas in most patients. Conclusion:To our knowledge, these are the first reported cases with this circular perivascular FAF pattern in nonparaneoplastic autoimmune retinopathy. This finding could also be a useful diagnostic imaging marker in some patients with autoimmune retinopathy.

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2009.04.005 Byline: Pooja V. Bhat (a), Frederick A. Jakobiec (a), George Papaliodis (b), Lucia Sobrin (b)(c) Abstract: To document fully the first credible primary T-cell lymphoma of the retina and central nervous system in a 71-year-old man. Author Affiliation: (a) David G. Cogan Laboratory of Ophthalmic Pathology, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts (b) Ocular Immunology and Uveitis Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts (c) Retina Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts Article History: Accepted 1 April 2009

Purpose: This work describes a case of Cutibacterium acnes(formerly Propionibacterium acnes) endophthalmitis following a posterior-chamber, phakic, Implantable Collamer Lens (ICL) surgery.Methods: A 34-year-old previously healthy woman presented with chronic unilateral iritis 8 months after bilateral ICL surgery. Original testing revealed no cause for the iritis with normal culture, serology, and autoimmune testing results.Results: Follow-up revealed C acnesby polymerase chain reaction on vitrectomy samples. Complete resolution of symptoms was achieved following removal of the implant, lensectomy, and intravitreal antibiotics.Conclusions: We believe this is the first reported case of postphakic ICL C acnesendophthalmitis. It highlights the utility of polymerase chain reaction in cases of chronic uveitis.

Receiving a diagnosis of diabetes has significant physical, emotional, and financial consequences (1). The development of precise diagnostic criteria is critical both to avoid the unnecessary burden of treatment in [...]

Inflammatory macular hole is a rare complication of uveitis that can result in central vision loss. Few research studies exist on surgical outcomes of inflammatory macular hole. This multicenter study represents the largest case series of surgical outcomes for uveitic macular hole and reports improved anatomical and visual outcomes after surgical intervention.

IMPORTANCE: Understanding the role of vitamin D—which regulates inflammatory responses—in noninfectious uveitis (an inflammatory disease) may provide insight into treatment and prevention of this disease. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether there is an association between hypovitaminosis D and incident noninfectious uveitis. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: In a retrospective case-control study, data from a health care claims database containing deidentified medical claims from a large private insurer were used to identify 558 adults enrolled from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2016, who received a diagnosis of noninfectious uveitis from an eye care clinician (with receipt of a confirmatory diagnosis within 120 days of the initial diagnosis) and who had a vitamin D level measured within 1 year before the first diagnosis. Exclusion criteria included having systemic disease or receiving medication known to lower vitamin D levels, having undergone intraocular surgery, and having infectious uveitis. Each case patient was matched with 5 controls on the basis of age, sex, race/ethnicity, and index date (2790 controls). The controls had vitamin D level determined either within 1 year before or within 6 months after receiving an eye examination with normal findings. Multiple logistic regression models were used to examine the association between hypovitaminosis D and noninfectious uveitis. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary, prespecified analysis assessed the association of noninfectious uveitis with hypovitaminosis D (vitamin D level ≤20 ng/mL). RESULTS: The 558 cases and 2790 controls were matched on age, and each group had a mean (SD) age of 58.9 (14.7) years. Among the cohort of 3348 patients, 2526 (75.4%) were female, and the racial/ethnic distribution in the matched samples was 2022 (60.4%) white, 552 (16.5%) black, 402 (12.0%) Hispanic, 162 (4.8%) Asian, and 210 (6.3%) unknown. Patients with normal vitamin D levels had 21% lower odds of having noninfectious uveitis than patients with low vitamin D levels (odds ratio [OR], 0.79; 95% CI, 0.62-0.99; P = .04). In a race-stratified analysis, an association between vitamin D and uveitis was found in black patients (OR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.30-0.80; P = .004) and was qualitatively similar but nonsignificant in white patients (OR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.62-1.21; P = .40) and Hispanic patients (OR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.33-1.10; P = .10). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: This and other reports have found an association between hypovitaminosis D and noninfectious uveitis. However, these studies cannot establish a causal relationship. Prospective studies are warranted to evaluate whether hypovitaminosis D causes increased risk of uveitis and the role of vitamin D supplementation in prevention and treatment of uveitis.

