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The Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citriKuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), is a major pest of citrus due to its role as the vector of the bacterium that causes huanglongbing. In commercial citrus, ACP control currently relies on the application of insecticides, which may not be sustainable long-term, nor practical in urban areas. The sterile insect technique (SIT) is an alternative strategy in which large numbers of pests are reared, sterilized using radiation, and then released into the field to compete with wild individuals for matings, suppressing population growth. As a fundamental step toward the development of SIT for ACP, this study sought to identify the optimum radiation dose required to sterilize ACP without affecting their survival and mating capacity. Virgin adult ACP of both sexes were subjected to doses of X-ray irradiation ranging from 40 to 480 Gy, then paired with a nonirradiated mate and allowed to produce offspring. Fecundity was estimated as the number of eggs laid, and fertility as the proportion of those eggs that hatched. Females were more radio-sensitive than males, exhibiting a major drop in fecundity at even the lowest dose and 100% sterility at 80 Gy. In contrast, a fivefold higher dose (400 Gy) did not achieve complete sterility in males, with around 5% offspring survival. However, F1progeny of males exposed to 320 Gy or higher were subsequently found to be 100% sterile. This confirmation of inherited sterility suggests that balancing the sterilizing effects of radiation against its mortality-inducing effects may warrant further evaluation.

Heteroplasmy, the presence of multiple mitochondrial genotypes (mitotypes) within an individual, has long been thought to be a rare aberrance that is quickly removed by selection or drift. However, heteroplasmy is being reported in natural populations of eukaryotes with increasing frequency, in part due to improved diagnostic methods. Here, we report a seemingly stable heteroplasmic state in California populations of the polyphagous shothole borer (PSHB), Euwallacea fornicatus; an invasive ambrosia beetle that is causing significant tree dieback. We develop and validate a qPCR assay utilizing locked nucleic acid probes to detect different mitotypes, and qualitatively assess heteroplasmy in individual PSHB. We prove the utility of this assay by: (1) mitotyping field-collected PSHB, documenting the prevalence of heteroplasmy across its range in California; and, (2) measuring relative titers of each mitotype across multiple generations of heteroplasmic laboratory colonies to assess the stability of transmission through the maternal germline. We show that our findings are unlikely to be explained by the existence of NUMTs by next generation sequencing of contiguous sections of mitochondrial DNA, where each of the observed heteroplasmic sites are found within fully functional coding regions of mtDNA. Subsequently, we find heteroplasmic individuals are common in Californian field populations, and that heteroplasmy persists for at least 10 generations in experimental colonies. We also looked for evidence of the common occurrence of paternal leakage, but found none. In light of our results, we discuss competing hypotheses as to how heteroplasmy may have arisen, and continues to perpetuate, in Californian PSHB populations.

The Euwallacea fornicatusspecies complex (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae: Xyleborini) is a group of four cryptic ambrosia beetle species. Native to Asia, several members of the complex have invaded other continents, where they cause significant economic losses to agricultural crops (e.g., avocado) and natural ecosystems. We were primarily interested in developing management strategies by focusing on the flight behavior of the beetles. Thus, seasonal differences in flight activity were assessed using panel traps baited with a commercial quercivorol lure, placed in infested avocado orchards in Danei, Tainan, Taiwan. Same traps were used to investigate the flight activity of a natural enemy, an undescribed species of the Braconid genus Eucosmophorussp. Shothole borer species were identified using a DNA-based, high resolution melting assay. Trap data were compared to the predictions of a simple degree-day model, incorporating developmental data and several environmental parameters known to influence flight. Such as the time period representing most of flight activity in a day and temperature-dependent flight propensity. In stark contrast to the degree-day model which predicted the highest emergence, and by extension flight, of shothole borers during spring and summer (May to November), flight activity was actually lowest during these months, and instead, peaked during the winter (October to March). Abundance of the parasitoid wasp closely mirrored flight activity of the shothole borers. The mismatch of trapping and modeling data can have many causes, heavy precipitation and possibly cooperative brood care may suppress the dispersal behavior of the shothole borers during the summer.

