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The quality of computer generated images of three-dimensional scenes depends on the shading technique used to paint the objects on the cathode-ray tube screen. The shading algorithm itself depends in part on the method for modeling the object, which also determines the hidden surface algorithm. The various methods of object modeling, shading, and hidden surface removal are thus strongly interconnected. Several shading techniques corresponding to different methods of object modeling and the related hidden surface algorithms are presented here, Human visual perception and the fundamental laws of optics are considered in the development of a shading rule that provides better quality and increased realism in generated images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An interplay between carbon and phosphorus is known to regulate root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF); however, it is unclear whether plant C or plant P status plays a bigger role in controlling the abundance of arbuscules (the primary site of nutrient exchange in AMF symbiosis) in roots. In this study, 'Pinot noir' grapevine (Vitis vinifera) was grown in an unsterilized vineyard soil and colonized by indigenous AMF in two experiments, where photosynthetic capacity (defoliation or shading) and shoot nutrition (foliar fertilizer) were manipulated. Temporal changes in root colonization by AMF and plant growth and nutrition were determined. Foliar fertilizer application increased P and K uptake, but reduced Cu uptake in both experiments. Decreasing the photosynthetic capacity of shoots due to defoliation or shading rapidly reduced arbuscules in fine roots (within 7 to 14 days). In contrast a 3-fold increase in shoot P status from foliar fertilizer only reduced arbuscules after a more prolonged time (28 to 56 days). The combination of shading (15% of full sun) and foliar P application reduced arbuscules more than shading alone within the first month, whereas foliar P use in full sun had no influence on arbuscules within a month. Returning plants to full sun after 28 days in shade resulted in a resurgence of arbuscules in roots regardless of plant P status. Arbuscules in grapevine roots are regulated by the interaction between plant C and P status, such that high shoot P reduces arbuscule formation or maintenance more when combined with reduced plant photosynthesis. This indicates that grapevines do not reduce AMF nutrient transfer as an immediate response to elevated shoot P as long as plants are maintained in a high light environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Users, at first awestruck by computer graphics, are now demanding improved photo-realistic capabilities that will allow the creation of images comparable to photographs. Rendering methods have improved so that flat polygonal surfaces and shading techniques can produce metallic surfaces and texture mapping that improve image presentation. These methods have been incorporated into rendering and shading programs. The typical rendering system simulates optical reality using a monolithic program controlled by selection of options, parameters and maps of various kinds. One problem with this approach is that it is assumed that all functionality needed will be available in one package. A new approach is represented by the RenderMan Shading Language, which is designed is provide the programmer with a solid basic system to which new tools can be added. Users can customize the language and use tools created by third-party developers.

Norwegian mobile operator Tele2 has failed to secure any additional 3G and 4G spectrum in Norway's auction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scanners: Going gray gracefully Scanners close the computer-to-paper loop, allowing users to input, store and manipulate hard copy, graphics and text images in a computer. That capability can be extremely […]

The intersection of three such dynamic areas as animation, video and computers was bound to produce innovative ways of doing things and new terms to go along with them. Here's […]

Visual:Genisys is three-dimensional (3-D) scene modeling software available from Visual Engineering. The software uses constant-time ray tracing technology to enable 3-D objects and scenes to be produced from 3-D data. Visual:Genisys has features that include anti-aliasing, a hierarchical database and an assumed camera and lighting control. The software package will be available on DEC and Pyramid systems using UNIX. The price is subject to system arrangement, but prices vary from $10,000 to $75,000.

The Models HV01 and HV02 are DMOS drivers that are capable of accommodating electroluminescent flat-panel displays with 1000 x 1000 densities. The HV01 column driver is the only chip capable of providing gray shading, and the HV02 row driver has a 16-Bit shift register and sixteen open drain DMOS output devices. It can also handle 500 mA at 200 Volts.

Desktop computers have capability for three-dimensional graphics modeling due to declining memory costs, pipelined processing, and hierarchical software. Stand-alone computers can often shade and transform graphics in real time and faster than a host computer. Many graphics workstations use multiple processors to carry out 3D operations. Several graphics systems are illustrated by diagrams.

Gray-scales'ware fills need for pc-based half-tones NEW YORK -- The exploding demand for generating half-tones in pc-based desktop and electronic publishing systems has led to the development of gray-scale software. […]