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Privacy codes aim at protecting individuals' interests in the treatment of data on themselves held by institutions. One can distinguish between proceduraland strategicprinciples underlying these codes. The former aim at shaping treatment of personal information, once compiled within data systems; the latter aim at limiting and dispersing personal information from the start. A historical view of the workings of these two principles gives more reasons for optimism in the case of strategic measures. In contrast, procedural restrictions on access to personal information are evidently subject to erosion and reversal with changes in larger political climates.

The article offers the author's insights on the surveillance technology that will be adapted to monitor the population of Great Britain. The author says that people should be grateful of these technologies because it provides easy credit and protection from terrorism, and people should not challenge it with the issue of privacy. He also states that property right on the commercial use of personal information should be created, in which consent from the person concerned is required.

The standard ethical arguments that prescribe dentistry's involvement in improving access to oral health care are based on the ethical principle of social justice. The authors underwrite this principle but argue that, as with other ethical principles, this principle alone will fail to have a practical impact. The authors show that the issue of access is a symptom of a more systemic problem in dentistry, namely the lack of connectedness that dentists feel between themselves and their profession, their community, and society at large. The second half of the article develops a plan for boosting “connectedness.” Successful implementation should help resolve many of the systemic problems that dentistry currently faces, including the issue of disparities in oral health.

Protein hydrolysates as substitutes for serum havebeen employed by many in cell culture mediumformulation, especially with the shift to low proteinor protein-free media. More recently, vegetablehydrolysates have also been added as nutritionalsupplements to fortify the amino acid content in smallpeptide form for batch and fed-batch fermentations. Several of these new hydrolysates (peptones of soy,rice, wheat gluten etc.) were tested as protein-freemedium supplements for the production of a recombinanttherapeutic protein. Multiple peptone-supplemented,continuous perfusion bioreactor experiments wereconducted, varying dilution rates and basal mediumcomposition over the various runs. Cell specificrates and product quality studies were obtained forthe various peptones and compared with peptone-freemedium. The potential for peptones to decreaseintrinsic and proteolytic degradation of the productwas also investigated.It was found that peptones confer a nutritionalbenefit, especially at low dilution rates, for therecombinant BHK cell line used in this investigation.The specific productivity increased 20–30% comparedto the peptone-free controls. However, this benefitwas also fully delivered by using fortified medium inplace of the peptone-enriched media. Therefore, whilepeptones may be considered as useful medium additiveswhen development time is limited, their addition maybe avoided by systematic medium development ifpermitted by the time line of the project.

There are few studies that provide informationon the natural history of calculus formation. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship between pre‐scaling baseline calculus scores, the time since the last prophylaxis before baseline, and scores 8 weeks after scaling in a group of presumed heavy calculus formers. Scaling and polishing were completed on 203 subjects with Volpe‐Manhold Index (VMI) calculus scores of 7 or higher, and the date of the last prophylaxis was noted. All were re‐examined after 3 weeks. The group included 45.8% males and 54.2% females; the mean age was 41.74 (range = 24 to 72). Racial mix was 57.6% African‐American, 39.9% white, and 2.5% other. The mean baseline VMI score was 24.07 (SD = 15.38, range = 7‐97). The VMI scores were directly related (P= <.001) to the date of the last scaling and were highest in subjects whose last scaling was more than 2 years earlier (33.67) and least in subjects whose last scaling was less than 6 months previous (15.12). At 8 weeks the mean VMI score was 9.96 (SD = 7.30; range = 0‐41). The VMI scores at this time were inversely related (P= <.05) to the date of the last scaling before baseline and were lowest in subjects whose last scaling was more than 2 years earlier (9.07) and highest in subjects with the last scaling less than 6 months previous to baseline (13.07). This study concludes that subjects with initial whole mouth VMI scores of 7 and higher tend to maintain high levels of calculus 8 weeks after scaling. Also, subjects with recent scalings formed more calculus than those with greater time since last scaling. J Periodontol 1994;65:750–754.

The appearance of caries varies considerably, depending on the tooth surface affected, the speed of the process of decay, and the stage of destruction. This article describes the clinical appearance of dental caries from earliest to most advanced stages according to location and in the context of the dynamics of its progression. Problems of diagnosis and the significance of the lesion in regard to pulpal pathology are discussed, and treatment possibilities are examined.

A total of 375 Class II restorations were divided into short, intermediate, and long groups according to occlusal-gingival length and its relationship to the contact area of adjacent teeth as determined radiographically. Recurrent caries at the gingival margin was studied during a 2-year period. Restorations with gingival margins ending occlusal to the contact area had a significantly higher rate of caries at all time intervals. Results suggested, in part, that the additional length of the restoration is not as critical as clearing the contact area.

Most sociologists predicate their work on the conviction that it will have at least some benefical social effects. But ideas vary greatly as to how such effects may come about. Perhaps the most difficult problem for proponents of any such "model of relevance" is to show how social insight can serve the general good when it addresses conflict situations in which help to one set of interests necessarily entails damage to others. Several different models of relevance are considered, as manifested in the writings of both classical and contemporary writers, including Sumner, Merton, Marx, Mills, and Barrington Moore, Jr. None of the formulations is found altogether satisfactory in resolving the problems inherent in building such models.

A uniformity of opinion as to whether radioiodine or surgery should be the preferred type of definitive therapy in any given case of hyperthyroidism would be almost impossible to obtain. Some individuals are still of the opinion that all cases of thyrotoxicosis should be treated by surgical means. Miller1 treats all cases of hyperthyroidism with radioiodine (I131) regardless of the patients' age or type of gland, with the exception of those cases in which the condition is associated with pregnancy or lactation. He emphasizes, however, that the wholesale treatment of children for thyrotoxicosis should not be carried out, and he is only administering the isotope to children, as part of a long-term study. Chapman and his co-workers2 have concluded that I131 should not be used in persons with either a single or multiple toxic nodular goiter, their reasons being the high incidence of carcinoma in clinically

Customers sometimes tamper with their water meter registers to reduce the amount of water billed, which causes all sorts of problems for the utility, from lost revenue to damaged property. The Lockout Device prevents such tampering as well as meter removal. The device has two small tabs and a rolled ring to prevent a meter's gauge from being removed so the meter can't register water flow. Two small extensions also cover nuts that attach the meter body to the service line.

Few studies using representative methods have explored the effects of computing in a cross section of different kinds of organizations. This study presents results of detailed interviews in a representative sample of some 184 computerized private sector firms. Contrary to some skeptical analyses of computerization, managers of most of these organizations appeared to have shrewd instrumental rationales for their decisions to computerize. Moreover, computerization, once in place, appears to change how organizations are managed by encouraging and supporting higher levels of abstraction in management decision-making and closer, more precise control by management of organizational affairs.