Search

We describe the key features of a next-generation information search engine that will enable more powerful and rewarding searches to be made than is possible with current search technology. By combining several powerful algorithms in a unique way, future search engines will be able to solve the problems of both synonymy and polysemy. The synonymy problem, where several different words mean the same thing, is relatively straightforward and represents the current state-of-the-art in search engine technology. The polysemy problem, where one word means several different things, is much harder to solve. Our proposal for a new kind of search engine (which we call Deep Search) prototypes a new idea combining logical linking, semantic analysis and clustering to overcome these problems and make possible a more powerful information search capability. Keywords: Search engine; Internet; Information retrieval; Information management

In this study we present a ‘proof-of-concept’ model using novel model integration and new forms of data that addresses the research question, How does incentivising a change in travel mode to reduce personal car use impact health?We focus on simple transport-health interactions between switching between car and bus: the exposure to activity and pollution linked to these modes and how these changes effect health status, which in turn influences the mode choice.

Since the advice to 'stay at home' on 23 March 2020, there has been an enforced upsurge in the use of remote services. Clinical constraints within the dental schools have drastically reduced trainee/patient exposure and utilising available tools to increase patient contact is invaluable. Developing robust protocols and frameworks for remote activities is key to ensuring safe, secure and effective learning experiences. In Dundee, we have invested in careful planning to implement online engagement with clinical activity. A collaborative and iterative approach with NHS Tayside and other key stakeholders has resulted in a safe, online, clinical protocol that trainees, trainers and patients can have confidence in. The purpose of this article is to share our experience and to open a dialogue to work synergistically with other institutions to contribute towards a UK-wide remote training strategy.

In this work, we present a novel approach for identifying the ageing history of lithium-ion batteries based on experimental nonlinear frequency response analysis (NFRA) measurements. A regression model, trained on simulated NFRA data, is shown to be capable of quantifying degradation modes such as solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) growth, lithium plating, and loss of active material (LAM) with no a-priori knowledge of the cell’s historical duty. Our analysis, combining experimental and simulation approaches, demonstrates NFRA’s potential as a powerful tool for ageing diagnosis by capturing various degradation modes. Changes in NFRA response through life exhibit strong correlations with ageing paths, particularly in the frequency range of 0.2 to 10 Hz. Observations highlight a strong influence of the state of charge on the resultant NFRA response, emphasizing that measurements at a single open circuit voltage (OCV) and harmonics values from a single frequency are insufficient for comprehensive characterization. This analysis underscores the need for correlating NFRA at multiple OCVs and frequencies for detailed ageing assessment. Evaluation on commercially relevant cells enhanced the models’ reliability for industrial applications. This quantitative, data-driven approach using NFRA holds potential to enhance battery management strategies, extend lifespan and improve confidence in second-life applications of batteries. Future work should focus on improving regression analysis robustness, reducing dimensionality, and broadening testing conditions.

Connected and automated vehicle (CAV) technologies and services are rapidly developing and have the potential to revolutionise the transport systems. However, like many innovations, the uptake pathways are uncertain. The focus of this article is on improving understanding of factors that may affect the uptake of highly and fully automated vehicles, with a particular interest in the role of the internet of things (IoT). Using system dynamic modelling, sensitivity testing towards vehicle attributes (e.g., comfort, safety, familiarity) is carried out and scenarios were developed to explore how CAV uptake can vary under different conditions based around the quality of IoT provision. Utility and poor IoT are found to have the biggest influence. Attention is then given to CAV ‘services' that are characterized by the attributes explored earlier in the paper, and it is found that they could contribute to a 20% increase in market share.

Rationale: Increasing digitalization and automation is expected to significantly change the transport system, mobility and settlement structures. A decade ago automated, self-driving vehicles were nothing more than an unrealistic (boyhood) dream. But today the concept of highly and fully automated vehicles is rapidly becoming a reality, with a series of real-world trial applications underway. Government plans and industry predictions expect automation to be introduced from the early 2020s onwards. Nevertheless, there is still a high level of uncertainty in which form and to what extent automated vehicles will enter the market. Furthermore, there are ongoing discussions concerning net effects of positive and negative aspects of automation.

