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Für die Basis- und erweiterten Reanimationsmaßnahmen (Basic and Advanced Life Support) liegen klare Handlungsanweisungen für die Akutversorgung bei Herz-Kreislauf-Stillstand vor. Für die Übernahme erfolgreich reanimierter Patienten von der Präklinik in klinische Strukturen nach einer erfolgreichen Reanimation gibt es Empfehlungen, jedoch wenige detaillierte Handlungsanweisungen. Klar definiert ist nur, dass bei Vorliegen eines ST-Hebungs-Infarkts nach „return of spontaneous circulation“ (ROSC) schnellstmöglich eine Koronarangiographie erfolgen muss. Wie allerdings die erste Phase der Akutversorgung in der erstversorgenden klinischen Einrichtung – ob im Herzkatheter, im Schockraum oder auf der Intensivstation – konkret erfolgen soll, ist bisher dem diensthabenden Arzt überlassen, der sich bestenfalls auf klinikinterne Standardabläufe berufen kann. Trotz der enormen Fortschritte und neuen Erkenntnisse in der Akut‑, Intensiv- und Notfallmedizin ist die innerklinische Mortalität, wie auch das Langzeitüberleben nach erfolgreicher Reanimation, nach wie vor niedrig und von verschiedensten Faktoren abhängig. Zur Optimierung der innerklinischen Akutversorgung erfolgreich reanimierter Patienten wurde im Universitätsklinikum Freiburg ein interdisziplinäres Aufnahmeteam, das sog. Cardiac Arrest Receiving Team (CART), implementiert. Ziel des CART ist es, reanimierte Patienten möglichst rasch und standardisiert mit festgelegten diagnostischen und therapeutischen Pfaden zu versorgen. Hierzu kommt ein spezialisiertes Team im Bereich des Reanimations- und Postreanimationsmanagements zusammen. Dementsprechend wurden klare Kriterien für die Primärversorgung und deren Örtlichkeit (Schockraum vs. Herzkatheterlabor), die Zusammenstellung des CART sowie konkrete Behandlungsmaßnahmen definiert.

Seit einem Jahrzehnt ist die milde therapeutische Hypothermie fester Bestandteil der Postreanimationstherapie, wenngleich es in den letzten beiden Jahren eine intensive Diskussion über das „targeted temperature management“ gab. Diese Untersuchung betrachtet den Einsatz der milden therapeutischen Hypothermie durch die Notarztstandorte in Baden-Württemberg und vergleicht diese mit einer Umfrage aus dem Jahr 2008. Die Umfrage wurde an den leidenden Arzt der Notarztstandorte in Baden-Württemberg verschickt. Der Umfragezeitraum war von April bis August 2014. Der Fragebogen glich in Teilen einem bereits im Jahr 2008 eingesetzten Bogen, um eine Vergleichbarkeit mit den Daten von 2008 zu gewährleisten, setzte aber auch neue Schwerpunkte. Die Bögen wurden anonymisiert ausgewertet. Die Rücklaufquote betrug 72,4 % (134/97). Von den 97 antwortenden Standorten setzen signifikant mehr eine präklinische Kühlung ein (72,2 % [97/70] vs. 41,7 %), als noch im Jahr 2008. Von den Notarztstandorten mit Möglichkeit einer präklinischen Kühlung gaben 62,9 % (70/44) an, routinemäßig zu kühlen. Zur Anwendung kommen dort – Doppelnennungen waren möglich – kalte Infusionslösungen (85,7 %), Eispacks (64,3 %), passive Kühlung (37,1 %), nasale Kühlung (2,9 %) und Kühlhaube (1,4 %). Standorte, die keine Kühlung durchführen, nannten fehlendes Equipment, kurze Transportzeiten und fehlende Datenlage für den Verzicht auf eine Kühlung. 4 Standorte berichteten von Komplikationen durch die Kühltherapie. Es zeigt sich, dass die präklinische Kühlung nach erfolgreicher Reanimation im Vergleich zum Jahr 2008 signifikant häufiger eingesetzt wird. Die im Jahr 2013 aufgekommene Diskussion über das aktive Temperaturmanagement führte nicht zu einer Reduktion des Einsatzes einer präklinischen Hypothermieinduktion. Ebenso zeigte sich, dass die Komplikationsrate durch die Kühlung von den befragten Standorten als sehr niedrig eingeschätzt wurde. Zumeist ist einzig das Fehlen der Ausrüstung der Grund für den Verzicht auf eine präklinische Kühlung. Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass die präklinische Kühltherapie ein fester Bestandteil der Regelversorgung reanimierter Patienten in Baden-Württemberg geworden ist. During the last decade target temperature management has become an integral part of postresuscitation care. Within recent years there was a strong debate about the optimal target temperature, which might have effects on the preclinical induction of hypothermia. The present investigation focuses on the use of mild therapeutic hypothermia by emergency services in the state of Baden-Württemberg (Germany) and compares it to results of a prior study in 2008. Between April and August 2014 a questionnaire was sent to all senior emergency physicians of emergency services in Baden Württemberg. The survey period was April to August of 2014. Parts of the questionnaire were similar to a previous one in 2008, to ensure comparability to the former data; other parts were added to set new focuses. The data were analyzed in anonymized form. The response rate was 72.4% (97/134). Of the 97 sites which responded to the questionnaire significantly more use preclinical hypothermia, compared to 2008 (72.2% [70/97] vs. 41.7%); 62.9% (44/70) declare cooling resuscitated patients routinely (vs. 17.7% in 2008). Cold infusions (85.7%), icepacks (64.3%), passive cooling (37.1%), nasal cooling (2.9%) and cooling caps (1.4%) are used (multiple naming was possible). Sites that did not use mild therapeutic hypothermia stated the following reasons: lack of equipment, short transport time and missing data for the intervention. Four sites reported on complications with therapeutic hypothermia. The present investigation shows an increased use of preclinical cooling after cardiopulmonary resuscitation as compared to 2008. Therefore, recent discussions concerning the optimal target temperature in postresuscitation care did not result in a waiving of preclinical therapeutic strategies in Baden-Württemberg. The emergency services sites/locations estimated the complication rates of mild therapeutic hypothermia as very low. Lack of equipment seems to be the main reason to refuse the preclinical use of therapeutic hypothermia. In conclusion, preclinical mild therapeutic hypothermia has become an integral part in the standard care of resuscitated patients in Baden-Württemberg.

