Search

The combined analyses of grains, seeds, fruits, pollen, animal bones and parasite eggs from a latrine dating from the late 1680s provides us with a detailed view of the diet in a Renaissance neighbourhood in Copenhagen. Analyses show that the residents had access to a varied diet of primarily fish, bread/porridge, and a range of fruits, nuts and herbs, including exotic products deriving from a global trade network. This study also shows that combining strands of evidence in a multi-proxy analysis of latrine deposits leads to much more nuanced results than with single-evidence analysis. Botanical evidence from seeds and pollen is combined here with results from previously published DNA analysis of plastids (Søe et al., 2018). Pollen of myrtle family, possibly cloves, as well as that of citrus family, have been observed, neither of which have been recorded archaeologically in Denmark before. Also, human tapeworm is recorded here for the first time in a Danish archaeological context.

A microfluidic component library for building systems driving parallel or serial microfluidic-based assays is presented. The components are a miniaturized eight-channel peristaltic pump, an eight-channel valve, sample-to-waste liquid management, and interconnections. The library of components was tested by constructing various systems supporting perfusion cell culture, automated DNA hybridizations, and in situ hybridizations. The results showed that the MainSTREAMcomponents provided (1) a rapid, robust, and simple method to establish numerous fluidic inputs and outputs to various types of reaction chips; (2) highly parallel pumping and routing/valving capability; (3) methods to interface pumps and chip-to-liquid management systems; (4) means to construct a portable system; (5) reconfigurability/flexibility in system design; (6) means to interface to microscopes; and (7) compatibility with tested biological methods. It was found that LEGO Mindstorms motors, controllers, and software were robust, inexpensive, and an accessible choice as compared with corresponding custom-made actuators. MainSTREAMsystems could operate continuously for weeks without leaks, contamination, or system failures. In conclusion, the MainSTREAMcomponents described here meet many of the demands on components for constructing and using microfluidics systems.