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The effect of Al2O3/SiO2mass ratio and CaO content on the viscosity and structure of the CaO–Al2O3–SiO2–6MgO–1.5ZrO2–1.5CeO2slag was investigated. The results show that with the increase in Al2O3/SiO2mass ratio, the viscous flow units within the slag gradually change from Si–O–Si to Al–O–Al and Al–O–Si. Furthermore, the substitution of Al2O3for SiO2leads to the transformation of Si–O bonds towards weaker Al–O bonds, which weaken the bond strength of the aluminosilicate networks, thus leading to a decrease in the viscosity of slag. The increase in CaO content effectively promotes the depolymerization of the aluminosilicate networks, resulting in a significant decrease in the viscosity of the slag. The slag with Al2O3/SiO2of 0.7–1.5 and CaO of 30 wt.% shows promise as the reference slag system for the Fe-collection smelting of spent automotive catalysts due to its good comprehensive performance.

Warming and nitrogen (N) addition may impact soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, but the relationship between plant community composition and soil microbial activities remains unclear. For a two-year field study in the Qinghai‒Tibet Plateau, open-top chambers were used to quantify the effects of warming, N-addition, and their interactions on N2O emissions. We found that the N-addition greatly increased N2O emissions by 77.4% in 2018 when compared to the control group. In contrast, warming showed little effect on N2O emissions but did increase the activity of enzymes associated with soil nitrification and denitrification. A combined effect of warming and N-addition of resulted in 208.6% (2018) and 90.8% (2019) increase in N2O emissions, respectively, compared to the individual treatments of warming or N-addition. Global warming in alpine meadows is causally linked to increased legume biomass which is further intensified with the N-addition. Intensified legume biomass (p< 0.05), soil moisture (p< 0.001) and enzyme activity (p< 0.001) had a positive effect on N2O emissions, while diminished microbial carbon/nitrogen (MBC/MBN) (p< 0.05) correlated with reduced N2O emissions. Final results indicated that N-addition has a positive effect on N2O emissions, and the addition of warming further intensifies this effect. The increased dominance of legumes and microbial N content contributes to this effect. These outcomes suggest that warming and atmospheric N deposition can stimulate N2O emissions of alpine meadows in the future.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to analyze transformation and excretion of β-asarone in rabbits with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The rabbits were administered IV at a dose of 30 mg/kg body weight β-asarone–water–propylene glycol (6:34:60, v/v/v), and urine and feces were collected within 6, 12 and 24 h. At 24 h, the animals were killed and bile was collected. Urine (2 mL) and bile (2 mL) samples were extracted with ether (4 mL), and the feces samples (2 g) were prepared by making an ether-feces (2:1, v/w) homogenate. Ether phase was evaporated and 25 µL psoralen–ether (2.95:1 w/v) was added. All samples were measured with GC–MS. β-Asarone was excreted in urine, feces and bile, and the excretion efficiency was about 62% in urine, 22% in feces, and 16% in bile. About 22% β-asarone was converted into α-asarone. Most β-asarone were excreted in 12 h. Gender differences accounted for no significant influence on the transformation and excretion of β-asarone.

Change detection with remote sensing images (RSIs) plays an important role in the community of remote sensing applications. However, when change detection is conducted with hyperspectral RSIs (HRSIs), how to measure the change magnitude between bitemporal HRSIs becomes challenging due to the high dimension of HRSIs. In this article, a novel distribution distance based on inconsistent adaptive region ( $\text{D}^{2}$ IAR) change detection approach is proposed to measure the change magnitude between bitemporal HRSIs for improving the performance of change detection with HRSIs. First, a band selection algorithm called optimal neighborhood reconstruction (ONR) is employed to reduce the dimensions of HRSIs. Then, an adaptive region around each pixel is generated to explore the contextual feature around each pixel, and kernel density estimation (KDE) is suggested to estimate the spectral distribution of the pixels within an adaptive region. A distribution distance is defined based on the adaptive region to measure the change magnitude between bitemporal HRSIs. Finally, the change magnitude between pairwise adaptive regions is measured by the proposed distance between the pairwise distributions. Experimental results based on four datasets and comparisons with eight methods indicated the feasibility and superiorities of the proposed $\text{D}^{2}$ IAR-based change detection approach with HRSIs. The improvement rates are approximately 0.13%–24.04% for overall accuracy. The code and datasets can be available at: https://github.com/ImgSciGroup/2024-HSICD.

The evolution of microstructure, texture, and magnetic properties with random texture, near-copper texture, weak near-cube texture, and strong λ fiber (<001>//ND (normal direction)) before rolling of non-oriented electrical steel was studied. Three recrystallized hot bands with different textures but similar grain sizes were prepared by pre-annealing at low-temperature and high-temperature normalization annealing. It was observed that the final annealed products exhibited similar recrystallized microstructures. By contrast, the final annealed product with more λ fiber before rolling exhibited a stronger cube texture. With the λ fiber before rolling becoming stronger, the proportion of {111}<110> deformed matrices became larger, which could be observed in the early recrystallization stage. The overwhelmingly dominant λ orientation nuclei are formed in the {111}<110> deformed matrix and become the dominant texture. Eventually, the best magnetic properties are obtained in the products with strong λ fiber before rolling, corresponding to the strong cube texture and low anisotropy parameter.

An asymmetric synthesis of chiral 2,5-diketopiperazines by the Ugi-4CR/cyclization is exhibited. The employment of catalytic anionic chiral Co(III) complexes delivered α-propiolyl aminoamides in high yields with excellent enantioselectivities (31 examples, up to 95% ee). The following treatment of Ugi-adducts with PPh3leads to chiral 2,5-DKPs without significant loss of enantioselectivities (26 examples, up to 91% ee).