Die zeitgerechte medizinische Versorgung der Bevölkerung in Notfallsituationen ist eine enorme Herausforderung des Gesundheitswesens und gewinnt zunehmend an Bedeutung. Durch diese Entwicklung hat sich die klinische Akut- und Notfallmedizin enorm weiterentwickelt und ist dabei, sich weiter zu professionalisieren. Verschiedene Fachgesellschaften und medizinische Vereinigungen haben in den letzten Jahren wesentliche Positionspapiere publiziert und grundlegend neue Versorgungsstrukturen und -aufträge gefordert. Daneben wurden durch die Initiative einzelner notfallmedizinischer Fachgebiete schon notfallmedizinische Versorgungsstrukturen und Zentren erfolgreich etabliert. Die Herausforderung der Zukunft ist die flächendeckende Etablierung, Bündelung und Integration dieser Strukturen und Prozessen innerhalb definitiver Versorgungszentren. Das zentrale Anliegen aller Beteiligten muss die optimale Versorgung von Notfallpatienten sein. The timely medical treatment of the population in emergency situations is an enormous challenge for the healthcare system and is becoming increasingly more important. Due to this development clinical acute and emergency medicine has undergone enormous progress and is in the process of further professionalization. Various specialist societies and medical associations have published essential position papers in recent years and demanded fundamentally new healthcare structures and assignments. Additionally, emergency medical healthcare structures and centers have already been established on the initiative of individual emergency medical specialist disciplines. The future challenge is the nationwide establishment, grouping and integration of the structures and processes within definitive healthcare centers. The main objective of all involved must be the optimal care of emergency patients.

Walk through this fragrant field of purple heather and watch giant clouds drift across the brilliant Tasmanian sky. PHOTOGRAPH BY B. […]

Im Oktober 2015 wurden die Leitlinien zur kardiopulmonalen Reanimation und Postreanimationsbehandlung vom European Resuscitation Council (ERC) überarbeitet. In den Basis- und der erweiterten Reanimationsmaßnahmen (Basic/Advanced Life Support) gab es hier wenige Änderungen, dennoch kam es zu einigen Präzisierungen der Vorgaben aus dem Jahr 2010. Im vorliegenden Artikel wird das Vorgehen im Basic/Advanced Life Support entsprechend den vorliegenden Empfehlungen geschildert und die Neuerungen aus dem Jahr 2015 werden nochmals hervorgehoben. Weiterhin werden mögliche Zukunftsperspektiven in der Therapie des Herz-Kreislauf-Stillstands aufgezeigt, um die Überlebenschancen in der Zukunft zu verbessern. The revised guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation were implemented by the European Resuscitation Council (ERC) in October 2015. There were few changes concerning basic and advanced life support; however, some issues were clarified compared to the ERC recommendations from 2010. The present paper summarizes the procedures of basic and advanced life support according to the current guidelines and highlights the updates of 2015. Furthermore, the article depicts future prospects of cardiopulmonary resuscitation that may improve outcome of patients after cardiac arrest in the future.

Cases of absorbing aerosols above clouds (AACs), such as smoke or mineral dust, are omitted from most routinely processed space‐based aerosol optical depth (AOD) data products, including those from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). This study presents a sensitivity analysis and preliminary algorithm to retrieve above‐cloud AOD and liquid cloud optical depth (COD) for AAC cases from MODIS or similar sensors, for incorporation into a future version of the “Deep Blue” AOD data product. Detailed retrieval simulations suggest that these sensors should be able to determine AAC AOD with a typical level of uncertainty ∼25–50% (with lower uncertainties for more strongly absorbing aerosol types) and COD with an uncertainty ∼10–20%, if an appropriate aerosol optical model is known beforehand. Errors are larger, particularly if the aerosols are only weakly absorbing, if the aerosol optical properties are not known, and the appropriate model to use must also be retrieved. Actual retrieval errors are also compared to uncertainty envelopes obtained through the optimal estimation (OE) technique; OE‐based uncertainties are found to be generally reasonable for COD but larger than actual retrieval errors for AOD, due in part to difficulties in quantifying the degree of spectral correlation of forward model error. The algorithm is also applied to two MODIS scenes (one smoke and one dust) for which near‐coincident NASA Ames Airborne Tracking Sun photometer (AATS) data were available to use as a ground truth AOD data source, and found to be in good agreement, demonstrating the validity of the technique with real observations. Absorbing aerosols above clouds are an important data gapRetrieval algorithm developed for MODIS‐like sensorsValidation presented using two case studies with airborne data

Abstract: We present a parameter-free theory of the collective excitations in simple liquids such as liquid metals or rare gases. The theory is based on the mode-coupling theory (MCT), which has been previously applied successfully for explaining the liquid-to glass transition. The only input is the liquid structure factor. We achieve good agreement both for the liquid dispersion (maximum of the longitudinal current spectrum) and width (damping) with experimental findings. The time-dependent memory function predicted by MCT has a two-step exponential decay as previously found in computer simulations. Furthermore MCT predicts a scaling of the liquid dispersion with the effective hard-sphere diameter of the materials. This scaling is obeyed by the available experimental data.

Designing and developing truly tumor-specific prodrugs remains a challenge in the field of cancer chemotherapy. Active targeting strategies, on the one hand, aim at exploiting membrane-associated receptors or antigens for drug delivery; on the other hand, the enhanced vascular permeability and retention of macromolecules in tumor tissue substantiates the concept of passive targeting. Consequently, research efforts have concentrated on conjugating anticancer agents with a wide spectrum of carriers including antibodies, peptides, serum proteins, and synthetic polymers. Conversely, low-molecular weight prodrugs of anticancer agents have been developed that do not bear an active or passive targeting moiety, but are activated by tumorassociated enzymes at the tumor site. Anthracyclines probably represent the class of anticancer agents that has been most widely used for the development of prodrugs. This overview gives an update of the various low- and high-molecular weight prodrugs of anthracyclines, e.g. with antibodies, peptides, carbohydrates, serum proteins or synthetic polymers, that have been developed over the past 20 years and that exemplify the salient features of a respective drug delivery system. A detailed description will be dedicated to anthracycline prodrugs that have reached an advanced stage of preclinical testing or that have entered clinical trials.

Background & Aims: Some patients with Crohn's disease (CD) develop antibodies against mannan, a component of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall. Mannan-binding lectin (MBL), a component of the innate immune system, can bind to S. cerevisiae. MBL concentration depends on genetic polymorphisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether low MBL contributes to anti-S. cerevisiae antibody (ASCA) production. Methods: ASCA and MBL concentrations in sera from patients with CD (n = 74), ulcerative colitis (UC) (n = 22), and healthy controls (n = 32) were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Genetic MBL variants were determined from 58 CD patients, 18 UC patients, and 47 controls by DNA sequencing. Lymphocytes were tested for proliferative response after stimulation with mannan. Results: ASCA were found in 47% of the patients with CD and in 0% of the controls. More ASCA-positive patients (52%) had low serum MBL concentrations compared with ASCA-negative patients (4%) (P < 0.0001). T-cell proliferation in response to mannan stimulation was observed in ASCA-positive patients and could be inhibited by the addition of MBL. These patients had significantly lower MBL serum concentrations than patients whose lymphocytes did not proliferate on mannan stimulation (P < 0.0001). Homozygous or compound heterozygous MBL mutations in the exon 1 and promoter occurred in 12 patients with cellular or humoral immune reactivity to mannan as compared with only 1 nonreactive patient (P < 0.0001). Conclusions: A subgroup of CD patients is characterized by ASCA positivity, T-cell proliferation on mannan stimulation, and mutations in the MBL gene that result in MBL deficiency. Thus, we propose that enhanced mannan exposure stimulates specific immune responses in a subgroup of CD patients with genetically determined low MBL concentrations. This enhanced exposure contributes to the generation of ASCA.

