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The outcrops of greenstone belt and granite complex along Ramagiri-Penakacherla tract are analyzed for tectonics and associated deformation history related to crustal evolution. Field data connote more than five deformation events. Initial ductile deformation regime (D1-D4) passes through brittle-ductile (D5) to shallow brittle regime (D6). Multiple deformation events (D1-D5) resulted in shear zones with variable trends and sense. Three major generations of folding (F2–F4) imprinted over and obscure F1folding in ductile regime. Younger granite intruded after F3hence exhibit only F4folds. Brittle regime (D6) is manifested by faults with dominant E-W trend affected all earlier deformation features. They show mainly normal and few strike slip motion with episodic reactivation with dominantly N-S stretching (i.e., σ3). Contact relationships between granite and country rocks give insight on depth and associated pressure-temperature condition. From deeper catazone through intermediate mesozone to shallow epizone granite the progressive increase in temperature contrast influence contact relationships with country rocks from concordant through gradational to sharp discordant. Structural attributes of the northern and southern end of the study area exhibit remarkable changes in granite character, which give information on changes in crustal depth. Supportive petro-mineralogical and geochemical evidences also imply for exhumed northerly tilted crust. Bhima and Kaladgi basins are developed due to this crustal block tilting and basin fill sediments were supplied from erosion of uplifted southern parts. During erosion, the exhumation leads to retrograde metamorphism which is better manifested in metabasic rocks. From the surface distance between epizone/mesozone and mesozone/catazone boundaries and average crustal depth difference between these two boundaries, a northerly tilt angle of 1.90is estimated. The obduction at the southern end of Dharwar Craton and late stage N-S stretching is responsible for such tilting.

Multiple studies have shown that biodiesel blends significantly cut exhaust emissions. However, the most significant challenge was the rising emission of oxides of nitrogen (NOx). The authors' prior research showed that a Ceiba pentandrabiodiesel blend (B20) with a higher IP of 260 bar and an advanced IT of 27° BTDC as an optimal Fuel injection parameter (FIP) resulted in superior combustion and reduced emissions except NOx. To further enhance engine performance, fuel reformulation strategies have been implemented together with FIP modification. This research intends to examine the impact of FIP combined with blending of partially hydrogenated biodiesel (HB) on engine characteristics. As a result of partial hydrogenation, the degree of unsaturation decreased by 60%, and the Cetane Number (CN) increased by 22%. Higher BTE (8%), TFC (3.4%), CP (13%), HRR (5%) and lower HC (12%), and CO (5.5%) emissions can be achieved when HB20 was combined with optimal FIP. Superior outcomes were seen with hydrogenated blend (HB20) than with normal B20, with a reduction in NOx emissions by 6.7% without significantly impacting the smoke emission trade-off. Thus, cutting-edge fuel reformulation approaches make way for eco-friendly engineering.

The geochemical characterization of shale may imply the average crustal composition of provenance more reliably than any other detrital sediments. Shales of Proterozoic Vempalle Formation at different stratigraphic levels are categorized into four types based on texture, CaO contents, concentration of quartz-clay, grain size and sedimentary structures. From top to bottom in order of appearance, these are Calcareous Siliceous Mudstone, Calcareous Siliceous Laminated Mudstone, Calcareous Massive Mudstone (CMM) and Grey Siliceous Laminated Mudstone. Lithofacies analysis in the field, followed by petrography and whole rock geochemistry data, connotes an intertidal to shallow marine shelf environment of deposition. The observed felsic provenance and passive margin tectonic setup are also well recognizable from various plots. In this depositional model, all data fits appropriately to describe a comprehensive and coherent mechanism of shale precipitation with subsequent influences of diagenesis, paleo-weathering, alteration and erosion effects. In Proterozoic time higher total organic carbon (TOC) content is mostly found in black shale. However, high TOC content in ferruginous Vempalle shale is given special attention. The possibility of diagenetic migration of fluid and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) during diagenetic compaction from uraniferous dolostone to overlying CMM is found as a suitable explanation for the high TOC content in this red shale in which TOC contents decrease upwards. Further, the fewer uranium contents in grey shales compared to purple/red colored shales indicate the presence of cyanobacteria and associated photosynthesis, which produced oxygen to favor hematite precipitation. In this manner, organic matter played a dual role by adsorbing uranium and oxidizing iron.