To understand the long-term effects of combined organic and chemical nitrogen fertilization on soil organic C (SOC) and total N (TN), we conducted a 30-year field experiment with a wheat–maize rotation system on the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain during 1990–2019. The experimental treatments consisted of five fertilizer regimes: no fertilizer (control), chemical fertilizer only (NPK), chemical fertilizer with straw (NPKS), chemical fertilizer with manure (NPKM), and 1.5 times the rate of NPKM (1.5NPKM). The NPK, NPKS, and NPKM treatments had equal N inputs. The crop yields were measured over the whole experimental duration. Soil samples were collected from the topsoil (0–10 and 10–20 cm) and subsoil (20–40 cm) layers for assessing soil aggregates and taking SOC and TN measurements. Compared with the NPK treatment, the SOC and TN contents increased significantly in both the topsoil (24.1–44.4% for SOC and 22.8–47.7% for TN) and subsoil layers (22.0–47.9% for SOC and 19.8–41.8% for TN) for the organically amended treatments (NPKS, NPKM and 1.5NPKM) after 30 years, while no significant differences were found for the average annual crop yields over the 30 years of the experiment. The 0–10 cm layer of the NPKS treatment and the 20–40 cm layer of the NPKM treatment had significantly higher macroaggregate fraction mass proportions (19.8 and 27.0%) than the NPK treatment. However, the 0–10 and 20–40 cm layers of the 1.5NPKM treatment had significantly lower macroaggregate fraction mass proportions (–19.2 and –29.1%) than the control. The analysis showed that the higher SOC and TN in the soil of organically amended treatments compared to the NPK treatment were related to the increases in SOC and TN protected in the stable fractions (i.e., free microaggregates and microaggregates within macroaggregates), in which the contributions of the stable fractions were 81.1–91.7% of the increase in SOC and 83.3–94.0% of the increase in TN, respectively. The relationships between average C inputs and both stable SOC and TN stocks were significantly positive with R2values of 0.74 and 0.72 (P<0.01) for the whole 40 cm soil profile, which indicates the importance of N for soil C storage. The results of our study provide key evidence that long-term combined organic and chemical nitrogen fertilization, while maintaining reasonable total N inputs, benefited soil C and N storage in both the topsoil and subsoil layers.

Reducing ammonia (NH3) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions have great effects on mitigating nitrogen (N) nutrient loss and greenhouse gas emissions. Controlled release urea (CRU) can control the N release rate, which reduces reactive N loss and increases nitrogen use efficiency relative to conventional urea (CU). However, the crucial factors influencing the responses of NH3and N2O emissions to CRU relative to CU are still unclear. In this study, we evaluated the responses of NH3and N2O emissions to CRU based on collected field data with a meta-analysis. CRU reduced the NH3and N2O emissions by 32.7 and 25.0% compared with CU, respectively. According to subgroup analysis, CRU presented better mitigation of NH3and N2O emissions in soils with pH 6.5–7.5 (–47.9 and –23.7%) relative to either pH<6.5 (–28.5 and –21.4%) or pH>7.5 (–29.3 and –17.3%), and in the rice season (–34.8 and –29.1%) relative to the wheat season (–19.8 and –22.8%). The responses of NH3and N2O emissions to CRU increased from rainfed (–30.5 and –17.0%) to irrigated (–32.5 and –22.9%), and then to paddy (–34.8 and –29.1%) systems. In addition, the response of N2O emission mitigation increased with increases in soil total nitrogen (TN); however, soil TN did not significantly affect the response of NH3volatilization. The reduction in NH3emission was greater in sandy-textured soil (–57.7%) relative to loam-textured (–32.9%) and clay-textured (–32.3%) soils, whereas soil texture did not affect N2O emission. Overall, CRU was a good option for reducing the NH3and N2O emissions relative to CU in agricultural production. This analysis improves our understanding of the crucial environmental and management factors influencing the mitigation of NH3and N2O emissions under CRU application, and these site-specific factors should be considered when applying CRU to reduce reactive N loss and increase NUE.

Understanding tourists’ spatial distribution and subgroups is important for urban tourism planning and management. This study utilized mobile signaling data from 21 million equipments to examine the tourist spots travelers visited and their movements in the city of Shanghai. In addition, we used latent profile analysis (LPA) to identify potential tourist groups according to their duration of stay and the tourist spots they visited. The results indicated that historical tourist spots drew a lot of travelers and nearly half of all tourists visited at least one historical site/district. Areas within the inner ring and around the ancient towns beyond the outer ring were frequently visited by tourists. Tourists preferred to visit famous tourist spots sequentially, rather than stopping by nearby less famous spots. Moreover, the connections between these famous spots were more frequent than between other spots. Three groups of tourists were identified, including long-stay multi-interest traveler, short-stay history-lover, and short-stay culture-lover. This study contributes to the application of mobile signaling data in exploring urban tourists’ spatial distribution, as well as can shed light on urban tourism planning and strategy development.

Two ingots of 4Cr13 martensitic stainless steel with different nitrogen contents, 0.023 and 0.121 mass%, were produced by vacuum induction furnace and electroslag remelting. The microstructure and the microsegregation of the electroslag remelting ingot were analyzed by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and electron microprobe analysis. Thermo-Calc software was used to calculate the nitrogen solubility changes during solidification of high nitrogen martensitic stainless steel and the equilibrium and non-equilibrium phase diagrams of 4Cr13 steel with different nitrogen contents. The solubility of nitrogen in 4Cr13 steel reached the lowest value of 0.118% before the start of the peritectic reaction (L + δ → γ). The microstructure of 4Cr13 steel was martensite, retained austenite and primary carbide M7C3. Higher nitrogen content increased the content of retained austenite in martensitic stainless steel, inhibited the precipitation of primary carbides and refined the dendrites. Higher nitrogen content could effectively inhibit the microsegregation of C element in martensitic stainless steel; however, it had little effect on Cr, V, Nb and Ti. The peritectic reaction was first carried out in high nitrogen steel during solidification, which advanced the transformation of austenite and inhibited the microsegregation of C element.