Zusammenfassung: Auf Intensivstationen mssen oft verschiedene Medikamente als Misch- oder Parallelinfusionen eingesetzt werden.Hierbei besteht ein groes Potenzial an unerwnschten physikalisch-chemischen Reaktionen. Fnf Jahre nach der Einfhrung einer einfachen Farbkodierung zur Verminderung von Inkompatibilittsreaktionen wurde die aktuelle Situation berprft. Es wurden 78 unterschiedliche Medikamentenregimes erfasst und die Inkompatibilitten/Kompatibilitten der Verabreichung mit den Literaturangaben verglichen.Vor der Einfhrung der Farbkodierung waren auf der Intensivstation 15% der verabreichten Medikamente inkompatibel. Durch Einfhrung des Farbsystems sowie durch die intensive Zusammenarbeit der klinischen Pharmazie mit dem Pflegepersonal und den rzten auf der Intensivstation konnte die Rate auf 2% gesenkt werden, die auch 5 Jahre danach konstant blieb.Die Akzeptanz des Farbsystems ist sehr gro, da ohne Mehraufwand Unsicherheiten und Fehler in diesem Gebiet abgebaut werden konnten.

Investigations of the morphology of metal oxide scales formed at high temperatures in oxidative environments are usually undertaken after exposure of the samples is completed. In this study, an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) was used as a tool for the in‐situ observation of oxide scale formation. Pure nickel and chromium samples were oxidized at a temperature of 973 K in either pure oxygen or water vapour at a pressure of 667 Pa. The evolution of an oxide scale was followed in‐situ for up to 3 h. The morphology of the developing oxide scales was found to be a function of the metal substrate and the gaseous species. The growth mechanisms of the different metal oxide scales are reviewed and related to the analysed in‐situ images. Emphasis is placed on the relationship between oxidation mechanism and scale morphology. Nickel is seen to oxidise by outward diffusion of nickel probably on oxide grain boundaries when exposed to oxygen. Water vapour changes the scale morphology and a duplex‐type scale arises due to preferential overgrowth. The scale which develops due to chromium oxidation in oxygen is a fine‐grained, thin, and dense layer. In contrast, water vapour leads to whisker growth on chromium and an open, felt‐like structure forms. The applicability of the ESEM to the study of such systems is demonstrated, and its limitations are outlined. The results are encouraging examples of the possibilities which the in‐situ ESEM technique possesses.

This study assessed the clinical efficacy of a chemically standardized willow bark extract in the treatment of osteoarthritis. Willow bark extract, in a dose corresponding to 240 mg salicin/day, was compared with placebo in a 2‐week, double‐blind, randomized controlled trial. The primary outcome measure was the pain dimension of the WOMAC Osteoarthritis Index. Secondary outcome measures included the stiffness and physical function dimensions of the WOMAC, daily visual analogue scales (VAS) on pain and physical function, and final overall assessments by both patients and investigators. A total of 78 patients (39 willow bark extract, 39 placebo) participated in the trial. A statistically significant difference between the active treatment and the placebo group was observed in the WOMAC pain dimension (d= 6.5 mm, 95% C.I. = 0.2–12.7 mm, p= 0.047); the WOMAC pain score was reduced by 14% from the baseline level after 2 weeks of active treatment, compared with an increase of 2% in the placebo group. The patient diary VAS confirmed this result, and likewise the final overall assessments showed superiority of the willow bark extract over the placebo (patients' assessment, p= 0.0002; investigators' assessment, p= 0.0073). It is concluded that the willow bark extract showed a moderate analgesic effect in osteoarthritis and appeared to be well tolerated. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Studienziel:Untersuchung der analgetischen Wirksamkeit eines chemisch standardisierten Weidenrindenextraktes bei der Behandlung von Arthrose. Methoden:Weidenrindenextrakt, in einer Dosis entsprechend 240mg Salicin pro Tag, wurde in einer¶2-wöchigen, doppelblinden, randomisierten Studie gegen Placebo geprüft. Hauptzielparameter war die Schmerzdimension des WOMAC-Arthrose-Indexes. Als Nebenzielparameter dienten die WOMAC-Teilscores zu Steifigkeit und Funktionsfähigkeit, tägliche visuelle Analogskalen (VAS) zu Schmerz und Bewegungseinschränkung und das abschließende Gesamturteil sowohl des Patienten als auch des Arztes. Ergebnisse:78 Patienten (39 Weidenrindenextrakt, 39 Placebo) nahmen an der Studie teil. Ein statistisch signifikanter Unterschied zwischen Verum- und Placebogruppe wurde für die WOMAC-Schmerzdimension beobachtet (d=6,5mm, 95% C.I.=0,2–12,7mm, p=0,047); während der Behandlung verringerte sich der WOMAC-Schmerzscore gegenüber dem Ausgangswert um 14% in der Verumgruppe, verglichen mit einem Anstieg von 2% in der Placebogruppe. Dieses Ergebnis wurde durch die VAS der Patiententagebücher bestätigt. Die abschließenden Gesamturteile zeigten eine deutliche Überlegenheit des Weidenrindenextraktes gegenüber Placebo (Patientenurteil, p=0,0002; Arzturteil, p=0,0073). Schlussfolgerung:Weidenrindenextrakt zeigt eine moderate analgetische Wirksamkeit bei Arthrosepatienten. Objective:To assess the clinical efficacy of a chemically standardized willow bark extract in the treatment of osteoarthritis. Methods:Willow bark extract, in a dose corresponding to 240mg salicin/day, was compared to placebo in a 2-week, double-blind, randomized controlled trial. The primary outcome measure was the pain dimension of the WOMAC Osteoarthritis Index. Secondary outcome measures included the stiffness and physical function dimensions of the WOMAC, daily visual analogue scales (VAS) on pain and physical function, and final overall assessment by both patients and investigators. Results:78 patients (39 willow bark extract, 39 placebo) participated in the trial. A statistically significant difference between active treatment and placebo group was observed in the WOMAC pain dimension (d=6.5mm, 95%¶C.I.=0.2–12.7mm, p=0.047); the WOMAC pain score was reduced by 14% from baseline level after two weeks of active treatment, compared to an increase of 2% in the placebo group. Patient diary VAS confirmed this result, and likewise the final overall assessments showed superiority of willow bark extract over placebo ¶(patients assessment, p=0.0002; investigators assessment, p=0.0073). Conclusion:Willow bark extract shows a moderate analgesic effect in osteoarthritis.

