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Scanning probe microscopy methods have enabled characterization of surface topography and electronic structure down to the nanometer (and in some cases atomic) scale. As such techniques have become more widely used, a growing community of researchers has sought to broaden the imaging capabilities of scanning probe microscopy to provide not just topographical, but also detailed chemicalinformation about interfaces at these length scales. Here, we provide a tutorial review describing developments in the field of multimodal scanning probe microscopy, highlighting both foundational work and recent advances that have facilitated applications ranging from studies of biological structure and function to streamlined development of materials for renewable energy.

Krause W, Handreke K, Schuhmann-Giampieri G, et al. Efficacy of the iodine-free computed tomography liver contrast agent, Dy-EOB-DTPA, in comparison with a conventional iodinated agent in normal and in tumor-bearing rabbits. Invest Radiol 2002;37241–247.

Comparable kinetic parameters were derived for the hydrolysis of peptide substrates and the interaction of synthetic inhibitors with recombinant and naturally-occurring forms of plasmepsin II. In contrast, recombinant plasmepsin I was extended by 12 residues at its N-terminus relative to its naturally-occurring counterpart and a 3-10-fold diminution in the k"e"n"t values was measured for substrate hydrolysis by the recombinant protein. However, comparable K"1 values were derived for the interaction of two distinct inhibitors with both forms of piasmepsin I, thereby validating the use of recombinant material for drug screening. The value of plasmepsin I inhibitors was determined by assessing their selectivity using human aspartic proteinases.

This comparative study of long-term results following the substitution of stapes by free cartilage grafts is based on 500 stapedectomies. The patients were operated on by the same surgeon (first author) and followed-up for a period of 5–20 years. Postoperative results, compared with the results of other stapedectomy techniques, demonstrate a statistically significant difference in favour of the cartilage implant technique with respect to the overall functional success rate and the incidence of postoperative complications.

A 2.2-kilobase cDNA clone for human arylsulfatase B (ASB) and several genomic clones were isolated and sequenced. The deduced amino acid sequence of 533 amino acids contains a 41-amino acid N-terminal signal peptide and a mature polypeptide of 492 amino acid residues. Overexpression of ASB in transfected baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells resulted in up to 68-fold higher ASB activity than in untransfected BHK cells. Pulse-chase labeling showed that ASB was synthesized and secreted as a 64-kDa precursor and processed to a 47-kDa mature form in BHK cells. The 47-kDa ASB form was located in dense lysosomes. Transport of ASB to the lysosomes was accomplished in a mannose 6-phosphate receptor-dependent manner. The ASB cDNA clone hybridizes to 4.8-, 2.5-, and 1.8-kilobase species of RNA from human fibroblasts. The same pattern was observed in RNA from fibroblasts of three Maroteaux-Lamy patients who were deficient in ASB activity, as well as in RNA from fibroblasts of three patients with multiple sulfatase deficiency, in which all known sulfatases were markedly diminished. Deduced amino acid sequences of human arylsulfatase A, human ASB, human steroid sulfatase, human glucosamine-6-sulfatase, and an arylsulfatase from sea urchin showed a substantial degree of similarity suggesting that they arose from a common ancestral gene and are members of an arylsulfatase gene family.

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The ligands are prepared by reaction of 2,2‐dimethyl‐3,5,7‐octanetrione with the primary amines in refluxing MeOH in the presence of one drop of conc.

Recently, endoscopic interventional procedures were introduced for nonsurgical therapy of symptomatic pancreas pseudocysts. We reported 25 patients treated by endoscopic retrograde pancreas drainage (ERPD), endoscopic cystogastrostomy (ECG), or endosopic cystoduodenostomy (ECD).