Purpose: To evaluate the deeper choroidal vasculature in eyes with various ocular disorders using spectral domain (SD) optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) and swept source (SS) OCTA.Methods: Patients underwent OCTA imaging with either SD-OCTA (Zeiss Cirrus Angioplex or Optovue AngioVue) or SS-OCTA (Topcon Triton). Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) integrity, structural visualization of deep choroidal vessels on en face imaging, and OCTA of deep choroidal blood flow signal were analyzed. Choroidal blood flow was deemed present if deeper choroidal vessels appeared bright after appropriate segmentation.Results: Structural visualization of choroidal vessels was feasible in all eyes by en face imaging. In both SD-OCTA and SS-OCTA, choroidal blood flow signal was present in all eyes with overlying RPE atrophy (100% of eyes with RPE atrophy, 28.6% of all imaged eyes, P< .001).Conclusions: While choroidal vessels can be visualized anatomically in all eyes by en face imaging, choroidal blood flow detection in deep choroidal vessel is largely restricted to areas with overlying RPE atrophy. Intact RPE acts as a barrier for reliable detection of choroidal flow using current OCTA technology, inhibiting evaluation of flow in deeper choroidal vessels in most eyes.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:The authors evaluated adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (AO-SLO) in a simulated real-life clinical setting to identify factors that impact its reliability in this setting.PATIENTS AND METHODS:For this prospective study, macular cones were imaged in five healthy eyes using an AO-SLO prototype machine. Multilevel mixed-effect regression was used to compare the cone densities across different analysis parameters. Intergrader, intragrader, interphotographer, and intersession reliabilities were determined with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs).RESULTS:Cone densities in the largest measurement window size, 150 μm × 150 μm, were most consistent. Image quality strongly impacted cone analysis. Intragrader and intergrader ICCs were 0.99 and 0.98, respectively. Intersession and interphotographer reliability both had an ICC of 0.72.CONCLUSIONS:Larger measurement window sizes and higher image quality improve the reliability of cone density measurement. Although there were excellent intergrader and intragrader reliabilities, intersession and interphotographer reliabilities were not as robust.[[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2018;49:228–235.]

To determine surgical outcomes in patients with uveitis who underwent surgery for epiretinal membrane.

A 17-year-old girl presented with unilateral retrobulbar optic neuritis as well as bilateral funduscopic findings and outer retinal dysfunction suggestive of acute zonal occult outer retinopathy (AZOOR). Fundus autofluorescence abnormalities, visual field loss, and electroretinographic changes were supportive of bilateral AZOOR. MRI was consistent with the diagnosis of clinically isolated syndrome (CIS), which is defined as a central nervous system demyelinating event that may herald the onset of multiple sclerosis (MS). While AZOOR previously has been linked to MS and demyelinating white matter lesions in the brain, our case seems unique due to concurrent development of AZOOR and retrobulbar optic neuritis as a CIS.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:To compare patterns of choroidal hypoperfusion in white dot syndromes (WDS) using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA).PATIENTS AND METHODS:Consecutive patients with WDS were imaged with either the Zeiss AngioPlex OCT Angiography (Carl Zeiss AG, Oberkochen, Germany) or the AngioVue OCT Angiography (Optovue, Fremont, CA) from February to November 2016. Four patients with acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy (APMPPE), birdshot chorioretinopathy (BCR), presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome (POHS), and multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS) were selected. This study was approved by the institutional review board at Massachusetts Eye and Ear.RESULTS:Unique patterns of choroidal hypoperfusion were observed. In POHS and MEWDS, areas of choroidal hypoperfusion correlated well with clinically observed pathology, but in APMPPE and BCR, they were more widespread.CONCLUSION:OCTA can identify different patterns of choroidal hypoperfusion in APMPPE, BCR, POHS, and MEWDS, which appears to be a shared feature of WDS.[[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2017;48:638–646.]