As part of the second Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE‐2) during June and July of 1997, aerosol‐size distributions were measured on board the CIRPAS Pelicanaircraft through the use of a DMA and 2 OPCs. During the campaign, the boundary‐layer aerosol typically possessed characteristics representative of a background marine aerosol or a continentally influenced aerosol, while the free‐tropospheric aerosol was characterized by the presence or absence of a Saharan dust layer. A range of radiative closure comparisons were made using the data obtained during vertical profiles flown on 4 missions. Of particular interest here are the comparisons made between the optical properties as determined through the use of measured aerosol‐size distributions and those measured directly by an airborne 14‐wavelength sunphotometer and 3 nephelometers. Variations in the relative humidity associated with each of the direct measurements required consideration of the hygroscopic properties of the aerosol for size‐distribution‐based calculations. Simultaneous comparison with such a wide range of directly‐measured optical parameters not only offers evidence of the validity of the physicochemical description of the aerosol when closure is achieved, but also provides insight into potential sources of error when some or all of the comparisons result in disagreement. Agreement between the derived and directly‐measured optical properties varied for different measurements and for different cases. Averaged over the 4 case studies, the derived extinction coefficient at 525 nm exceeded that measured by the sunphotometer by 2.5% in the clean boundary layer, but underestimated measurements by 13% during pollution events. For measurements within the free troposphere, the mean derived extinction coefficient was 3.3% and 17% less than that measured by the sunphotometer during dusty and non‐dusty conditions, respectively. Likewise, averaged discrepancies between the derived and measured scattering coefficient were −9.6%, +4.7%, +17%, and −41% for measurements within the clean boundary layer, polluted boundary layer, free troposphere with a dust layer, and free troposphere without a dust layer, respectively. Each of these quantities, as well as the majority of the >100 individual comparisons from which they were averaged, were within estimated uncertainties.

Analysis of the aerosol properties during 3 recent international field campaigns (ACE‐1, TARFOX and ACE‐2) are described using satellite retrievals from NOAA AVHRR data. Validation of the satellite retrieval procedure is performed with airborne, shipboard, and land‐based sunphotometry during ACE‐2. The intercomparison between satellite and surface optical depths has a correlation coefficient of 0.93 for 630 nm wavelength and 0.92 for 860 nm wavelength. The standard error of estimate is 0.025 for 630 nm wavelength and 0.023 for 860 nm wavelength. Regional aerosol properties are examined in composite analysis of aerosol optical properties from the ACE‐1, TARFOX and ACE‐2 regions. ACE‐1 and ACE‐2 regions have strong modes in the distribution of optical depth around 0.1, but the ACE‐2 tails toward higher values yielding an average of 0.16 consistent with pollution and dust aerosol intrusions. The TARFOX region has a noticeable mode of 0.2, but has significant spread of aerosol optical depth values consistent with the varied continental aerosol constituents off the eastern North American Coast.

Aerosol scattering coefficients (σsp) have been measured over the ocean at different relative humidities (RH) as a function of altitude in the region surrounding the Canary Islands during the Second Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE‐2) in June and July 1997. The data were collected by the University of Washington passive humidigraph (UWPH) mounted on the Pelican research aircraft. Concurrently, particle size distributions, absorption coefficients and aerosol optical depth were measured throughout 17 flights. A parameterization of σspas a function of RH was utilized to assess the impact of aerosol hydration on the upwelling radiance (normalized to the solar constant and cosine of zenith angle). The top of the atmosphere radiance signal was simulated at wavelengths corresponding to visible and near‐infrared bands of the EOS‐AM )“Terra”( detectors, MODIS and MISR. The UWPH measured σspat 2 RHs, one below and the other above ambient conditions. Ambient σspwas obtained by interpolation of these 2 measurements. The data were stratified in terms of 3 types of aerosols: Saharan dust, clean marine (marine boundary layer background) and polluted marine aerosols (i.e., 2‐ or 1‐day old polluted aerosols advected from Europe). An empirical relation for the dependence of σspon RH, defined by σsp(RH)=k. (1−RH/100)−γ, was used with the hygroscopic exponent γ derived from the data. The following γ values were obtained for the 3 aerosol types: γ(dust)=0.23±0.05, γ(clean marine)= 0.69±0.06 and γ(polluted marine)=0.57±0.06. Based on the measured γ's, the above equation was utilized to derive aerosol models with different hygroscopicities. The satellite simulation signal code 6S was used to compute the upwelling radiance corresponding to each of those aerosol models at several ambient humidities. For the pre‐launch estimated precision of the sensors and the assumed viewing geometry of the instrument, the simulations suggest that the spectral and angular dependence of the reflectance measured by MISR is not sufficient to distinguish aerosol models with various different combinations of values for dry composition, γ and ambient RH. A similar behavior is observed for MODIS at visible wavelengths. However, the 2100 nm band of MODIS appears to be able to differentiate between at least same aerosol models with different aerosol hygroscopicity given the MODIS calibration error requirements. This result suggests the possibility of retrieval of aerosol hygroscopicity by MODIS.

A bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway acts in the establishment of the dorsoventral axis of the vertebrate embryo. Here we demonstrate the genetic requirement for two different Bmp ligand subclass genes for dorsoventral pattern formation of the zebrafish embryo. From the relative efficiencies observed in Bmp ligand rescue experiments, conserved chromosomal synteny, and isolation of the zebrafish bmp7 gene, we determined that the strongly dorsalized snailhouse mutant phenotype is caused by a mutation in the bmp7 gene. We show that the original snailhouse allele is a hypomorphic mutation and we identify a snailhouse/bmp7 null mutant. We demonstrate that the snailhouse/bmp7 null mutant phenotype is identical to the presumptive null mutant phenotype of the strongest dorsalized zebrafish mutant swirl/bmp2b, revealing equivalent genetic roles for these two Bmp ligands. Double mutant snailhouse/bmp7; swirl/bmp2b embryos do not exhibit additional or stronger dorsalized phenotypes, indicating that these Bmp ligands do not function redundantly in early embryonic development. Furthermore, overexpression experiments reveal that Bmp2b and Bmp7 synergize in the ventralization of wild-type embryos through a cell-autonomous mechanism, suggesting that Bmp2b/Bmp7 heterodimers may act in vivo to specify ventral cell fates in the zebrafish embryo.

Recent reports have demonstrated that feeding small amounts of antigen conjugated to the B subunit of cholera toxin (CTB) suppress immune responses in experimental models of certain T_h1-based autoimmune diseases. We have established a model of aerosol sensitization leading to T_h2-mediated allergic immune responses in BALB/c mice. In the present study two different antigens, the dietary antigen ovalbumin (OVA) and the inhalant allergen Bet v 1 (the major birch pollen allergen), chemically coupled to recombinant CTB were tested for their potential to influence T_h2-like immune responses. Intranasal administration of OVA-CTB prior to sensitization with OVA led to a significant decrease of antigen-specific IgE antibody levels, but a marked increase of OVA-specific IgG2a antibodies as compared to non-pretreated, sensitized animals. Antigen-specific lympho-proliferative responses in vitro were reduced by 65% in the pretreated group; IL-5 and IL-4, but not IFN-γ, production were markedly decreased in responder cells of lungs and spleens of nasally pretreated mice. In contrast, mucosal administration of rBet v 1-CTB conjugates prior to sensitization led to an up-regulation of allergen-specific IgE, IgG1 and IgG2a, increased in vitro lympho-proliferative responses as well as augmented production of IL-5, IL-4, IL-10 and IFN-γ. Intranasal administration prior to sensitization of unconjugated allergens showed also contrasting effects: OVA could not significantly influence antigen-specific antibody or cytokine production, whereas intranasal pretreatment with unconjugated Bet v 1 suppressed allergen-specific immune responses in vivo and in vitro. These results demonstrated that the two antigens--in conjugated as in unconjugated form--had different effects on the T_h2 immune responses. We therefore conclude that the tolerogenic or immunogenic properties of CTB--and probably also other antigen-delivery systems--strongly depend on the nature of the coupled antigen-allergen.