In China, a developing country, the car ownership level is much lower than that in developed countries, but transportation policies have been implemented to discourage car ownership and mitigate traffic congestion. However, car ownership (considered as car availability in this paper, meaning that an individual has access to a household private car) may influence travelers’ well-being. To highlight the interrelation between car ownership and travelers’ well-being, this paper develops a probit-based discrete-continuous model to analyze the relationship between car ownership and the duration of commuters’ three major non-work outdoor activities (Act1: shopping and dining; Act2: leisure and entertainment; and Act3: visiting relatives or friends) in Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou, China. Empirical results indicate strong effects of individual and household socio-demographics, built environment attributes, and work-related characteristics on the car ownership decision and the duration of three non-work activities. The analysis shows positive correlations in unobserved factors between the car ownership decision and the duration of Acts1–3, indicating a mutually promotive relationship. Similarly, negative correlations among the duration of Acts1–3 show that non-work activities’ duration is mutually substitutive. These findings will help to better understand commuters’ car ownership decisions and non-work outdoor activity behavior restricted by fixed work schedules in developing countries, which can, in turn, better evaluate the impact of transportation policies (such as car ownership restriction) on travel demand as well as well-being, and provide decision support for the formulation of transportation policies.

With the development of the material databases’ construction, the use of machine learning methods to process data mining to discover new materials has gradually become a hot topic. The mechanical properties of Mg alloys are related to their components and processing technologies, therefore, it is possible to build prediction model between components, processing technologies and mechanical properties. In order to improve the design efficiency of Mg alloys, using machine learning methods to build a prediction model for the mechanical properties of Mg alloys is of vital importance. To achieve efficient material design, this paper proposed an improved random forest (RF) method based on the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm, and built a Mg alloy performance prediction model. Experiments showed that the accuracy was greatly improved compared with the original RF model, and the prediction accuracy of mechanical properties can reach more than 90%.

Nuclear pore complex in the nuclear envelope plays an important role in controlling the transportation of RNAs, proteins and other macromolecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm. The relationship between abnormal expression of nucleoporins and cardiovascular diseases is unclear. In this study we investigated how myocardial infarction affected the expression and function of nucleoporins in cardiomyocytes. We separately knocked down 27 nucleoporins in rat primary myocardial cells. Among 27 nucleoporins, knockdown of Nup93, Nup210 and Nup214 markedly increased the expression of ANPand BNP, two molecular markers of cardiomyocyte function. We showed that Nup93 was significantly downregulated in hypoxic cardiomyocytes. Knockdown of Nup93 aggravated hypoxia-induced injury and cell death of cardiomyocytes, whereas overexpression of Nup93 led to the opposite effects. RNA-seq and bioinformatics analysis revealed that knockdown of Nup93 did not affect the overall transportation of mRNAs from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, but regulated the transcription of a large number of mRNAs in cardiomyocytes, which are mainly involved in oxidative phosphorylation and ribosome subunits. Most of the down-regulated genes by Nup93 knockdown overlapped with the genes whose promoters could be directly bound by Nup93. Among these genes, we demonstrated that Nup93 knockdown significantly down-regulated the expression of YAP1. Overexpression of YAP1 partially rescued the function of Nup93 knockdown and attenuated the effects of hypoxia on cell injury and cardiomyocyte death. We conclude that down-regulation of Nup93, at least partially, contributes to hypoxia-induced injury and cardiomyocyte death through abnormal interaction with the genome to dynamically regulate the transcription of YAP1 and other genes. These results reveal a new mechanism of Nup93 and might provide new therapeutic targets for the treatment of ischemia-induced heart failure.

The dendrites, eutectic carbides, Laves phase and microsegregation of alloying element in electroslag remelted 15Cr–22Ni–1Nb austenitic heat-resistant steel with varying cerium contents were studied. The liquidus and solidus temperatures of the steel were determined to reveal the effect of cerium on solidification temperature interval and local solidification time of the steel. The secondary dendrite arm spacing decreases from 57.10 to 40.18 μm with increasing the cerium content from 0 to 0.0630 wt.%. The eutectic NbC and Laves phase in as-cast ingots exhibit blocky and honeycomb morphology, respectively. The area fractions and sizes of eutectic NbC and Laves phase in as-cast ingots decrease with the increase in cerium content. The atomic percentage of Laves phase-forming element (Ni, Nb, Cr, Mo and Si) decreases with the increase in cerium content of the steel. The microsegregation of Mo, Ni, Si, Cr and Nb decreases with increasing the cerium content, which is favorable to reducing both the amount and sizes of eutectic NbC and Laves phase in as-cast ingots. The solidification temperature interval and local solidification time of the steel decrease as the cerium content is increased from 0 to 0.0630 wt.%, which inhibits the growth of dendrites, eutectic NbC and Laves phase.

To meet the requirements of environmental friendliness, high-performance lead-free piezoelectric materials have become important materials for next-generation electronic devices. Here, lead-free and potassium-free NaNbO3(NN)-based ceramics with high piezoelectric (d33= 361 ± 10 pC/N) and dielectric (εr= 4500) properties were obtained by tolerant preparation techniques. The excellent piezoelectric and dielectric properties can be attributed to the relaxor morphotropic phase boundaries (R–MPB) and coexisting domain regions, which are beneficial in lowering the free energy and greatly improving the dielectric response and domain switching capability. Furthermore, the d33of NaNbO3-10Ba(Ti0.7Sn0.3)O3-1.5NaSbO3(NN-10BTS-1.5NS) ceramics can be maintained at 350 pC/N over the range of 25–80 °C with a change rate of less than 10%, exhibiting excellent temperature stability. Based on a series of in situ characterizations, the variations of the phase and domain structures of NN-based relaxor piezoelectric ceramics with temperature are clearly demonstrated. This work not only proposes new materials for sensors and actuators but also provides an excellent strategy for designing high-performance piezoelectric ceramics through phase and domain engineering.