New country and host records of Trichogrammaspecies for Turkey are presented. Trichogramma aurosumSugonjaev & Sorokina is recorded for the first time from Turkey, and a new species, T. zerynthiaePolaszek & Bolu, is described. Morphological identification based on dissected male genitalia is supplemented by molecular sequence data.http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:9CFF5E39-F1D2-42FB-86B8FC8475EC3560

Species belonging to the Euwallacea fornicatusEichhoff (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) species complex have invaded the continental U.S. since at least 2003. Three species of this complex are known to have established, two in California (E. fornicatus; and Euwallacea kuroshio), and a third in Florida (Euwallacea perbrevis). Their native ranges are spread across southern and southeast Asia. In Taiwan, all three species occur in sympatry. They attack healthy trees of widely varied species and cause severe damage and death to the trees. The attractant quercivorol is commonly used to promote their detection by passive trapping. Recent studies in Florida have shown that trapping of E. perbreviscan be further improved by adding a synergist, α-copaene, alongside the quercivorol lure. Thus, we were interested in testing the effectiveness of α-copaene for trapping the other invasive members of the complex in California and in an area of Taiwan where all three species co-occur. We found that α-copaene marginally enhanced the trapping of E. perbrevisin Taiwan, but had no effect on the trapping of E. fornicatusor E. kuroshioin either California or Taiwan. We conclude that any enhancing effect of α-copaene is specific to E. perbrevis. This highlights the economic importance of accurate species identification in developing and implementing an efficient, and yet cost-effective, monitoring program for the management of E. fornicatusand E. kuroshioin California and elsewhere.

This article is offered in the spirit of supporting students studying at home during the COVID-19 lockdown. It is offered as a study aid for those who may not be able to return to the studio for months but want to continue with their life-giving somatic studies at home. The article shares the properties of fascia and biotensegrity. I reflect on why somatic movement dance education and therapy is an effective approach in the world of fascial therapies. The first areas covered are sensory nerve endings found in fascia that respond to different types of movement and pressure, such as Golgi organs, Ruffini receptors, Pacini corpuscles and interstitial receptors. Other movement concepts covered are omnidirectional volume, pressure, time, stretch, gravity, ground reaction, floating bones, and chirality and counter-chirality. The article serves as an introduction to biotensegrity and why fascia innervates the parsympathetics. Of note, the article is pedagogical, primarily aimed at supporting students who are training in somatic movement dance education and therapy. Throughout the article Karin Rugman and Maisie Beth James offer experiential sensory images applying key ideas about fascia in the studio.

This extensive article shares foundational practices and theory developed in the field of bio-somatic dance movement naturotherapy (a two-year professional training in association with The International Somatic Movement Education and Therapy Association ISMETA). Unique to this programme is the experiential study of the cranial bones, craniosacral motion, restoring balance through the parasympathetic experience, and a deep blend of western anatomical knowledge with the subjective living experience of the organism. In this article I share foundational practices that often start sessions. The key areas covered in this article ares‘the occiput as a fulcrum’, ‘the scapulae as fulcrums’, ‘the sacrum as a fulcrum’, ‘sensory awareness of the foramen magnum and the jugular foramina’, ‘releasing soft tissues in the suboccipital region’, ‘expansion, contraction, flexion and extension of the cranial bones’, ‘craniosacral and thoracolumbar divisions’ and ‘the flow of cerebral spinal fluid’. Here I discuss discreet areas of the body in anatomical and physiological detail, but always in relation to the whole. In this way, I am working in a post-cartesian framework, which is one of the defining educational and therapeutic features of practice internationally, where there is an applied balance between objective science and the subject experience of living breathing tissues.

The common New World egg parasitoid of the corn leafhopper Dalbulus maidis(DeLong) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), an economically important pest of maize from Argentina to southern USA, has long been misidentified as the Palaearctic species Anagrus incarnatusHaliday or its synonym A. breviphragmaSoyka (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae). Using a combination of genetic and morphometric methods, and available biological information, specimens reared from eggs of D. maidisin Argentina and Mexico, described and illustrated here as Anagrus(Anagrus) virlaiTriapitsyn sp. n., are shown to be different from those of A. incarnatusfrom the Palaearctic region. Mitochondrial and nuclear ribosomal DNA sequence data provide clear evidence for the separation of the two species. Anagrus virlaiis also known from Brazil, Colombia, Guadeloupe (France), and Guyana.