Selected samples of carbonaceous deposit from metal dusting corrosion have been investigated. The morphology and the internal structure were examined by light microscopy, environmental scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive analysis of X-rays. Alternating structures within the carbonaceous deposits have been observed, which suggest that metal dusting is an oscillatory corrosion process. The results are discussed in the light of reported examples of oscillatory high-temperature reactions. Nonequilibrium phases have been observed, and it is speculated on their origin and influence on metal dusting. The localized character of this corrosion type is emphasized. Conclusions about the influence of oxygen in the mechanism of metal dusting are given, leading to the idea of alternating carburizing and oxidizing conditions occurring in the metal dusting process.

Background: The use of adequate adjuvants to modulate the allergic T "H"2-type immune response is a promising concept for future immunotherapy of type I allergy. Bacterial DNA or oligodeoxynucleotides containing CpG motifs (CpG-ODNs) have been demonstrated to foster T "H"1-type immune responses. Objective: We investigated the adjuvanticity of CpG-ODNs and their capability to modulate the allergic T "H"2 response in a mouse model. Methods: BALB/c mice were treated with CpG-ODNs and Bet v 1, the major birch pollen allergen, in different experimental setups. Allergen-specific antibody responses, T "H cytokines, and eosinophilic infiltration of the airways were investigated. Results: Intraperitoneal administration of Bet v 1 together with aluminium hydroxide led to a typical T "H"2 response. In contrast, coadminstration of CpG-ODNs with Bet v 1 in aluminium hydroxide resulted in markedly increased T "H"1 activities (high IgG2a levels) and subsequently to reduced airway inflammation. The T "H"1-like immune response indicated by these humoral findings was also reflected by decreased IL-5 and increased IFN-@c levels in cell cultures. CpG-ODNs as sole adjuvants with Bet v 1 did not lead to measureable Ig responses after subcutaneous or intraperitoneal immunizations; after intranasal application, 3 of 10 mice reacted. Nevertheless, a prophylactic effect was obtained with all routes tested; that is, mice treated subsequently with an established aerosol sensitization protocol displayed altered immune responses characterized by drastically elevated levels of Bet v 1-specific IgG2a, indicating a T "H"1/T "H"0-like immunity. Application of CpG-ODNs after aerosol sensitization also induced IgG2a. Conclusion: By inducing T "H"1/T "H"0-biased immune responses to allergens, the use of CpG-ODNs as adjuvants may have important impacts for new forms of specific immunotherapy in type I hypersensitivity. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999;1015-23.)

Die Reaktion von ReNCl2(PMe2Ph)3mit MoCl4(NCEt)2in CH2Cl2führt zur Bildung des heteronuklearen Dreikernkomplexes [{(Me2PhP)3(EtCN)ClRe≡N–}2MoCl4][MoNCl5]. Das Anion [MoNCl5]2–resultiert vermutlich aus einer Übertragung des Nitridoliganden vom Re‐ zum Mo‐Atom. Die luftempfindliche Verbindung ist paramagnetisch mit einem magnetischen Moment von μeff= 2,87 B.M. bei Raumtemperatur. Ab 140 K sinkt es bis auf 1,74 B.M. bei 20 K. Der Komplex kristallisiert orthorhombisch in der Raumgruppe Pca21mit a= 2430(1), b= 1328(1), c= 2436,3(2) pm, Z= 4. Die Nitridobrücken sind mit Bindungswinkeln Re–N–Mo von 164° und 167° nahezu linear. Die Re–N‐Abstände von 169 und 170 pm können mit Dreifachbindungen interpretiert werden; die Abstände Mo–N von 210 und 211 pm entsprechen Einfachbindungen. Im Anion [MoNCl5]2–beträgt der Mo≡N‐Abstand 167 pm. Die Hydrolyse des Dreikernkomplexes führt zur Spaltung einer Nitridobrücke und Bildung von (Me2PhP)3(EtCN)ClRe≡N–MoOCl4. Die Verbindung ist paramagnetisch mit μeff= 1,71 B.M. bei Raumtemperatur. Sie kristallisiert orthorhombisch in der Raumgruppe Pbca mit a= 1718,5(4), b= 2037(1), c= 2041,1(7) pm, Z= 8. Im Zweikernkomplex ist die [MoOCl4]–‐Gruppe mit einem Abstand Mo–N = 246,5 pm nur schwach an den Nitridoliganden koordiniert, während der Abstand der Re–N‐Dreifachbindung von 168,1 pm gegenüber einer terminalen Bindung nahezu unverändert ist. Der Winkel Re≡N–Mo beträgt 165,6°.

Summary: Compensatory growth in response to simulated belowground herbivory was studied in the old-field clonal perennialSolidago canadensis. We grew rootpruned plants and plants with intact root systems in soil with or without fertilizer. For individual current shoots (aerial shoot with rhizome and roots) and for whole clones the following predictions were tested: a) root removal is compensated by increased root growth, b) fertilizer application leads to increased allocation to aboveground plant organs and increased leaf turnover, c) effects of fertilizer application are reduced in rootpruned plants. When most roots (90%) were removed current shoots quickly restored equilibrium between above-and belowground parts by compensatory belowground growth whereas the whole clone responded with reduced aboveground growth. This suggests that parts of a clone which are shared by actively growing shoots act as a buffer that can be used as source of material for compensatory growth in response to herbivory. Current shoots increased aboveground mass and whole clones reduced belowground mass in response to fertilizer application, both leading to increased allocation to aboverground parts. Also with fertilizer application both root-pruned and not root-pruned plants increased leaf and shoot turnover. Unfertilized plants, whether rootpruned or not, showed practically no aboveground growth and very little leaf and shoot turnover. Effects of root removal were as severe or more severe under conditions of high as under conditions of low nutrients, suggesting that negative effects of belowground herbivory are not ameliorated by abundant nutrients. Root removal may negate some effects of fertilizer application on the growth of current shoots and whole clones.