Severe seismic damage occurs to tunnels across or adjacent to the active faults in a high-intensity earthquake area. Therefore, investigating the response and failure mechanism of the utility tunnel structure with flexible joints across the reverse fault is of significant importance. This paper conducts a model test of 1:30, modelling reverse fault rupture with a 45° dip angle and a utility tunnel with flexible joints embedded in the sand layer. The results show that the lining structure in the hanging wall area appears to have longitudinal cracks, concrete falls off, and there is continuous dislocation. Then, a nonlinear three-dimensional finite element model (FEM) is adapted to reveal the utility tunnel response under reverse faulting and to simulate the model test. The numerical results show that the tensile failure area of the lining caused by reverse faulting is larger than the compression failure area. The damage distribution has regional characteristics, and especially the joint area is seriously damaged. The settlement profile of the tunnel under reverse fault can be fitted reasonably by a complementary error function. Finally, an analytical solution of the longitudinal response of the tunnel under reverse fault based on the double-parameter Pasternak model is derived. The analytical solution results show good agreement with the numerical and experimental results. The longitudinal response of the tunnel under reverse fault can be divided into two parts: the influence zone and the non-influenced zone. The flexible joints significantly reduce the damage degree and the damaged area of the tunnel caused by reverse fault dislocation.

Pregnane X receptor (PXR) is highly expressed in the liver and plays a pivotal role in xenobiotic and endobiotic metabolism. We previously reported that PXR activation by its specific mouse agonist pregnenolone 16α-carbonitrile (PCN) significantly induces liver enlargement and lipid accumulation. However, the effect of long-term PCN treatment on PXR and mouse liver is still unknown. This study aimed to explore the influence of long-term administration of PCN on mouse liver and hepatic lipid homeostasis. Male C57BL/6 mice were injected intraperitoneally with PCN (100 mg/kg once a week) for 42 weeks. Serum and liver samples were collected for biochemical and histological analysis. PXR activation was investigated by Western blot. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-HRMS)-based lipidomics analysis was performed to explore the change in different lipid categories. The results showed that long-term treatment with PCN significantly promoted hepatomegaly without hepatocyte proliferation and enlargement. Long-term treatment with PCN did not upregulate PXR target proteins in mice, and there was no significant upregulation of CYP3A11, CYP2B10, UGT1A1, MRP2, or MRP4. Lipidomics analysis showed obvious hepatic lipid accumulation in the PCN-treated mice, and the most significant change was found in triglycerides (TGs). Additionally, long-term treatment with PCN had no risk for carcinogenesis. These findings demonstrated that long-term PCN treatment induces hepatomegaly and lipid accumulation without hepatocyte proliferation or enlargement.

ABSTRACTGround-penetrating radar (GPR) has been widely used to detect subsurface objects. However, the target reflection experiences interference owing to clutter, such as direct coupling, interface reflection, and other undesired reflections. Reducing such clutter is a valuable processing step to improve detection accuracy. This letter proposes a GPR clutter reduction algorithm based on dictionary learning (DL). DL learns an adaptive dictionary that can sparsely represent the GPR B-scan image and enable clutter suppression. The learned dictionary atoms are divided into target atoms and clutter atoms, the target component and the clutter component can be reconstructed using these two types of dictionary atoms, respectively. The performance of the proposed algorithm is validated using both simulation data and real GPR data. The results of the visual evaluation and quantitative analysis demonstrate that the proposed algorithm outperforms the existing clutter reduction algorithms.

The effect of SiO2and B2O3on viscosity and surface tension of CaF2–CaO–Al2O3–MgO–SiO2–B2O3slag designed for electroslag remelting of rotor steel was investigated. The viscosity of the slag melts increases with increasing the SiO2content from 0.37 to 8.03 mass%, and the viscous activation energy increases from 54.21 to 58.49 kJ/mol. Increasing B2O3content of the slag from 0 to 3.62 mass% exhibits a similar effect on the viscosity, and the activation energy increases from 47.30 to 55.71 kJ/mol. The increase in the viscosity and activation energy for viscous flow of slag is attributed to the enhanced polymerization degree of slag melts network with increasing either SiO2or B2O3content. The surface tension of slag melts decreases with increasing temperature. The surface tension of slag melts decreases with increasing either SiO2or B2O3content, which is originated from the increase in the polymerization degree and the decrease in the CaO content of the slag.