In this work, the effects of introducing silicon carbide (SiC) particles generated from discarded peanut husk as novel attempt on composite materials made of abaca natural fiber and vinyl ester resin were examined. This combination’s effects on the composite’s behavior in terms of wear resistance, thermal conductivity, and electrical conductivity were the main focus of the investigation. Adding SiC particles improved the composite’s resistance to wear during sliding contact, according to the data, and it also boosted its capacity to conduct heat and electricity. As seen throughout a range of stress circumstances and two different sliding distances, the composite material designated VAS3 has a strong wear resistance. Additionally, the 2-vol.% SiC composite showed a thermal conductivity of 0.602 W/mk, indicating an improved capacity for heat transport within the composite. With a dielectric constant of 3.8 and a loss factor of 0.09, the same composite also showed improved dielectric properties, indicating improved electrical insulating capabilities that show promise for applications needing favorable dielectric behavior. This shows that enhancing the performance of abaca-vinyl ester composites in a variety of applications may be possible by incorporating SiC particles derived from waste peanut husk.

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Structural fabrics of schist belt, gneiss, migmatites and younger granitoids are different. Various morphology of migmatites is recognized for the first time in the southern part of EDC along with gneiss. The younger granite plutons are examined from northern through central to southern part of EDC. The paleosome-dominated portions of migmatite were possibly formed from low degree partial melting of older rocks and identified as metatexites. Whereas, the neosome dominated parts were developed by complete melting and marked as diatexites. There is a link between diatexite and granite in the southern part, which is chracterized as catazone segment. The four sub-types of metatexites are observed (viz, patch, dilatant, net and stromatic). The diatexites are dominated by two major structures (viz, schollen or raft and schlieren). Gneisses show lit-per-lit as well as fold and leucocratic material flow features. The litho-structural variation from north to south connotes systematic changes from epizone through mesozone to catazone. The qualitative study of mineral content and textural aspects from rocks at different localities suggest preserved portions of different parts of a pressure–temperature path. However, exact quantification should be possible after thermo-barometry and pseudo section study. The present contribution focuses on documentation of classic representative outcrops and petrographic features of gneissic and migmatitic rocks of EDC. It is observed that the six (6) major ductile deformation stages of Kenoran orogeny implies ductile signature before granite plutonism. Subsequently post granite emplacement deformation phenomenon indicates a transition from ductile to brittle regime and entrance into Hudsonian orogeny.

The escalating use of lithium-ion battery packs in electric vehicles (EVs) has resulted in a pressing demand for accurately and consistently estimating the State of Charge (SOC). For EVs to operate safely and effectively, improving vehicle range anticipation and optimizing battery performance, SOC estimation is essential. This article is a summary of the most recent techniques for estimating the SOC of lithium-ion batteries, which are used in electric cars and vehicles. It discusses the types of battery specifications and their characteristics suitable for electric vehicles, emphasising their benefits. Additionally, it describes the types of SOC estimation that include model-based approaches, data-driven methods, and filter-based models. Also, it looks at the advantages and disadvantages of these models and difficulties faced, such as the need for real-time implementation, sophisticated models, and data needs while implementing the algorithms. This investigation introduces a unique method to intelligent learning that makes use of hybrid models that can adjust to changing temperatures in addition to data-driven models. Lastly, the review study compares the accuracy of various approaches that include hardware and software requirements for technical execution of the same, which will help scientists and researchers develop a state-of-charge estimate approach that is both accurate and dependable for use in upcoming sustainable electric automobile applications.

The novelty of the present work deals with the experimental investigation on the effects of varying injection pressure (IP) on CI engine characteristics using a novel Ceiba pentandrabiodiesel at 20% by volume (B20). The key objective of this study is to enhance the engine characteristics by increasing the IP of the fuel blends without any major engine modifications This strategy could improve the performance of the engine as higher IP resulted in improved atomization and better air-fuel mixing. From the experimentation it was found that combined strategy of biodiesel blend (B20) and higher IP (260 bar) resulted in increased BTE (9%), CP (8.5%), HRR (2%) and reduced BSFC (9%), CO (14%), HC (16%), and Smoke (16%) than diesel (B0) at a standard IP of 200 bar. To overcome the challenges of higher NOx emission at higher IP, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) technique is also implemented at lower rates. With the effect of 15% EGR, there was a subsequent 29% reduction in NOxemission achieved without affecting other emissions trade-offs.

•The problem of day ahead scheduling in a microgrid is carried out.•Objective function is framed to optimize the cost of power generation.•The uncertainty with RES generators and loads is modelled using a proven model.•The algorithm is tested on a microgrid considering energy storage & load shedding.•Artificial Fish Swarm intelligence is used for optimization.