Prolonged intraesophageal pH monitoring is considered by some to be the most sensitive and specific test of gastroesophageal reflux. We prospectively examined the ability of the test to discriminate 64 hospitalized patients with typical reflux symptoms from 20 age-matched hospitalized control subjects. Patients were subdivided based on endoscopic findings into two groups: group 1, normal endoscopy (n = 30); group 2, erosive esophagitis (n = 34). Six different individual reflux variables and a scoring system were evaluated. Total esophageal acid exposure time and the number of reflux episodes requiring longer than 5 min to clear were each found to have greater discriminatory power than other variables and the scoring system. Although the 64 patients had significantly more acid reflux than controls, only 48% had abnormal results (defined as 2 SD from the control mean). Group 1 patients had significantly more reflux than controls, though only 21% had abnormal results. Group 2 patients were significantly different than both controls and group 1, but 29% had normal studies. Ninety-three percent of the group 1 patients with normal studies responded to antireflux therapy, and only 1 patient had another explanation for the symptoms. The finding that 24-h pH monitoring was normal in half of the individuals presenting with reflux symptoms and in 29% of the patients with erosive esophagitis indicates that negative test results must be interpreted with caution. The insensitivity of the test may relate to the manner in which the study has traditionally been performed in the hospital, and outpatient ambulatory monitoring may improve its reliability.

A solution of 2% fluorescein in buffered physiological saline was applied into the middle ear of young healthy pigmented guinea pigs. In one series of experiments the whole middle ear was filled. In a second series the round and oval windows were left uncovered. At different time intervals after application the inner ear was frozen by liquid air and the specimen cut in a cryotom.

It has been shown that sphingolipid activator proteins (SAPs) 1 and 2 are encoded on the same gene along with two other putative activator proteins [Fürst, Machleidt & Sandhoff (1988) Biol. Chem. Hoppe-Seyler 369, 317-328 and O'Brien, Kretz, Dewji, Wenger, Esch & Fluharty (1988) Science 241, 1098-1101]. We have undertaken further biochemical investigations on a patient and fetal sibling, who were previously shown to have a unique sphingolipid storage disorder associated with an SAP-2 deficiency [Harzer, Paton, Poulos, Kustermann-Kuhn, Roggendorf, Grisar & Popp (1989) Eur. J. Pediatr. 149, 31-39]. The severity of their disorder suggested that other products of the SAP precursor or prosaposin gene may also be deficient. The turnover of cerebroside sulphate and globotriaosylceramide were investigated and were both impaired in fibroblasts from the patient and fetus. However, the activities of cerebroside sulphate sulphatase and globotriaosylceramide alpha-galactosidase in vitro were normal in cells from the fetus and patient respectively. In addition, there was an increase in cerebroside sulphate concentration in the kidney of the affected fetus. These results indicate that, in addition to the SAP-2 deficiency, there was a defect in SAP-1 function in this disorder. Additional increases in the concentration of monohexosyl- and dihexosyl-ceramide in the fetal kidney probably reflect the deficiency of SAP-2 in the case of monohexosylceramides, and the combined activator deficiency in the case of dihexosylceramides. Lactosylceramide-loading studies confirmed that there was a defect in the turnover of this lipid in fibroblasts from the affected patient and fetus but not from a patient with an isolated SAP-1 deficiency, or from patients with Krabbe disease, GM1 gangliosidosis or galactosialidosis. It has been suggested [Potier, Lamontagne, Michaud & Tranchemontagne (1990) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 173, 449-456] that the prosaposin gene also codes for lysosomal neuroaminidase. However, we found normal neuraminidase activity in fibroblasts from our patient, using assay conditions which are diagnostic for sialidosis patients. The role of prosaposin gene products in sphingolipid metabolism is discussed in view of our biochemical findings in this genetic disorder.

Two forms of beta-thymosins, designated thymosin beta 11 and thymosin beta 12, were isolated from trout (Salmo gairdneri) spleen. This suggests that the presence of two beta-thymosins, previously thought to be a property of mammalian tissues only, is a more general phenomenon in vertebrate species. Both trout beta-thymosins were found to be N-terminally blocked by a group identified as acetyl by m.s. Automated protein sequencing of tryptic, thermolytic and Staphylococcus aureus in 41-residue V8 proteinase fragments revealed that one of the two beta-thymosins corresponds to the previously reported 41-residue-long sequence of thymosin beta 11 with two substitutions at positions 5 and 7, i.e. Asn instead of Asp, and Glu instead of Gln, whereas the other beta-thymosin, designated thymosin beta 12, was found to be a 42-residue polypeptide closely similar in sequence to thymosin beta 11, with five substitutions (i.e. at positions 5, 7, 10, 11 and 41, with Asp, Ala, Ser, Asn and Thr instead of Asn, Glu, Ala, Ser and Ser respectively) and one addition at position 42 (Ala). Comparison of the known six sequences of beta-thymosins together with the sequences reported here showed that the sequence similarity of the two beta-thymosins in trout (86%) is greater than that of the two beta-thymosins in mammalian species (74%) and that residues at 28 positions are identical in all beta-thymosins, the longer conserved segments located at positions 16-26 and 31-38.

Dextromethorphan hydrobromide, 25 mg po, was given to 268 unrelated Swiss subjects to study urinary drug and metabolite profiles. Rates of O-demethylation yielding the main metabolite dextrorphan were expressed by the urinary dextromethorphan/dextrorphan metabolic ratio. We found a bimodal distribution of this parameter in our population study, which indicates that there are two phenotypes for dextromethorphan O-demethylation. The antimode at a metabolic ratio of 0.3 separated the poor metabolizer (PM; n = 23; prevalence of 9%) from extensive metabolizer (EM) phenotypes. Urinary output of dextrorphan was <6% of the dose in all PMs and was 50% in the 245 EMs. Pedigree analysis of 14 family studies revealed an autosomal-recessive transmission of deficient dextromethorphan O-demethylation. In these families, 37 heterozygous genotypes could be identified; however, through use of the urinary drug and metabolite analysis it was not possible to identify the heterozygous genotypes within the EM phenotype group. Co-segregation of dextromethorphan O-demethylation with debrisoquin 4-hydroxylation was also studied. Complete concordance of the two phenotypic assignments was obtained, with a Spearman rank correlation coefficient of rs= 0.78 (n = 62; P < 0.0001) for dextromethorphan and debrisoquin metabolic ratios. Presumably the two drug oxidation polymorphisms are under the same genetic control. Thus the innocuousness and ubiquitous availability of dextromethorphan render it attractive for worldwide pharmacogenetic investigations in man.

A 7-year-old boy had clinical features of metachromatic leucodystrophy (MLD), however, an increased urinary sulphatide excretion was found in the presence of normal arylsulphatase A (and α-galactosidase A) activity. A rectal biopsy showed metachromatically staining storage macrophages as well as nonmetachromatic, but PAS-positive, submucosal neurons filled with membranous cytoplasmic bodies. These two types of storage material led to testing for a sphingolipid activator protein (SAP) deficiency. Loading tests with sulphatide and globotriaosylceramide showed deficient turnover of both sphingolipids in cultured fibroblasts. Using the Ouchterlony method, there was no reactivity between a described anti-SAP 1 antiserum and the patient's fibroblast extracts. This new case of SAP-1 deficient MLD was compared with the four cases of this variant known from the literature. Our results indicate that rectal biopsy morphology and lipid loading biochemistry should prove useful for the screening of SAP defects.