The evolution of Ce-containing inclusions and its correlation with the reoxidation of liquid steel during protective atmosphere electroslag remelting (ESR) of heat-resistant steel were studied. The reoxidation of liquid steel took place during the ESR, resulting in the oxygen pickup from 0.0014 to 0.0053 wt.%. The inclusions in the consumable electrode, liquid metal pool and remelted ingot are Ce2O2S and Ce2O3inclusions invariably. The inclusions in the remelted ingot are originated from three ways: (I) the original inclusions from the electrode; (II) the newly formed Ce2O2S and Ce2O3inclusions in the liquid metal pool by reoxidation remaining still in remelted ingot; (III) the newly generated Ce2O2S and Ce2O3inclusions during cooling and solidification of liquid steel. The relative proportions of Ce2O3inclusions in liquid metal pool and remelted ingot are 41% and 76.5%, respectively. The inclusions ranging from 2 to 5 μm in the remelted ingot take up 55%, followed by the inclusions smaller than 2 μm (43% of total inclusions). The number proportion of the Ce2O3inclusions in the liquid metal pool which were removed by floating up into slag is 1.96 × 10−5%.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) activation-induced hepatomegaly is accompanied by hepatocyte hypertrophy around the central vein (CV) area and hepatocyte proliferation around the portal vein (PV) area. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this spatial change of hepatocytes remains unclear. In this study, we examined the characteristics and possible reasons for the zonation distinction of hypertrophy and proliferation during PPARα activation-induced mouse liver enlargement. Mice were injected with corn oil or a typical mouse PPARα agonist WY-14643 (100 mg·kg−1·d−1, i.p.) for 1, 2, 3, 5 or 10 days. At each time point, the mice were sacrificed after the final dose, and liver tissues and serum were harvested for analysis. We showed that PPARα activation induced zonal changes in hepatocyte hypertrophy and proliferation in the mice. In order to determine the zonal expression of proteins related to hepatocyte hypertrophy and proliferation in PPARα-induced liver enlargement, we performed digitonin liver perfusion to separately destroy the hepatocytes around the CV or PV areas, and found that PPARα activation-induced increase magnitude of its downstream targets such as cytochrome P450 (CYP) 4 A and acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 1 (ACOX1) levels around the CV area were higher compared with those around the PV area. Upregulation of proliferation-related proteins such as cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and cyclin A1 (CCNA1) after WY-14643-induced PPARα activation mainly occurred around the PV area. This study reveals that the zonal expression of PPARα targets and proliferation-related proteins is responsible for the spatial change of hepatocyte hypertrophy and proliferation after PPARα activation. These findings provide a new insight into the understanding of PPARα activation-induced liver enlargement and regeneration.

Land cover change detection (LCCD) with very high-resolution remote-sensing images (VHR_RSIs) is important in observing surface change on Earth. However, pseudo-changes usually reduce the accuracy of the detection map. In this article, a novel piecewise distance based on adaptive region key-points extraction called sparse key-point distance (SKPD) is developed to measure the change magnitude between the bitemporal VHR_RSIs for LCCD. The proposed approach consists of three steps. First, an adaptive region generation algorithm is promoted for exploring spatial–contextual information. Then, the adaptive region around each pixel is sparsely represented with the box-whisker plot theory, and the adaptive region is converted into a sparse key-point vector. Finally, a piecewise distance is defined to measure the change magnitude between the bitemporal images. While the entire VHR_RSIs are scanned and the proposed SKPD method proceeds on a pixel-by-pixel basis, a change magnitude image (CMI) can be generated and a binary threshold method can be applied on the CMI to obtain a change detection map. Experimental results based on four pairs of real VHR_RSIs and four state-of-the-art methods effectively demonstrated the superiority of the proposed approach for achieving LCCD with VHR_RSIs, such as the improvements for the four datasets are 5.25%, 14.76%, 18.13%, and 22.24%, respectively, in terms of overall accuracy.

The vulnerability of deep neural networks (DNNs) has garnered significant attention. Various advanced adversarial attack methods have been proposed. However, these methods exhibit higher attack performance on three-band natural images while struggling to handle high-dimensional attacks in terms of attack transferability and robustness. Hyperspectral images (HSIs), unlike natural images, possess high-dimensional and redundant spectral information. On the one hand, different classification models focus on distinct discriminative spectral bands, leading to poor transferability. On the other hand, most existing attack methods are implemented at the pixel level, making them less resilient to image-processing-based defenses. In this article, we address the improvement of transferability and robustness in high-dimensional attacks and introduce a universal object-level adversarial attack method in HSI classification. We found that perturbations with higher similarity in a local region can decrease the sensitivity of adversarial attacks to various discriminative spectral patterns and enhance resistance to image-processing-based defenses. Consequently, we construct spatial and spectral oversegmented templates by utilizing the local smooth properties of HSIs, aiming to promote similarity among perturbations within a local region. Extensive experiments conducted on two real HSI datasets validate that our method enhances the attack transferability and robustness of several existing attack methods. By incorporating the object-level adversarial attack with the baseline fast gradient sign method (FGSM), momentum iterative FGSM (MI-FGSM), and variance tuning MI-FGSM (VMI-FGSM), the average transferability success rate of the proposed method has increased by 7.38% on the PaviaU dataset and 9.30% on the HoustonU 2018 dataset than the baselines. Meanwhile, the proposed method outperforms the baselines by an average of 6.19% on the PaviaU dataset and 10.05% on the HoustonU 2018 dataset in attacking image-processing-based defense models. The code is available at https://github.com/ AAAA-CS/SS_FGSM_HyperspectralAdversarialAttack.

With regard to the global energy crisis and environmental pollution, ferroelectric thin films with unique polarization behavior have garnered considerable attention for energy storage and electrocaloric refrigeration. Herein, a series of (1 – x)Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3–xBa(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3(x= 0.3–0.9; (1 – x)BNT–xBZT) films were fabricated on Pt(111)/Ti/SiO2/Si substrates. Incorporating BZT can tune the polarization behavior and phase transition temperature of BNT. A high recoverable energy density ≈ 82 J cm–3and optimized efficiency ≈ 81% were realized for the (1 – x)BNT–xBZT thin film with x= 0.7. The thin film exhibits excellent stability in energy storage performance, a wide working frequency range (0.5–20 kHz), a broad operating temperature window (20–200 °C), and reduplicative switching cycles (107cycles). In addition, the 0.5BNT–0.5BZT film exhibits a desirable electrocaloric effect with a large adiabatic temperature change (ΔT≈ −22.9 K) and isothermal entropy change (ΔS≈ 33.4 J K–1kg–1) near room temperature under a moderate applied electric field of 2319 kV cm–1. These remarkable performances signify that the (1 – x)BNT–xBZT system is a promising multifunctional electronic material for energy storage and solid-state cooling applications.