ABSTRACTLong-distance travel is growing in Europe. While it only accounts for around 3% of trips made, it contributes around a third of distance travelled and to the growing problem of carbon emissions. Despite this there has been little evidence on what causes growth in long-distance travel. This paper presents the LUNA model, a System Dynamics model of long-distance travel in Europe, able to analyse effects of both socio-demographic and transport policy scenarios. We present the development and calibration of the model and its application to three different scenarios based on recent EU evidence and policy. We show that socio-demographic assumptions play a significant role in the evolution of long-distance travel-related emissions. Transport policy tends to affect mode choice but only efficiency improvements contribute significantly to a reduction in emissions. Even quite strong policy change is not enough to meet the EU reduction targets by 2050.

The mandible provides valuable insights into its biological identity. However, the existence of several terminologies for mandibular measurements and inconsistent language can lead to misinterpretation, confusion, and miscommunication.

There is a high level of interest in investing in inter-city connectivity schemes. The rationale for these schemes is improved economic performance through increased productivity, jobs, and output. The mobility costs of switching between sectors for labour and capital may limit the level of sectoral specialisation achieved and the associated positive productivity impacts through localisation effects. To investigate these impacts, a stylised stock and flow model of two cities has been developed. The model has two business service sectors and a 20-minute reduction in rail travel times is introduced to understand the dynamics and the extent of barriers to localisation benefits due to labour and capital mobility costs, and to understand the degree to which these can be unlocked through inter-city transport. The results show that mobility costs limit the potential for increased specialisation through investment in inter-city transport and that further specialisation is more likely to arise when the scheme effects differ between sectors and between cities.

Subauroral polarization streams (SAPS) prefer geomagnetically disturbed conditions and strongly correlate with geomagnetic indexes. However, the temporal evolution of SAPS and its relationship with dynamic and structured ring current and particle injection are still not well understood. In this study, we performed detailed analysis of temporal evolution of SAPS during a moderate storm on 18 May 2013 using conjugate observations of SAPS from the Van Allen Probes (VAP) and the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN). The large‐scale SAPS (LS‐SAPS) formed during the main phase of this storm and decayed due to the northward turning of the interplanetary magnetic field. A mesoscale (approximately several hundreds of kilometers zonally) enhancement of SAPS was observed by SuperDARN at 0456 UT. In the conjugate magnetosphere, a large SAPS electric field (∼8 mV/m) pointing radially outward, a local magnetic field dip, and a dispersionless ion injection were observed simultaneously by VAP‐A at Lshell = 3.5 and MLT= 20. The particle injection observed by VAP‐A is likely associated with the particle injection observed by the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite 15 near 20 MLT. Magnetic perturbations observed by the ground magnetometers and flow reversals observed by SuperDARN reveal that this mesoscale enhancement of SAPS developed near the Harang reversal and before the substorm onset. The observed complex signatures in both space and ground can be explained by a two‐loop current wedge generated by the perturbed plasma pressure gradient and the diamagnetic effect of the structured ring current following particle injection. Mesoscale enhancement of SAPS was observed by VAP and SuperDARN on top of the existing large‐scale SAPSMesoscale enhancement is associated with energetic ion flux increase, energetic electron flux decrease, and local magnetic field dipMesoscale enhancement of SAPS and equatorward flow burst developed near the Harang reversal

Automata and Mimesis on the Stage of Theatre History Kara Reilly Palgrave Macmillan, 2011 50 [pounds sterling], hb., 220 pp., 20 ill. ISBN 9780230232020 Mechanically mobile representations of human beings [...]