IMPORTANCE: Vitamin D plays an important role in both the innate and adaptive immune systems. It has been shown to contribute to the etiology of T-cell–mediated autoimmune diseases through the upregulation of type 2 anti-inflammatory T helper cells and the suppression of type 1 T helper cells. Noninfectious uveitis is postulated to be caused by immune dysfunction. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether there is an association between vitamin D levels and noninfectious anterior uveitis. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This was a case-control study. We identified patients with and without noninfectious uveitis using the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary Ocular Inflammation Database and electronic medical records from March 1, 2008, to December 12, 2015, at the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary Uveitis and Comprehensive Ophthalmology Clinics. One hundred patients with noninfectious anterior uveitis and 100 patients without uveitis were recruited. Patients with noninfectious uveitis were diagnosed by fellowship-trained uveitis specialists after exclusion of infectious causes and neoplastic masquerades of uveitis. All patients included had a total 25-hydroxyvitamin D level recorded. Multivariate regression models were constructed to determine the association between vitamin D levels and the presence of uveitis. MAIN OUTCOME AND MEASURE: Presence of noninfectious anterior uveitis. RESULTS: We identified 100 patients (64 white, 8 African American, 25 Asian, and 3 Hispanic) with a mean (SD) age of 51.8 (15.9) years (26 men) and 100 control individuals (58 white, 23 African American, 8 Asian, and 11 Hispanic) with a mean (SD) age of 53.6 (16.2) years (27 men). Hypovitaminosis D was associated with noninfectious uveitis in the univariate analysis (odds ratio, 2.53; 95% CI, 1.42-4.51; P = .002). The association in multivariate regression after adjusting for age, sex, and race/ethnicity was 2.96 (95% CI, 1.60-5.50; P = .001). The odds of developing uveitis were 4% lower for every 1–ng/mL increase in vitamin D level (odds ratio, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.93-0.99; P = .01) in the main multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this retrospective study, lower vitamin D levels were associated with an increased risk of noninfectious anterior uveitis. However, this does not confirm a causal effect.

Higher total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were associated with presence of hyperreflective foci on macular ocular coherence tomography in patients with Type 2 diabetes. Higher total cholesterol and triglyceride levels were associated with higher total macular volume in these patients.

Three cases of treated sarcoid choroidal granulomas imaged with swept-source optical coherence tomography are presented. Novel anatomical features include outer retinal tubulations, subretinal fibrosis, disruption of Bruch membrane, and loss of normal choroidal vascular network in the lesion area.

IMPORTANCE: To describe a cohort of patients with birdshot chorioretinopathy who did not manifest birdshot lesions on clinical examination but had retinal vasculitis, low-grade to moderate vitritis, and hypocyanescent lesions on indocyanine green angiography (ICGA). OBSERVATIONS: Case series of 3 patients with mild to moderate vitritis and retinal vasculitis without definite birdshot lesions on clinical examination evaluated from January 2007 to December 2014 at 4 academic ophthalmology centers. All patients’ results were positive for human leukocyte antigen–A29. All cases had hypocyanescent lesions visible on ICGA but not detectable on fluorescein angiography. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Patients with retinal vasculitis and low-grade vitritis with or without macular edema may have birdshot chorioretinopathy evident on ICGA before lesions are visible on clinical examination or fluorescein angiography. Expanding birdshot chorioretinopathy diagnostic criteria to include the presence of hypocyanescent lesions on ICGA could improve the sensitivity of diagnosis.

To report a case of ocular ischemic syndrome presenting as retinal vasculitis in a patient with Moyamoya syndrome.

This report describes the use of pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) in the management of a patient with a serous retinal detachment (SRD) secondary to lupus choroidopathy. Surgery was performed after anti-inflammatory treatments and laser photocoagulation failed to resolve the condition. The patient’s vision improved, and the subretinal fluid has not reaccumulated at 5 years postoperatively. The high viscosity of the subretinal fluid observed during the procedure may account for the persistence of the SRD despite control of inflammation. PPV surgery can be considered as a treatment option for patients with lupus-related SRD when anti-inflammatory medications are not successful and the subretinal fluid does not reabsorb independently.[[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2013;44:502–504.]

The purpose of this study was to report a case of acute retinal necrosis after combined cataract surgery and intracameral triamcinolone acetonide injection in a healthy elderly patient.

To describe a case of Enterobacter amnigenusendophthalmitis.

To present a case with bilateral choroidal neovascularization (CNV) secondary to acute disseminated encephalomyelitis–associated choroiditis requiring immunomodulatory therapy for prevention of recurrence.