In order to measure the variation of temperature and pressure inside rock subjected to pulsed discharge, a device for measuring the temperature and pressure inside rock is designed in this work. The device is composed of an excitation module and a signal module. Based on the analysis of pulsed discharge process, the structure of key components of the device was designed. The experiment of rock breaking by single pulsed discharge was conducted. The peak values of temperature and pressure inside sandstone rock samples of 20 cm*20 cm*20 cm were measured when they were broken at 8 different voltage levels in the range of 2.5 kV–20 kV. It was found that with the increase of voltage level, the temperature and pressure inside the rock were also significantly increased when the rock was broken. At the maximum 20 kV voltage, the temperature peak inside the rock is 398 °C and the pressure peak is 2.4 MPa. The temperature and pressure inside the rock rose dramatically as it broke. This device can monitor temperature and pressure inside rock during the rock breaking process, and its embedded computer can construct time-varying temperature field and pressure field with transmitted temperature and pressure signals. This technically supports theoretical research on rock breaking by pulsed discharge.

Existing methods focus on destination image construction by textual description or visual content separately. However, descriptions and images are closely related since they are taken from the same reviews and represent tourists impression of the city. It’s questionable to study them separately. In this paper, we used both images and descriptions from the reviews to construct Xi’an tourism destination image. More concretely, scene recognition, landmark recognition and food image recognition are utilized to obtain visual image. Lexical analysis is applied to obtain semantic image. We further compared the differences between visual image and semantic image then we proposed the fusion image. Finally, the top 300 key words and differences of the photo contents between the adjacent 2 years are selected to discovering new changes of the destination image. Results show that the visual image and semantic image are significant different from each other and the new changes of semantic image are closely related to the events or things that happened in that year and changes of visual image are not significant.

The microstructure, eutectic carbides and intermetallic compounds in as-cast ingots with varying Nb contents produced by electroslag remelting were studied. The solidification behavior, microsegregation of alloying elements and its influence on precipitates were analyzed. The increase in Nb content from 0.64 to 1.40 wt.% has no effect on the dendrite morphology and secondary dendrite arm spacing. The total area fraction of eutectic NbC and Laves phase in as-cast ingots increases with the increase in Nb content. The eutectic precipitates in the ingot with 0.64 wt.% Nb are mainly NbC, and the others are Fe2Nb-type Laves phase. Increasing the Nb content of the steel significantly promotes the precipitation of Laves phases and lowers the precipitation temperature of NbC eutectic carbides. Eutectic carbide M2C is precipitated only in the ingot with 1.4 wt.% Nb. The average concentration of Nb in both interdendritic and intragranular regions increases with the increase in Nb content of the steel, leading to a change in the morphology of Fe2Nb-type Laves phase from honeycomb to blocky. Increasing the Nb content exerts little effect on the microsegregation degrees of Si, Mo, Cr and Ni in the steel.

Preparation of titanium alloy coating on the low carbon steel surface is an effective way to ensure the service performance of steel in marine environment. In this work, the effect of Cu interlayer thickness on the microstructure and properties of the titanium alloy coating was systematically studied. The results showed that a thin Cu interlayer cannot inhibit the diffusion of iron, and the Fe-Ti intermetallic compound (IMC) layer at the coating/substrate interface weakens the bonding property of the coating. And iron compounds on the surface of the coating surface are negative for corrosion resistance. The thickening of Cu interlayer inhibits the diffusion of iron and increases the shear strength of the coating by 40%～60%. When the iron compound is not present on the coating surface, the optimal electrochemical properties of the titanium alloy coating were achieved. However, the excessive thickness of the Cu interlayer will accelerate the heat loss of the molten pool and lead to the fusion defect in the initial cladding stage. In this study, the optimum thickness range of Cu interlayer (290μm ~ 375μm) was obtained. When the interlayer was in this range, titanium alloy coatings with excellent comprehensive properties could be prepared.

Herein, Ti-6Al-4V alloy was remelting by high-energy laser, the influence of laser energy density of mobile laser source on the evolution of solidification structure of Ti-6Al-4V alloy was studied, and the changes of relevant service performance of Ti-6Al-4V alloy after laser-remelting were explored. The results showed that there were four distinct regions: overheated zone, melting zone, heat-affected zone and substrate zone in Ti-6Al-4V alloy after laser remelting. The overheated zone and melting zone were dominated by primary α phase and secondary α phase, and a heat-affected zone was dominated by β phase. With the increase of laser energy density, the depth of molten pool and the range of melting zone in Ti-6Al-4V alloy increased, and the crystal phase distribution and grain size changed significantly. Laser-remelting Ti-6Al-4V alloy could still maintain a good passive state in the potentiodynamic polarization curve test, and the optimal laser power during remelting was 1200 W. This study proved that the crystal phase composition and grain size during the solidification process after laser-remelting were a key factor affecting the service performance of Ti-6Al-4V alloy.

This study aimed to determine whether regular recruitment maneuvers (RMs) are essential for obese patients (OPs) undergoing elective laparoscopic bariatric surgery (LBS) during intraoperative ventilation with individualized positive end‐expiratory pressure (PEEP). Patients were randomly assigned to two arms: the RM + PEEP−EITarm consisted of individualized PEEP titrated by electrical impedance tomography (EIT) with two regular RMs and the PEEP−EITarm consisted of individualized PEEP titrated by EIT without additional RMs. For these two arms together, EIT‐guided PEEP varied among individuals. The partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood to fractional inspired oxygen (PaO2/FiO2) ratio in the RM + PEEP−EITarm was higher than that in the PEEP−EITarm at 1 h after pneumoperitoneum (p= 0.024) and at the end of surgery (p= 0.035). There was no great difference in the PaO2/FiO2ratio between these two arms when measured 5 min prior to postanesthesia care unit (PACU) departure and on postoperative day 1. Compared with the PEEP−EITarm, patients in the RM + PEEP−EITarm had significantly higher intraoperative dynamic respiratory system compliance (p< 0.001) but consumed more vasopressors (p= 0.036). Postoperative pulmonary complications occurred in 1 of 29 patients in the RM + PEEP−EITarm compared with 2 of 31 patients in the PEEP−EITarm. Regular lung RMs can improve intraoperative oxygenation and respiratory system compliance among OPs undergoing LBS with EIT‐guided individual PEEP. However, the improvement might disappear before leaving the PACU, and regular RMs resulted in more vasopressor consumption.