Temporal and spatial variations of the midlatitude ionospheric trough during a geomagnetic storm on 4 April 2017 have been investigated using Global Navigation Satellite System total electron content data together with Arase satellite observations. After the geomagnetic storm commencement, the trough minimum location moves equatorward from 60 to 48° in geomagnetic latitude within 4 hr. The trough minimum location identified from the Global Navigation Satellite System total electron content data is located near the footprint of an abrupt drop of electron density detected by the Arase High‐Frequency Analyzer instrument. The longitudinal variation of the trough minimum location shows a significant variation with a scale of 1,000–2,500 km during both storm and quiet times. This phenomenon has not yet been reported by previous studies. After the onset of the storm recovery phase, the trough minimum location rapidly moves poleward back to the quiet time location within 4 hr. Geomagnetic storms lead to a sever change in the plasma environment in the ionosphere and magnetosphere. Because their storm time disturbances in these regions cause an enhancement of positioning error and satellite anomaly due to the ionospheric electron density variation and magnetospheric high‐energy particles, to clarify the characteristics of storm time variation of plasma environment and its physical mechanism is essential for prediction of the Geospace environmental change as space weather. In this study, we analyzed global positioning system total electron content data and Arase satellite observations in the inner magnetosphere to monitor a storm time change in the shape of the plasmasphere that controls the generation and propagation of plasma waves. Our analysis results show that the location of the midlatitude trough minimum identified from the total electron content data rapidly moves equatorward and poleward within 4 hr during the main and recovery phases. The location of the midlatitude trough minimum almost corresponds to that of the plasmapause detected by the Arase satellite. The longitudinal distribution of the midlatitude trough minimum shows a significant variation with its scale of 1,000–2,500 km. This feature is also seen during a geomagnetically quiet time. This phenomenon has not yet been reported by previous works. The trough minimum location moves quickly equatorward and poleward during the storm main and recovery phases, respectivelyThe longitudinal distribution of the trough minimum location shows a significant variation with a scale of 1,000–2,500 kmThe trough minimum location is located near the footprint of the plasmapause signature in the inner magnetosphere

ABSTRACTEmissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) by vehicles in real driving environments are only partially understood. This has been brought to the attention of the world with recent revelations of the cheating of the type of approval tests exposed in the dieselgate scandal. Remote-sensing devices offer investigators an opportunity to directly measure in situ real driving emissions of tens of thousands of vehicles. Remote-sensing NO2measurements are not as widely available as would be desirable. The aim of this study is to improve the ability of investigators to estimate the NO2emissions and to improve the confidence of the total NOx results calculated from standard remote-sensing device (RSD) measurements. The accuracy of the RSD speed and acceleration module was also validated using state-of-the-art onboard global positioning system (GPS) tracking. Two RSDs used in roadside vehicle emissions surveys were tested side by side under off-carriageway conditions away from transient pollution sources to ascertain the consistency of their measurements. The speed correlation was consistent across the range of measurements at 95% confidence and the acceleration correlation was consistent at 95% confidence intervals for all but the most extreme acceleration cases. VSP was consistent at 95% confidence across all measurements except for those at VSP ≥ 15 kW t−1, which show a small underestimate. The controlled distribution gas nitric oxide measurements follow a normal distribution with 2σ equal to 18.9% of the mean, compared to 15% observed during factory calibration indicative of additional error introduced into the system. Systematic errors of +84 ppm were observed but within the tolerance of the control gas. Interinstrument correlation was performed, with the relationship between the FEAT and the RSD4600 being linear with a gradient of 0.93 and an R2of 0.85, indicating good correlation. A new method to calculate NOx emissions using fractional NO2combined with NO measurements made by the RSD4600 was constructed, validated, and shown to be more accurate than previous methods.Implications: Synchronized remote-sensing measurements of NO were taken using two different remote-sensing devices in an off-road study. It was found that the measurements taken by both instruments were well correlated. Fractional NO2measurements from a prior study, measurable on only one device, were used to create new NOxemission factors for the device that could not be measured by the second device. These estimates were validated against direct measurement of total NOxemission factors and shown to be an improvement on previous methodologies. Validation of vehicle-specific power was performed with good correlation observed.

Theatre in Europe: A Documentary History: Romantic and Revolutionary Theatre, 1789-1860 Donald Roy Cambridge University Press, 2003 95.00 £ ISBN 0 521 25080 3 This is a selection of extracts [...]

In the absence of soft tissue, skeletal remains are analyzed to identify the deceased. This assessment involves establishing the biological profile that aids medicolegal investigations and fulfils the right of the dead to be identified. Since the mandible is the strongest bone in the skull and easily identifiable, even when fragmented, this study aimed to systematically review its value in constructing the biological profile in the published literature. We searched PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature and collected cross-sectional studies published in English before 2021. A risk of bias assessment was completed based on Joanna Briggs Institute's critical appraisal tools. The data are presented descriptively and were analyzed using Microsoft Office Excel 365.