Fusarium euwallaceaeis a well-characterized fungal symbiont of the exotic ambrosia beetle Euwallaceasp. (polyphagous shot hole borer [PSHB]), together inciting Fusarium dieback on many host plants in Israel and California. Recent discoveries of additional fungal symbionts within ambrosia beetle mycangia suggest these fungi occur as communities. Colony-forming units of Graphium euwallaceaesp. nov. and Paracremonium pembeumsp. nov., two novel fungal associates of PSHB from California, grew from 36 macerated female heads and 36 gallery walls collected from Platanus racemosa, Acer negundo, Persea americanaand Ricinus communis.Fungi were identified based on micromorphology and phylogenetic analyses of the combined internal transcribed spacer region (nuc rDNA ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 [ITS barcode]), elongation factor (EF 1-α), small subunit (18S rDNA) sequences for Graphiumspp., ITS, EF 1-α, calmodulin (cmdA), large subunit of the ATP citrate lyase (acl1), β-tubulin (tub2), RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2) and large subunit (28S rDNA) sequences for Paracremoniumspp. Other Graphiumspp. recovered from PSHB in Vietnam, Euwallacea fornicatusin Thailand, E. validusin Pennsylvania and Paracremoniumsp. recovered from PSHB in Vietnam were identified. F. euwallaceaewas recovered from mycangia at higher frequencies and abundances in all hosts except R. communis, in which those of F. euwallaceaeand P. pembeumwere equal. P. pembeumwas relatively more abundant within gallery walls of A. negundoand R. communis.In all hosts combined F. euwallaceaewas relatively more abundant within PSHB heads than gallery walls. All three fungi grew at different rates and colonized inoculated excised stems of P. americanaand A. negundo. P. pembeumproduced longer lesions than F. euwallaceaeand G. euwallaceaeon inoculated avocado shoots. Results indicate PSHB is associated with a dynamic assemblage of mycangial fungal associates that pose additional risk to native and nonnative hosts in California.

Asthma and COPD are characterized by airway dysfunction and inflammation. Neutrophilic airway inflammation is a common feature of COPD and is recognized in asthma, particularly in severe disease. The T helper (Th) 17 cytokines IL-17A and IL-17F have been implicated in the development of neutrophilic airway inflammation, but their expression in asthma and COPD is uncertain.

Background: The European corn borer (ECB), Ostrinianubilalis (Hübner, 1796) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), is the major pest of maize (Zea maysLinnaeus, 1753) in Serbia. One potential method for managing this pest is the augmentative release of naturally occuring egg parasitoids of the genus Trichogramma. The first step in this process is accurately identifying the naturally occuring species and estimating their natural distribution and abundance. Molecular identification, based on differences in DNA sequences, has commonly been employed for the identification of Trichogrammaspecies. A simple, quick, and accurate molecular assay is urgently required for the identification of two common Trichogrammaspecies, associated with ECB in Serbia: T. brassicaeBezdenko, 1968 and Trichogramma evanescensWestwood, 1833. Such an assay will facilitate an expansive survey of resident populations of Trichogrammaassociated with ECB across agricultural growing regions of Vojvodina province. Results: A species-specific multiplex PCR assay for the 2 species was developed and validated that assay using a sample of 79 parasitoid wasps reared from ECB egg masses collected from sample sites across Vojvodina province. Trichogramma brassicaewas confirmed as the dominant egg parasitoid of ECB in this region, accounting for 77 of the 79 wasps (97.47%). The remaining 2 were confirmed as T. evanescens. Trichogramma brassicaewas detected at all 12 sample sites, while T. evanescenswas detected at only 2 plots, Mokrin and Nakovo. Conclusions: The species-specific multiplex PCR assay presented herein can provide the basis of a quick, cheap, and reliable means for identifying the species of Trichogrammathat parasitize ECB egg masses in Serbia. Two currently documented species, T. brassicaeand T. evanescens, are readily diagnosed by the size of the PCR product they produce in the assay. Any additional species are expected to not produce a band of a diagnostic size. Such species would subsequently be identified by sequencing, which may also allow them to be promptly incorporated into a revised assay.

The Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum has been slow to deal with trade and the environment issues. In contrast, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and its environmental side agreement incorporate extensive environmental provisions and institutions in its framework. APEC could usefully build upon the NAFTA experience.

Currently, new rules are being negotiated governing the foreign direct investment undertaken by multinational enterprises in order to generate a Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI). Here an analytical framework for the MAI is developed, building upon conventional international business theory, in particular the concepts of globalization and sovereignty.

Echis carinatus,the saw‐scaled or carpet viper, is responsible for more snake‐bite deaths world‐wide than any other venomous snake (Warrell et al.1977; Warrell 1986). We report here a case of envenoming in Liverpool, the medical and haematological response in the patient and the results of an investigation on the kinetics of envenoming and therapy.

Echis carinatus,the saw‐scaled or carpet viper, is responsible for more snake‐bite deaths world‐wide than any other venomous snake (Warrell et al.1977; Warrell 1986). We report here a case of envenoming in Liverpool, the medical and haematological response in the patient and the results of an investigation on the kinetics of envenoming and therapy.

Under the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), domestic environmental regulations can have the ultimate impact of erecting entry barriers against foreign companies. These actions by domestic firms are part of a corporate “shelter”-seeking strategy. Five recent cases are analyzed out of twenty-four environmental disputes relevant to NAFTA.

Conclusion: This note has attempted to clarify both the theoretical and empirical reasons why the returns on the performance of a foreign subsidiary’s operations ought to be seen as returns on firm-specific knowledge (FSKs) which should be included in discussion of trade in services. This difficult task was not accomplished in a satisfactory manner by Ramstetter and Lee. It is entirely inappropriate to unbundle the activities of MNEs into returns on financial investment and a residual used to proxy payments for FSK. Rugman [1987] did not assume that the opportunity cost of financial capital is zero; rather that the “investment” activity of the MNE cannot be divorced from its FSK. The MNE uses internal markets as an integrated process to transfer FSK across national borders, raising theoretical and empirical issues for the international accounting of trade in services.

Summary A phase III 2x2 factorial trial of cisplatinum and bleomycin in 116 patients with recurrent or advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck is reported.

The density of 8CB has been measured between 28 and 5O°C and the volume change at the SA-N and N-I transitions determined. The SA-N appears to be first order. The implications of the results are discussed with respect to the molecular packing in the unusual structure of the cyanobiphenyls in which the layer spacing is about 1.4 times the molecular length.

In this case study Canadian-owned lrving Oil provides the basis for a discussion of transfer pricing by multinational enterprises. Designing transfer pricing systems is complicated by considerations such as profit and dividend repatriation, domestic and foreign tax considerations, and legal and governmental implications. Irving Oil's response to these issues, and the governmental opposition to this response, are outlined in detail.

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) produced a new set of rules for foreign direct investment (FDI). These applied the principle of national treatment, with the exception of a set of explicitly excluded sectors such as energy and automobiles. NAFTA also increased transparency and applied dispute settlement provisions for FDI disputes. The improved, rules-based climate for FDI can help increase FDI in NAFTA and stimulate growth and competitiveness. The rules for FDI in NAFTA can also serve as a model for other agreements such as the OECD's multilateral agreement on investment and the emerging investment liberalization of APEC.El tratado de libre comercio (TLC) de America del Norte produjo un nuevo conjunto de reglas para la inversion directa extranjera (IDE) en la region. En particular, en esta nueva regulacion se da el tratamiento de nacional a la IDE con la excepcion de algunos sectores como la energia y los automobiles. Adicionalmente, el TLC mejoro la transparencia y los mecanismos de negociacion para la resolucion de disputas y diferencias en materia de inversion directa extranjera. Con esta nueva regulacion, tambien se puede esperar un incremento en la IDE y un nuevo crecimiento y competitividad en toda la region del TLC. La nueva regulacion del TLC en America del Norte, puede servir como modelo para otros acuerdos como los de inversion multilateral de la OECD y los de liberalizacion de la inversion de la APEC.O Acordo de Livre Comercio Norte-Americano (NAFTA) produziu um novo conjunto de regras para o investimento direto estrangeiro (IDE). Essas regras aplicaram o principio do tratamento nacional, com a excecao de um conjunto de setores explicitamente excluidos tais como os setores de energia e automobilistico. O NAFTA tambem aumentou a transparencia and aplicou provisoes para a resolucao de disputas as disputas relativas ao IDE. O clima de IDE melhorado, baseado em regras, pode ajudar a aumentar o IDE no NAFTA e estimular o crescimento e a competitividade. As regras para FDI no NAFTA tambem podem servir de modelo para outros acordos como o acordo multilateral sobre investimento da OCDE e a para a emergente liberalizacao de investimentos na area da APEC.