ABSTRACTMudstone badlands occupy a large area in southwestern Taiwan. Mudstone soils with poor cementation property are particularly vulnerable to water erosion and landslides during rainy seasons. Broussonetia papyrifera, Hibiscus taiwanensis and Macaranga tanarius are major pioneer tree species occurring on mudstone badlands. Therefore, these species are beneficial for slope stabilization and forest restoration to control erosion and landslide. Nevertheless, information on their morphological traits and root biomechanical properties are lacking. In this research, root morphological traits of these species were inspected utilizing WinRHIZOPro Image Analysis System. Root anchorage ability and root tensile strength of 1-year-old B. papyrifera, H. taiwanensis and M. tanarius saplings were evaluated using uprooting testing and root tensile testing. The results show, compared to H. taiwanensis, B. papyrifera and M. tanarius plants had markedly greater root traits. Moreover, the root anchorage abilities of M. tanarius and B. papyrifer plants were notably higher than that of H. taiwanensis. In addition, root tensile strength of M. tanarius plants was markedly higher than those of B. papyrifera and H. taiwanensis plants. The results clearly demonstrate that M. tanarius outperforms B. papyrifera and H. taiwanensis, in these traits. Taken together, the priority for selecting these species for reforestation of mudstone badlands follows as: M. tanarius > B. papyrifera > H. taiwanensis. These results, together with the information on ecological succession following erosion and landslide, allow us to develop the reforestation plan and management strategy of mudstone badlands.

Titanium subgroup nanometallic oxides (TiO2, ZrO2and HfO2), prepared via supercritical method, were combined with ZSM-5 and quartz to obtain bifunctional catalysts (Ti/HZ, Zr/HZ, Hf/HZ) and metal oxide catalysts (Ti/Si, Zr/Si, Hf/Si) respectively. The effect of crystal structure, surface oxygen vacancy and syngas adsorption of metal oxides on the catalytic CO hydrogenation was investigated. The results show that the bifunctional catalysts could directly catalyze the syngas to aromatics. The oxygen vacancy concentration, oxygen electron properties and the H/C ratios (the adsorption ratio of CO to H2) of the metal oxides synergistically determine the type of intermediates on the metal oxide surface. The CHxO* species generated on the surface of ZrO2is beneficial for Zr/HZ catalyst to obtain higher aromatic selectivity (71.15%), while CH3* on TiO2and HfO2leads to higher CH4selectivity for Ti/HZ and Hf/HZ catalysts. The results of this research could provide a valuable reference for design of syngas aromatization catalyst.

In order to study the bearing performance of a new type of prefabricated subway station structure (PSSS), firstly, a three-dimensional finite element model of the PSSS was established to study the nonlinear mechanics and deformation performance. Secondly, the bearing mechanism of a PSSS was investigated in detail. Finally, the development law of damages to a thin-walled prefabricated component and the failure evolution mechanism of a PSSS were discussed. The results showed that this new type of the PSSS had good bearing capacity. The top arch structure was a three-hinged arch bearing system, and the enclosure structure and the substructure were respectively used as the horizontal and vertical support systems of the three-hinged arch structure to ensure the integrity and stability of the overall structure. Moreover, the tongue-and-groove joints could effectively transmit the internal force between the components and keep the components deformed in harmony. The rigidity degradation of the PSSS caused by the accumulation of damages to the spandrel, hance, arch foot, and enclosure structure was the main reason of its loss of bearing capacity. The existing thin-walled components design had significant advantages in weight reduction, concrete temperature control, components hoisting, transportation and assembly construction, which achieved a good balance between safety, usability and economy.

In the k-level facility location problem with penalties, each client will be either serviced or rejected completely. And if the client is planned to be serviced, then it must be connected to a sequence of kdifferent kinds of facilities located in klevels of hierarchy. The total cost including the facility cost, connection cost and penalty cost will be jointly paid by all the clients. In the corresponding game of the k-level facility location problem with penalties, called the k-level facility location game with penalties, the total cost should be allocated to different clients. This work set out a cost-sharing scheme for the k-level facility location game with penalties that is cross-monotonic, competitive, and the approximate cost recovery is 6.

Excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) molecules demonstrating specific enol-keto tautomerism and the related photoluminescence (PL) switch have wide applications in displaying, sensing, imaging, lasing, etc. However, an ESIPT-attributed coordination polymer showing alternative PL between thermally activated fluorescence (TAF) and long persistent luminescence (LPL) has never been explored. Herein, we report the assembly of a dynamic Cd(II) coordination polymer (LIFM-101) from the ESIPT-type ligand, HPI2C (5-(2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)isophthalic acid). For the first time, TAF and/or color-tuned LPL can be achieved by controlling the temperature under the guidance of ESIPT excited states. Noteworthily, the twisted structure of the HPI2C ligand in LIFM-101 achieves an effective mixture of the higher-energy excited states, leading to ISC (intersystem crossing)/RISC (reverse intersystem crossing) energy transfer between the high-lying keto-triplet state (Tn(K*)) and the first singlet state (S1(K*)). Meanwhile, experimental and theoretical results manifest the occurrence probability and relevance among RISC, ISC, and internal conversion (IC) in this unique ESIPT-attributed coordination polymer, leading to the unprecedented TAF/LPL switching mechanism, and paving the way for the future design and application of advanced optical materials.