•Insights on the effect of Connected and Automated Mobility on Urban Liveability.•Bringing together views of planners from US and EU cities.•Revealed divergence from traditional transportation concepts.•Presenting a Causal Loop Diagram that can be used as a living tool.•Identified feedbacks from private vehicles on public benefits and economic vitality.

An interplanetary shock can abruptly compress the magnetosphere, excite magnetospheric waves and field‐aligned currents, and cause a ground magnetic response known as a sudden commencement (SC). However, the transient (<∼1 min) response of the ionosphere‐thermosphere system during an SC has been little studied due to limited temporal resolution in previous investigations. Here, we report observations of a global reversal of ionospheric vertical plasma motion during an SC on 24 October 2011 using ∼6 s resolution Super Dual Auroral Radar Network ground scatter data. The dayside ionosphere suddenly moved downward during the magnetospheric compression due to the SC, lasting for only ∼1 min before moving upward. By contrast, the post‐midnight ionosphere briefly moved upward then moved downward during the SC. Simulations with a coupled geospace model suggest that the reversed E⃗×B⃗$\vec{E}\times \vec{B}$vertical drift is caused by a global reversal of ionospheric zonal electric field induced by magnetospheric compression during the SC. It is well‐known that a shock wave can suddenly compress objects they directly interact with. In this study, we report a special case in the geospace environment in which an interplanetary shock produced a concussion‐like response in the ionosphere that was tens of thousands of kilometers away from the location where the shock first impacted. The ionized part of the atmosphere, or the ionosphere, was remotely connected to the magnetosphere‐the region of geospace dominated by the Earth's magnetic field‐via electric currents. When the magnetosphere was abruptly compressed after the shock arrival, a pair of electric currents flowing along the geomagnetic field lines was generated in the dayside mid‐latitudes. The newly generated currents flipped the dayside ionospheric electric field from eastward to westward, leading to a downward motion of dayside ionospheric charged particles. Within 1 minute, the vertical motion and zonal electric field flipped again to the direction before the compression due to the generation of another pair of electric currents with an opposite sense to the first pair. This study depicts a global picture of the transient ionospheric response using multi‐point high‐resolution measurements and simulations with a state‐of‐the‐art fully coupled geospace model. Dayside ionospheric plasma undergoes a transient motion from downward to upward during a sudden commencement (SC)Both observations and simulations show that the reversed vertical drift is a global response of the ionosphere to the SCThe transient response is caused by a reversal of induced zonal electric field during the SC Dayside ionospheric plasma undergoes a transient motion from downward to upward during a sudden commencement (SC) Both observations and simulations show that the reversed vertical drift is a global response of the ionosphere to the SC The transient response is caused by a reversal of induced zonal electric field during the SC

Land use and transport interaction (LUTI) plan in a sustainable urban development should achieve the highest expected utility in technical, economic, environmental and social aspects for city long term strategic planning. In fact, congestion and urban sprawl, which contributes to carbon emissions, are the most problems faced by many cities worldwide. For the high-risk cities in disaster-prone area, the strategies selected in a land-use and transport plan should not only deal with the carbon emissions problem but also it should consider the possibility of disaster occurrence. This paper presents an approach of disaster mitigation strategies integration in a land-use transport plan interaction. The approach combines the disaster mitigation with conventional land use and transport strategies in order to achieve the objectives of urban risk reduction and urban transport sustainability. The possible strategies proposed then will be presented in a case study area selected, which is called as Banda Aceh Integrated land use and transport plan (BILT). The BILT approach provide the new insight in land use and transport interaction plan by breaking the trapped within the hard shell of conventional transport strategic, regarding how to make a better long term strategic planning of a high-risk city in minimizing disaster risk and achieve carbon emission reduction simultaneously in the context of urban risk reduction urban transport sustainability.

The estimation of speed from a single vehicle detector has been a popular area of research largely due to the potential for reduced maintenance and installation costs associated with the more conventional method of using two closely spaced detectors with a known offset distance. Speed cannot be directly measured using a single detector but flow and occupancy measurements (the percentage of time a detector is occupied in any given sample) can be recorded and used to estimate the speed and subsequently, using the vehicle presence time, the length of vehicles.