In 23 patients treated with the iodine-containing antiarrhythmic drug amiodarone, the plasma concentrations of amiodarone, desethylamiodarone and iodine have been studied. Besides amiodarone and desethylamiodarone, a pool of iodine-containing substances, NANDAI (non-amiodarone-, non-desethylamiodarone-iodine), was present. At steady state the iodine content of NANDAI amounted to 64% and the iodine content of amiodarone plus desethylamiodarone to 36% of total serum iodine. At steady state 26% of the NANDAI fraction was made up of inorganic iodide, the average plasma concentration of which was at least 40 times above the upper limit of the normal range. The serum elimination half-life of NANDAI of 57–160 days exceeded that of amiodarone (35–68 days) and of desethylamiodarone (31–110 days).

We report measurements of branching ratios for production of a series of two meson final states in p annihilations at rest in liquid hydrogen. We find: $$\begin{gathered} BR(\bar pp \to \pi ^ + \pi ^ - ) = (3.07 \pm 0.13) \cdot 10^{ - 3} \hfill \\ BR(\bar pp \to K^ + K^ - ) = (0.99 \pm 0.05) \cdot 10^{ - 3} \hfill \\ BR(\bar pp \to \pi ^0 \pi ^0 ) = (6.93 \pm 0.43) \cdot 10^{ - 4} \hfill \\ BR(\bar pp \to \pi ^0 \eta ) = (2.12 \pm 0.12) \cdot 10^{ - 4} \hfill \\ BR(\bar pp \to \pi ^0 \omega ) = (5.73 \pm 0.47) \cdot 10^{ - 3} \hfill \\ BR(\bar pp \to \pi ^0 \eta ') = (1.23 \pm 0.13) \cdot 10^{ - 4} \hfill \\ BR(\bar pp \to \eta \eta ) = (1.64 \pm 0.10) \cdot 10^{ - 4} \hfill \\ BR(\bar pp \to \eta \omega ) = (1.51 \pm 0.12) \cdot 10^{ - 2} \hfill \\ BR(\bar pp \to \eta \eta ') = (2.16 \pm 0.25) \cdot 10^{ - 4} \hfill \\ BR(\bar pp \to \omega \omega ) = (3.32 \pm 0.34) \cdot 10^{ - 2} \hfill \\ BR(\bar pp \to \omega \eta ') = (0.78 \pm 0.08) \cdot 10^{ - 2} \hfill \\ \end{gathered}$$ These are the first measurements of the channels ??' and ??' and in almost all the other channels are more precise than previous results. We also obtain, in a more precise fashion, the following ratios of branching ratios:K+K-/p+p-=0.323±0.013, p0?'/p0?=0.548±0.056, ??'/??=0.31±0.15, ??'/??=0.515±0.040, p0?/p0p0=0.303±0.010, ??/p0p0=0.232±0.011 and p0?/??=0.377±0.12. The measurements are made for different ? and ?' decays, and we thus obtain G??3p0/G????=0.841±0.034, and .

Male rabbits were treated with a single i.v. injection of 22.5 mg/kg methyl methane sulfonate (MMS). 0–24 h later [3H]-thymidine was injected in both testicles. Incorporation of the isotope in germ cell DNA was demonstrated in ejaculated sperms. In controls labeled sperms were demonstrated first on day 40–43. These cells were in the preleptotene spermatocyte phase at the time of [3H]-thymidine injection. In rabbits treated with MMS significant radioactivity occurred in sperms collected from day 19 onwards. These cells were in late spermatocyte and early spermatid phase of maturation when [3H]-thymidine was injected. Incorporation of thymidine in these cell populations is interpreted as an expression of unscheduled DNA synthesis, a repair process initiated after chemical damage of germ cell DNA by MMS. The usefulness of the rabbit test system within the framework of conventional mutagenicity screening tests is discussed.

The effect of hypolipidaemic compounds on peroxisomal fatty acid β-oxidation and on peroxisome morphology in the liver differs widely between rodent and primate species. We studied the relative importance of peroxisomal and mitochondrial β-oxidation of palmitate in primary cultures of hepatocytes isolated from rat and monkey liver in the absence or presence of clofibric acid or beclobric acid. It was demonstrated that it is possible to differentiate between peroxisomal and mitochondrial β-oxidation activities in intact cells. Overall β-oxidation of palmitate was ca. 30% higher in rat hepatocytes than in monkey liver cells. In both monkey and rat cell cultures the mitochondrial component was over 90% of the total palmitate β-oxidation. In rat hepatocyte culture clofibric acid and beclobric acid caused a 5- to 8-fold stimulation of peroxisomal β-oxidation, while in monkey cells this activity was not significantly increased. However, in cells derived from both species mitochondrial palmitate β-oxidation was increased (rat 2.5-fold; monkey 1.5-fold). These results indicate that the species differences in the increase in peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation are not a result of an inability to metabolize fatty acids in rat liver cell mitochondria. A comparison of the activity of enzymes involved in the detoxification of hydrogen peroxide showed that catalase and glutathione-S-transferase activity is 2.9-fold higher in monkey hepatocytes than in rat liver cells, while glutathione peroxidase activity was 1.6-fold higher in rat cells. When a comparison between both species is made for the ratio of hydrogen peroxide production over catalase activity, it can be concluded that this peroxide will have much smaller possibilities to escape from the peroxisomal compartment in monkey hepatocytes. These findings suggest that species differences in these enzyme activities can contribute to differences in susceptibility for peroxisome proliferator-induced carcinogenicity between rodents and primates.

Let a messageM be encrypted by raisingM to a powere moduloR, whereR ande are integers which are made public. The recipient of this encrypted form ofM can decipher it by raising the cipher text to a powerd moduloR. Only the recipient knows the values of the two large primesp1,p2 such thatR=p1p2; consequently, only he knowsd, ase is preselected such that (e, (p1 − 1)(p2 − 1))=1 anded ≡1 (mod (p1 − 1)(p2 − 1)).

The mycorrhizal activity of spruce in a mixed-wood forest was monitored over 1 year by measuring biochemical characters in fine roots of six canopy trees and of a regrowth stand. The concentration of adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), a measure of living biomass, showed two peaks per year, one at bud break and one after main shoot growth. The concentration of storage polysaccharides in mycorrhizae showed the same cycles even more pronouncedly. It is proposed that these changes reflect growth and senescence of mycorrhizae and that the timing of the cycles is controlled by translocation of assimilates from the shoot. Differences between mycorrhizae collected from canopy trees and the regrowth stand were small and not significant. Characters known to be related to fungal activity of the mycorrhizal symbiosis (concentration of trehalose, glucose uptake, respiration) also varied little among the six canopy trees. Large differences among fine-root samples from different canopy trees, however, were detected in the concentrations of ATP and storage polysaccharides, measures which seemed to be physiologically integrated within trees. If low concentrations in roots precede losses of foliage from trees, these two symptoms could be used as early indicators of growth decline in individual spruce trees.