ABSTRACTThe life detection radar plays an important role in earthquake rescue, but the vital signal acquired in practice is often submerged in noise. Improving the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of through-wall vital signals is still a challenging task. In this paper, we propose a new vital signal enhancement algorithm based on low-rank, sparse representation. The proposed algorithm decomposes the acquired time-frequency image of echo signals into low-rank and sparse components. The low-rank component captures vital signals, and the environmental noise is contained in the sparse component. The proposed algorithm is compared with the traditional Fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm and singular value decomposition (SVD) enhanced algorithm through simulation and experimental data verification. Visual images and quantitative data prove that the output SNR of the proposed vital enhancement algorithm is better than that of the FFT and SVD algorithms.

Mifepristone (Mif), an effective synthetic steroidal antiprogesterone drug, is widely used for medical abortion and pregnancy prevention. Due to its anti-glucocorticoid effect, high-dose Mif is also used to treat Cushing’s syndrome. Mif was reported to active pregnane X receptor (PXR) in vitro and PXR can induce hepatomegaly via activation and interaction with yes-associated protein (YAP) pathway. High-dose Mif was reported to induce hepatomegaly in rats and mice, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, the role of PXR was studied in Mif-induced hepatomegaly in C57BL/6 mice and Pxr-knockout mice. The results demonstrated that high-dose Mif (100 mg · kg−1· d−1, i.p.) treatment for 5 days significantly induced hepatomegaly with enlarged hepatocytes and promoted proliferation, but low dose of Mif (5 mg · kg−1· d−1, i.p.) cannot induce hepatomegaly. The dual-luciferase reporter gene assays showed that Mif can activate human PXR in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, Mif could promote nuclear translocation of PXR and YAP, and significantly induced the expression of PXR, YAP, and their target proteins such as CYP3A11, CYP2B10, UGT1A1, ANKRD, and CTGF. However, Mif (100 mg · kg−1· d−1, i.p.) failed to induce hepatomegaly in Pxr-knockout mice, as well as hepatocyte enlargement and proliferation, further indicating that Mif-induced hepatomegaly is PXR-dependent. In summary, this study demonstrated that PXR-mediated Mif-induced hepatomegaly in mice probably via activation of YAP pathway. This study provides new insights in Mif-induced hepatomegaly, and provides novel evidence on the crucial function of PXR in liver enlargement and regeneration.

•This study combines cellphone data with traditional data to examine the influence of the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP) on the relationship between jobs-housing balance and commuting distance considering socio-economic attributes.•When using larger analysis units, the effect of jobs-housing balance on commuting distance is enlarged while variations of the effects of socio-economic attributes are complex and unpredictable.•This research contributes to the existing literature on jobs–housing balance and commuting distance by showing how they are affected by spatial areal units with different scale and zoning schemes.

The influence of cerium treatment on the inclusion evolution and as-cast microstructure of high-strength low-alloy steel was investigated. Properties including the inclusions characteristics, element distribution, and the in situ solidification were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and high-temperature confocal laser scanning microscopy, respectively. The results indicated that, after the addition of Ce, the Al2O3inclusions evolved to form Ce2O2S and CeAlO3inclusions, which exhibited a decrease in size alongside corresponding increase in their number density. The equiaxed grain ratio exhibited by the as-cast microstructure increased significantly upon the addition of Ce, while a reduction in the segregation and a corresponding increase in the homogeneity of the carbon distribution within the as-cast microstructure were also achieved. The results of the in situ observation of the solidification suggested that the addition of Ce significantly reduced the solidification temperature range, thus reducing the carbon segregation. The nucleation effect imparted by Al2O3, Ce2O2S, and CeAlO3on the δ-Fe formation was discussed in the context of the disregistry theory, which revealed that the formation of a large number of fine Ce2O2S inclusions promoted δ-Fe formation via heterogeneous nucleation.

The effect of melting rate on the temperature distribution, velocity field, macrosegregation and dendrite arm spacing during electroslag remelting continuous directional solidification process with a mould of 160 mm in diameter was investigated. The mechanism of solute transport and dendrite growth of austenitic hot-work die steel during electroslag remelting process was proposed. The results showed that a lower melting rate contributed to a higher temperature gradient as well as a shallower liquid metal molten pool. With the increase in the melting rate, the central counterclockwise vortex in the slag and clockwise vortex in the liquid metal molten pool grew, whereas the marginal clockwise vortex in the slag reduced. With increasing melting rate, the macrosegregation of carbon became more serious, whereas the average value of secondary dendrite arm spacing first decreased and then increased. The secondary dendrite arm spacing reached a minimum value at melting rate of 98 kg/h, which indicated that 98 kg/h was a proper melting rate for electroslag remelting continuous directional solidification process with a mould of 160 mm in diameter.

Regarding development of the dedicated slag for electroslag remelting, crystallization characteristics of the slag exert a strong influence on the initial solidification of liquid metal in mold and surface quality of as-cast ingot. The crystallization behavior of CaF2–CaO–Al2O3-based slag with varying SiO2and B2O3contents and their correlation with the slag structure were investigated. Increasing SiO2(0.24–8.95 mass%) and B2O3(0–3.20 mass%) contents lowers the crystallization temperature and suppresses the crystallization of the slag melts, as well as decreases the sizes of the crystalline phases. The crystalline phases precipitated during continuous cooling of the slag melts are faceted 11CaO·7Al2O3·CaF2, faceted or spherical CaF2, and non-faceted MgO·Al2O3(or MgO) in sequence irrespective of the SiO2and B2O3contents of the slag. The polymerization degree of slag melts increases with increasing either SiO2or B2O3contents. The crystallization of the slag melts is increasingly retarded with increasing the SiO2and B2O3contents of the slag caused by increased component diffusion resistance originating from increased polymerization degree of the slag melts.