Kim Richard Nossal, Rain Dancing: Sanctions in Canadian and Australian Foreign Policy. University of Toronto Press, 1994.Michael Hart (with Bill Dymond and Cohn Robertson) Decision at Midnight: Inside the Canada-US. Free Trade Negotiations. Vancouver University of British Columbia Press, 1994.David Dewitt and David Leyton-Brown (eds.), Canada's International Security Policy. Prentice-Hall, 1995.

Zusammenfassung: Multinationale Unternehmen und Dienstleistungsverkehr: Ein Transaktionskosten-Ansatz. — In diesem Aufsatz wird eine neue Methode zur Analyse des Dienstleistungsverkehrs vorgeschlagen. Wegen der überragenden Bedeutung der multinationalen Unternehmen (MNUs) für den Welthandel und die Investitionen sollte, so wird argumentiert, eine Klassifikation der internationalen Dienstleistungsströme Annäherungswerte für die Aktivitäten der MNUs enthalten. Daher wird vorgeschlagen, den üblichen Kategorien des Reiseverkehrs und der mit dem Warenaustausch verbundenen Dienstleistungen die Erträge aus ausländischen Direktinvestitionen hinzuzufügen. Dies ermöglicht es, die unerfa\bare Natur des MNU-spezifischen Wissens und anderer firmenspezifischer Eigenschaften in die Untersuchung des heutigen Dienstleistungsverkehrs einzubeziehen. Diese Methode wird auf kanadische Verhältnisse angewandt, und die revidierten Daten für den Dienstleistungsverkehr werden kommentiert.

Conclusions: Part IV of Parry's article discusses three types of FDI activity by MNEs; these are correctly analyzed and fully consistent with my earlier work. All the three cases (vertical integration, transfer pricing and quality control) are examples of market imperfections which lead to internalization. I am glad that Parry accepts these“three areas where internalization appears to provide an explanation of FDI as a specific form of international involvement by the MNE” but I am surprized that he still cannot accept the general point that these are examples of“market failure” in an international context, which lead to multinational hierarchical activity. The focus of my survey article was to demonstrate that“established theories of FDI” tend to fasten one to one or another of such market imperfections, but in all cases internalization results. Internalization as a general theory of FDI is still a robust principle. It provides the conceptual foundation for analysis of the MNE and the field of international business.