This work presents a new energy management algorithm suitable for micro grids which are dependent on main grids during generation uncertainties in the micro sources. The proposed control algorithm tries to reduce the dependence of micro grids on main grid by adjusting the power supplied to the non-critical loads. The presented methodology is implemented on a micro grid system which consists of renewable power sources and loads, which are broadly classified as critical and non-critical loads. The micro grid system considered for the study is dependent on main grid during generation deficits in the micro sources. In order to implement the proposed technique the non-critical loads present in the system are connected in series with A.C. electric springs. Application of A.C. electric springs in the micro grid system to reduce the dependence on main grid is a different way of looking at the problem of reducing the main grid dependence and is probably the first attempt. The micro grid system considered for the study is designed in MATLAB and simulations are carried out to implement the proposed energy management algorithm.

Energy storage systems (ESS) have played a vital role in modern power systems to improve system stability and reliability in recent years. This paper describes the role of SMES in improving the power system stability of a multimachine interconnected with hybrid renewable energy systems (RES) such as wind and solar PV. It studies the transient stability of the system by creating a symmetrical fault in a multimachine system at various locations. The hybrid RES simulates an equivalent aggregated 75 MW photovoltaic array and a wind turbine with a capacity of 300 MW PMSG (permanent magnet synchronous generator). It couples a common DC link via a voltage source and dc/dc boost converters. A voltage source inverter connected with a step-up transformer and transmission line coupled to a multimachine system. The voltage source converter and inverter use a model predictive controller (MPC) for a better output voltage profile and to improve the system stability. A SMES is connected through a dc/dc converter with PID-SDC (Proportional Integrating Derivative Supplementary Damping Controller). It effectively suppresses power oscillations and smoothening during generation fluctuations. It reduces the low-frequency oscillations at the multimachine side during three-phase fault conditions at various locations in the system. The system's stability is improved by 3.36 s after clearing the fault. The effectiveness of the entire system is studied in the time domain simulations using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.

A one‐dimensional steady‐state two‐fluid model has been developed to demonstrate the drying kinetics in the vertical up‐flow gas‐solid system. The model takes into account mass, momentum, and heat transfer between the continuous and dispersed phases. A set of non‐linear differential equations have been solved numerically for the velocity, moisture content, and temperature of both the continuous and dispersed phases along the dryer length. The effect of operating parameters on drying kinetics has been critically examined and the model simulations are compared with the data reported in the literature.

There has been little systematic study from developing countries on the perspectives of patients and their relatives about electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). This study attempted to ascertain the views of patients and their relatives on the possible benefits and adverse effects of ECT.

This article presents a different type of home energy management algorithm for a residence consisting of solar PV, battery storage units, electric vehicles with different driving profiles, critical and noncritical loads. The primary objective of the proposed methodology is to reduce the overall power purchase from the utility. In order to achieve the said objectives a combination of the rule based approach proposed by the authors and a heuristic optimization is used. Hence, it can be said that the proposed strategy consists of two layers, of which the first part of the algorithm schedules the noncritical loads using electric springs and the second part of the strategy controls battery storage units and electric vehicles. The novelty of the proposed work lies in using electric springs, battery storage units and exploring the virtual energy storage capabilities of electric vehicles so as to make the residential complexes more autonomous and less dependent on the utility. The robustness of the proposed strategy is tested on a residence and from the obtained results it can be said that the presented algorithm can save an electricity bill of about 53% to the consumer.

•Unit commitment (UC) is solved for SMES based thermal system to study its effects on environmental pollution and operating cost.•Hybrid Lagrange Relaxation based Henry gas optimization is proposed for solving unit commitment in IEEE 10-unit 24-hour system and results are compared with other conventional methods.•The impact of choosing different sizes of SMES on emission and operating cost is analysed for standard IEEE 10 unit 24 hour thermal systems.•The amount of emission level as well as operating cost of dispatch units is calculated and compared the results for both SMES and non SMES system.

•Efficient energy scheduling using virtual and actual storage units.•Effective handling of energy storage devices and residential loads.•Reduced power import from the main grid by creating a suitable schedule of virtual and actual storage units.•Reduction in overall cost at which the power is imported from the main grid along with peak power reduction.

The feasibility of a wick-based technique for direct humidification of the membranes in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) under dry feed operation is investigated. The fuel cell is operated in several configurations using a wicking material over the active area facilitating water transport directly to the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) through capillary action. Among different configurations (A – D) tested, wick used for configuration-B in co-flow mode and configuration-C in counter-flow mode showed improved performance with dry gas feed in comparison to control configuration-A which was operated using conventional bubble humidification. It is further shown that at low air stoichiometry of 1.5 with wick, enhanced peak power density of 475 mW/cm2was obtained without any external water supply to the wick in configuration-C under co-flow mode. The performance obtained due to the incorporation of wick in the conventional fuel cell system has been analyzed by means of electrochemical impedance measurements and estimating the Ohmic and charge transfer resistances in different configurations. It is shown that among different configurations, the Ohmic and charge transfer resistances corroborate the variation in fuel cell performance obtained from polarization curves.