Der heteronukleare Dreikernkomplex [(Me2PhP)2ClRe(μ‐Cl)N]2SnCl4entsteht bei der Reaktion von ReNCl2(PMe2Ph)3mit SnCl4in CH2Cl2als luftempfindliche, diamagnetische Verbindung. Der Komplex bildet solvathaltige, braune Kristalle [(Me2PhP)2ClRe(μ‐Cl)N]2· SnCl4· 2 CH2Cl2mit der triklinen Raumgruppe P1 und a= 1189,1(2), b= 1262,3(2), c= 1776,7(3) pm, α = 86,04(2), β = 89,27(2), γ = 72,75(1)°, Z= 2. Im Dreikernkomplex koordinieren zwei über Cl‐Brücken verknüpfte Fragmente (Me2PhP)2ClReN+mit ihren Nitridoliganden ein SnCl4‐Molekül. Das Sn‐Atom erhält durch die cis‐ständigen Nitridobrücken eine verzerrt oktaedrische Koordination. Die gewinkelten Nitridobrücken (Re–N–Sn = 155) sind mit Abständen Re–N = 168 pm und Sn–N = 225 pm stark asymmetrisch. Bei unvollständigem Feuchtigkeitsausschluß während der Synthese bildet sich [(Me2PhP)3ClRe(μ‐Cl)N]Sn2(OH)Cl7· 2 CH2Cl2in Form luftstabiler, rot‐violetter Kristalle (P1, a= 1074,1(2), b= 1251,1(3), c= 1685,0(1) pm, α = 99,61(2), β = 91,49(2), γ = 92,69(2)°, Z= 2). Im diamagnetischen Komplex ist ein Molekül ReNCl2(PMe2Ph)3über den Nitridoliganden und eine Cl‐Brücke an die Sn‐Atome eines Sn2(OH)Cl7‐Fragments gebunden. Die beiden Sn‐Atome sind ihrerseits über eine Cl‐ und eine OH‐Brücke verknüpft. Die Abstände in der nur schwach gewinkelten Nitridobrücke (Re–N–Sn = 164,6°) betragen Re–N = 170,5 pm und Sn–N = 219,8 pm.

Shock formation may present problems in the course of kinematic cascade modelling. With regard to the choice of an adequate algorithm of solution it is therefore important to know beforehand, if discontinuities are to be expected or not. A generalized criterion including cases of time-dependent rates of rainfall excess is derived. For constant lateral inflow it can be shown to correspond to the previously derived Kibler- Woolhiser criterion.

Let $ \mathcal{K} = \mathcal{Q}(\theta )$ to the rationals $ \mathcal{Q}$R and h be, respectively, the regulator and class number of $ \mathcal{K}$R for $ \mathcal{Q}(\sqrt D )$D is a positive integer. His technique improved the speed of the usual continued fraction algorithm for finding R by allowing one to proceed almost directly from the nth to the mth step, where m is approximately 2n, in the continued fraction expansion of $ \sqrt D $R in cubic fields of negative discriminant. It also discusses at length an algorithm for finding R and h for pure cubic fields $ \mathcal{Q}(\sqrt[3]{D})$D an integer. Under a certain generalized Riemann Hypothesis the ideas developed here will provide a new method which will find R and h in $ O({D^{2/5 + \varepsilon }})$h is small, this is an improvement over the $ O(D/h)$R. For example, with $ D = 200171999$V7 computer to find that $ R = 518594546.969083$. This same calculation would require about 8 days of computer time if it used only the standard Voronoi algorithm.

In CsFeCl3 the Fe2+-ion with effective spin one has locally a singlet ground state (ms=0). The ferromagnetic interactions along thec-direction and the anti-ferromagnetic interactions perpendicular to it are too week as compared to the anisotropy to introduce longrange order in the absence of an external field. By inelastic neutron scattering we have investigated the excitation spectrum in an external magnetic field up to 6 T applied perpendicular to thec-axis. Preliminary measurements in zero field show that dipolar effects lead to a shift of the minimum of the dispersion curve away from theK-point. We show that with increasing magnetic field the whole dispersion sheet is shifted towards higher frequencies and a splitting appears. With the help of a local Hamiltonian which neglects exchange interactions between all neighbours we give a qualitative explanation of the intensity of the magnetic excitations in dependence of the magnetic field. A more sophisticated theory (RPA-diagonalisation of the Heisenberg-Hamiltonian that is used to describe the magnetic behaviour of CsFeCl3) yields — apart from a mismatch for the modes at high energy transfers — a satisfactory description of the magnetic excitations of CsFeCl3 in dependence of the magnetic field.

The magnetic excitations in CsFeBr3 have been measured with inelastic scattering of cold neutrons to high precision at 80 mK. The fact that the lowest frequency mode softens with decreasing temperature but stabilizes at 0.11 THz below 2.5 K is the indication that CsFeBr3 remains a SGS system forT?0.

Powder neutron diffraction investigations performed in the temperature range from 20 mK to 300K prove that the magnetic Nd moments of the superconductor NdBa2Cu3O6.86 withTc=88 K order three-dimensionally (3D) antiferromagnetic belowTN=(551±10) mK. As in similar Gd and Dy compounds the corresponding wave vector isk=[1/2, 1/2, 1/2]. In approximate agreement with crystal field calculations the ordered magnetic moment of Nd amounts at saturation to (1.14±0.06) µB and at 25 mK the magnetic moments are oriented parallel [0,0,1]. The transition to the magnetically ordered state corresponds to the Landau type critical exponent ߘ0.5, in contrast to the predominant 2D character of such heavy rare-earth systems. The crystal structure of NdBa2Cu3O6.86 is orthorhombic similar to the one of YBa2Cu3O7-x.

Cultured skin fibroblasts from controls and patients with lysosomal storage diseases were loaded with GM1 ganglioside that had been labelled with tritium in its ceramide moiety. After a 65-h or 240-h incubation, a large percentage of this ganglioside remained undegraded in GM1 gangliosidoses, whereas in the other storage diseases studied, one of its metabolites accumulated by 2–4 fold relative to controls. Labelled GM2 ganglioside accumulated in 4 variants of GM2 gangliosidosis, whereas labelled GM3 ganglioside accumulated in sialidosis, galactosialidoses and sphingolipid activator protein 1 (SAP-1, saposin B) and prosaposin (saposin A, B, C an D) deficient lipidoses. The reduced degradation of GM3 ganglioside in the SAP-1 and prosaposin deficiencies was attributed to the deficient function of SAP-1. The prosaposin deficient cells also showed a reduced re-utilization of radioactive metabolites from GM1 ganglioside (i.e. sphingosine and fatty acid) for phospholipid biosynthesis compared with fibroblasts from the SAP-1 deficient patient or normal controls. This anomaly was ascribed to the previously shown defect in ceramide degradation in prosaposin deficiency.