Risiko, Direktinvestitionen und internationale Diversifizierung. — Trotz der theoretischen Vorteile, die eine internationale Portfoliodiversifizierung hat, kann sie in der Praxis durch Finanzinvestitionen allein nicht voll verwirklicht werden, weil der weltweiten KapitalmobilitÄt institutionelle Schranken entgegenstehen. Au\erdem besteht eine hohe positive Korrelation zwischen den Indikatoren auf den einzelnen FinanzmÄrkten, so da\ es wenig Möglichkeiten für eine Diversifizierung der finanziellen Anlagen gibt. Stattdessen können Investoren einige der Vorteile der internationalen Diversifizierung dadurch erzielen, da\ sie Anteile an multinationalen Korporationen erwerben, die Direktinvestitionen vornehmen. Diese Firmen sind Vehikel der internationalen Diversifizierung. Die internationale Korrelation zwischen den Waren- und FaktormÄrkten, auf denen sich solche Firmen betÄtigen, ist geringer als die Korrelation zwischen den Indikatoren der FinanzmÄrkte. Le risque, l'investissement et la diversification internationale. — En dépit des avantages théoriques d'une diversification internationale de portefeuille on ne peut les réaliser complètement par l'investissement financier seulement, parce qu'il y a des obstacles institutioneis contre la mobilité mondiale de capital. En outre, nous trouvons que les coefficients de corrélation calculés comme indicateurs du marché financier sont extrÊmement positifs en rélévant peu de possibilité pour une diversification des avoirs financiers. Au lieu de cela l'investisseur peut réaliser quelques-uns des bénéfices d'une diversification internationale en achetant des actions des corporations multinationales qui s'engagent en investissement direct. Ces entreprises sont les véhicules d'une diversification internationale. Nous trouvons que les corrélations internationales dans les marchés des biens et des facteurs sur lesquels telles entreprises opèrent sont plus basses que les indicateurs du marché financier. Riesgo, inversiones directas y diversificación internacional. — Debido a que existen barreras institucionales para la mobilidad mundial del capital, las ventajas teóricas de la diversificación internacional de portafolio en la práctica no se pueden llevar a cabo complemente a traves de inversiones financieras solamente. Adicionalmente los coeficientes de correlación calculados para indicadores de raercados financieros resultaren ser altamente positivos, revelando una reducida posibilidad de diversificación en el mercado de valores financieros. En cambio, el investor puede gozar de algunos de los benificios de la diversificación internacional comprando acciones de corporaciones multinacionales que participan en inversiones directas. Correlaciones internacionales en los mercados de bienes y factores en los cuales estas firmas operan resultaron ser menores que los indicadores de mercados financieros.

Hydrogen metabolism in Salmonella typhimurium is differentially regulated by mutations in the two anaerobic regulatory pathways, defined by the fnr (oxrA) and oxrC genes, and is controlled by catabolite repression. The synthesis of the individual hydrogenase isoenzymes is also specifically influenced by fnr and oxrC mutations and by catabolite repression in a manner entirely consistent with the proposed role for each isoenzyme in hydrogen metabolism. Synthesis of hydrogenase isoenzyme 2 was found to be fnr dependent and oxrC independent, consistent with a role in respiration-linked hydrogen uptake which was shown to be similarly regulated. Also in keeping with such a respiratory role was the finding that both hydrogen uptake and the expression of isoenzyme 2 are under catabolite repression. In contrast, formate hydrogenlyase-dependent hydrogen evolution, characteristic of fermentative growth, was reduced in oxrC strains but not in fnr strains. Hydrogenase 3 activity was similarly regulated, consistent with a role in hydrogen evolution. Unlike the expression of hydrogenases 2 and 3, hydrogenase 1 expression was both fnr and oxrC dependent. Hydrogen uptake during fermentative growth was also both fnr and oxrC dependent. This provided good evidence for a distinction between hydrogen uptake during fermentation- and respiration-dependent growth and for a hydrogen-recycling process. The pattern of anaerobic control of hydrogenase activities illustrated the functional diversity of the isoenzymes and, in addition, the physiological distinction between the two anaerobic regulatory pathways, anaerobic respiratory genes being fnr dependent and enzymes required during fermentative growth being oxrC dependent.

We have introduced biologically active, fluorescently labeled maltose-binding protein into the periplasmic space of Escherichia coli and measured its lateral diffusion coefficient by the fluorescence photobleaching recovery method. Diffusion of this protein in the periplasm was found to be surprisingly low (lateral diffusion coefficient, 0.9 X 10(-10) cm2 s-1), about 1,000-fold lower than would be expected for diffusion in aqueous medium and almost 100-fold lower than for an equivalent-size protein in the cytoplasm. Galactose-binding protein, myoglobin, and cytochrome c were also introduced into the periplasm and had diffusion coefficients identical to that determined for the maltose-binding protein. For all proteins nearly 100% recovery of fluorescence was obtained after photobleaching, indicating that the periplasm is a single contiguous compartment surrounding the cell. These data have considerable implications for periplasmic structure and for the role of periplasmic proteins in transport and chemotaxis.