Intense sunward (westward) plasma flows, named Subauroral Polarization Stream (SAPS), have been known to occur equatorward of the electron auroras for decades, yet their effect on the upper thermosphere has not been well understood. On the one hand, the large velocity of SAPS results in large momentum exchange upon each ion‐neutral collision. On the other hand, the low plasma density associated with SAPS implies a low ion‐neutral collision frequency. We investigate the SAPS effect during non‐storm time by utilizing a Scanning Doppler Imager (SDI) for monitoring the upper thermosphere, SuperDARN radars for SAPS, all‐sky imagers and DMSP Spectrographic Imager for the auroral oval, and GPS receivers for the total electron content. Our observations suggest that SAPS at times drives substantial (>50 m/s) westward winds at subauroral latitudes in the dusk‐midnight sector, but not always. The occurrence of the westward winds varies with AEindex, plasma content in the trough, and local time. The latitudinally averaged wind speed varies from 60 to 160 m/s, and is statistically 21% of the plasma. These westward winds also shift to lower latitude with increasing AEand increasing MLT. We do not observe SAPS driving poleward wind surges, neutral temperature enhancements, or acoustic‐gravity waves, likely due to the somewhat weak forcing of SAPS during the non‐storm time. Subauroral Polarization Stream (SAPS) at times drives substantial (>; 50‐m/s) westward winds at subauroral latitudes in the dusk‐midnight sector, but not alwaysThe occurrence of the SAPS‐driven winds varies with AE index, plasma content in the trough, and the local timeThe wind speed is 21% of SAPS flow, implying a weaker ion‐neutral coupling during non‐storm than active time Subauroral Polarization Stream (SAPS) at times drives substantial (>; 50‐m/s) westward winds at subauroral latitudes in the dusk‐midnight sector, but not always The occurrence of the SAPS‐driven winds varies with AE index, plasma content in the trough, and the local time The wind speed is 21% of SAPS flow, implying a weaker ion‐neutral coupling during non‐storm than active time

There is renewed interest in Europe in the potential role of new automated technologies for urban transport. One such system is personal rapid transit (PRT), a system of automated demand-responsive vehicles designed to transport individuals directly to their destinations. Assessing the contribution of such a system when applied extensively in an urban area is challenging. Methods used to assess the potential viability of traditional systems have to be updated to incorporate the new technologies. Several interrelated methods are examined to assess the feasibility and potential benefits of a citywide PRT system by using a case study region. Microsimulation analysis is used to obtain relationships between network characteristics, level of service, demand, and system performances. Outputs from this analysis feed into the strategic model that is used to test the contribution that such a system will make. Outputs from both the microsimulation and strategic modeling are used in the creation and running of a business case tool that provides the basis of the economic justification for such a scheme. Finally, barriers to the introduction of a PRT system are described, along with means of overcoming them.

There has been growing interest in Europe in the development of integrated transport strategies, in which individual policy instruments are combined to complement one another and to achieve improved performance against a given set of policy objectives. This paper applies an optimization procedure to identify optimal strategies for packages of transport policy instruments without, and then with, constraints on finance and targets for global warming and safety. Some exploratory tests have also been carried out on land use strategies, and they are reported here in brief. Results demonstrate that the methodology is robust and can be applied with different transport models and with constraints applied both to policy instruments and to objectives. All optimal strategies found involved substantial reductions in fare levels throughout the study area. Where it was not possible to change fares, the strategies were substantially less effective when measured against the objectives. Most optimal strategies involved increases in public transport frequencies, although their scale varied between cities. All optimal strategies included peak-period cordon charges to enter the city center, though the optimal level varied between cities. Financially constrained strategies were found to involve smaller fare reductions and higher cordon charges; in some cases frequency increases were smaller. These constrained optima still performed well; the greatest reduction in benefit was only 15%. The net present value of the benefit generated was about €2,000M (€1 = $1.20 US, 2005) in Edinburgh and more than €4,000M in Leeds, United Kingdom. The impact of transport strategies on land use was small, and development constraints had to be used to reverse urban sprawl.

Reviews the play 'The Tempest,' by William Shakespeare.

This paper discusses the implementation of a pipelined architecture for implementing large block size Winograd FFTs. The advantages of using the Winograd over the Cooley-Tukey radix-2 FFT are discussed and some estimates of possible power consumption of a silicon implementation of the architecture are made.

This paper presents a review of traffic control as applied to congested or over-saturated conditions. The paper begins with an introduction to traffic control in general, it then goes on to describe types of congestion, objectives for congestion control and some approaches to congestion control. Although the paper is mainly concerned with traffic signal control, other measures such as road pricing are described briefly.More and more, traffic engineers have realized that existing traffic signals fail to perform satisfactorily under prolonged congestion or over-saturated conditions. The paper identifies a number of theoretical studies which attempt to deal with such problems. It then describes the following traffic control systems, OPAC, PRODYN, SAGA, SCATS, SCOOT, STAUKO and UTOPIA, some more developed than others, and discusses their ability to deal with congestion. The paper presents the author's conclusions and recommendations for future research in the development of over-saturation strategies.

Julia Epstein and Kristina Straub (eds), Bodyguards: The Cultural Politics of Gender Ambiguity (New York and London: Routledge, 1992), 400 pp., £40.00 (hardback), £12.90 (paperback)Marjorie Garber, Vested Interests: Cross-dressing and Cultural Anxiety (New York and London: Routledge, 1992), 500 pp., £25.00 (hardback)Joseph Bristow (ed.), Sexual Sameness: Textual Differences in Lesbian and Gay Writing (London and New York: Routledge, 1992), 262 pp., £35.00 (hardback), £10.99 (paperback)Peter Middleton, The Inward Gaze: Masculinity and Subjectivity in Modern Culture (London and New York: Routledge, 1992), 250 pp., £35.00 (hardback), £10.99 (paperback)Sally Robinson, Engendering the Subject: Gender and Self-Representation in Contemporary Women's Fiction (Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 1991), 248 pp., $14.95 (paperback)Sue Roe, Writing and Gender: Virginia Woolf's Writing Practice (Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf/St Martin's Press, 1990), xii + 202 pp., £40.00 (hardback), £10.95 (paperback)Gilles Deleuze, Empiricism and Subjectivity: An Essay on Hume's Theory of Human Nature, translated by Constantin V. Boundas (New York: Columbia University Press, 1991), xv + 163 pp., $27.00 (hardback)John Bender and David E. Wellberry (eds), Chronotypes. The Construction of Time (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1991), 258 pp., $39.90 (hardback)Anthony Giddens, Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1991), 256 pp., £39.50 (hardback), £11.95 (paperback)Paisley Livingston, Literature and Rationality: Ideas of Agency in Theory and Fiction (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 256 pp., £30.00 (hardback)John B. Thompson, Ideology and Modern Culture: Critical Social Theory in the Era of Mass Communication (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1990), 362 pp., £10.95 (paperback)Albrecht Wellmer, The Persistence of Modernity: Essays on Aesthetics, Ethics and Postmodernism (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1991), 266 pp., £35.00 (hardback)Ralph Cohen (ed.), The Future of Literary Criticism (London and New York: Routledge, 1989), 445 pp., £14.99 (paperback)Joseph Grixti, Terrors of Uncertainty: The Cultural Contexts of Horror Fiction (London and New York: Routledge, 1989), xviii + 214 pp., £10.99 (paperback)Leslie Hill, Beckett's Fiction: In Different Words (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 224 pp., £29.95 (hardback)Carla Locatelli, Unwording the World: Samuel Beckett's Prose Works After the Nobel Prize (Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1990), 288 pp., $29.95 (hardback)Jeremy Hawthorn: Joseph Conrad. Narrative Technique and Ideological Commitment (London: Edward Arnold, 1990), 271 pp., £30.00 (hardback)N. Coupland, H. Giles and J. M. Wiemann (eds), 'Miscommunication' and Problematic Talk (Newbury Park: Sage Publications, 1991), 374 pp., £37.95 (hardback), £18.95 (paperback)

The article answers a question about the rugby football player who had an anterior cruciate ligament injury on how to reintroduce himself to contact. Before reintroducing contact, it is important to make sure that the knee is already strong enough. This can be done with gym work outs and plyometric exercises. Tips for reintroducing contact with the ground, contact with an opponent and an opponent making contact are provided.