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In 2012, the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act (AIA) created new procedures for challenging the validity of U.S. patents before the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) as an alternative to [...]

The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit's recent decision in Amgen Inc. v. Hospira, Inc., (1) provides additional clarity on certain procedural and discovery issues arising in biosimilars [...]

Frustration with high costs and poor quality in American health care led private sector purchasers of health care benefits to form our organization, The Leapfrog Group, in 2000. Purchasers use [...]

Takes a serious look at the fashion industry and suggests that not so subtle bribes are offered to fashion editors by designers. Quotes from a former fashion-magazine editor; The cashmere sweaters that were given away by Tse Cashmere when they opened a Madison Avenue boutique; The goods that fashion editors are offered.

A chart is presented that shows data on the performance of U.S. mutual funds in the second half of 1983 including the Boston Mutual Fund, the Fidelity Magellan Fund and the John Hancock Growth Fund.

Multiple charts are presented as of August 29, 1983 that list U.S. mutual funds, mutual fund managers and stock funds, rated by the Forbes magazine according to their performance during bull and bear market conditions. INSETS: The honor roll-why the Cheshire cat smiles;Fund manager ratings-why the March Hare worries.

The article reports on the growth of small banks in the U.S. in 1981. Topics discussed include the increase in the return on assets of banks with less than 100 million dollars in assets, the advantages of establishing a small bank, and the challenges facing community banks including the high-interest competition for deposits, the elimination of interest-rate ceilings, and the growing prospect of eventual interstate banking.

The article highlights the business strategy of manufacturing firm Caterpillar Tractor. It shows how the company balances its concern about productivity and sensitivity for employee morale and corporate reputation. Data presented indicate the stock price, market value and earnings posted by Caterpillar as of March 1981. An update is presented on the business improvements and expansions initiated by Caterpillar that include investment in plants and machines, as well as product diversity.

The article profiles wildcat drillers in the United States in 1981 who are new to the petroleum industry. Topics mentioned include New York City-based landlord Sam Lefrak who began drilling in response to the 1973 oil embargo, former dentist and investor Morris Frankel and his firm Argo Petroleum, and former Denver Broncos football linebacker Lonnie Williams, who became the sole owner of L.G. Williams Corp.

Profiles Donna Karan and her Seventh Avenue business, which is clearly modeled on Ralph Lauren. The only female interloper in the all-boys club of leading US designers, Karan, 44, has shaped a distinctively comfortable sexy style and a full-line apparel conglomerate. Her exploding DKNY division; Her gift of making wearable, flattering clothes for real women, designs that work as well for size 10 as a size 6; Her lifetime on Seventh Avenue; Her golden commercial touch.

The article discusses the development of the Source of Payment Typology data standard and U.S. states' use of data standards. Topics covered include the Payer Typology code set, user's guide, states' implementation of the code set in administrative data systems, and its major classifications and subclassifications. Also noted are states' possible improvement of data use in analyzing the Affordable Care Act's (ACA) impact, and the type of payers that may impact cost, quality, and care access.

Cinnamomum is among the largest genera of the Lauraceae, including species from tropical to temperate Asia and from tropical to subtropical America. However, previous studies indicated that Cinnamomum might not be monophyletic in its current circumscription. We therefore re-investigated the genus and possible relatives with an increased taxon sample, particularly of the Neotropical species. Our results, based on sequences of the nuclear ITS region and the chloroplast spacers psbA-trnH and trnG-trnS, show that the Neotropical Cinnamomum species indeed do not form a monophyletic group with the Paleotropical species. Instead, the American species form a clade in which most species of the Neotropical genus Aiouea are nested within several subclades. According to the ITS data the Aiouea/Cinnamomum clade is sister to the likewise predominantly Neotropical Ocoteacomplex, rather than the two Paleotropical Cinnamomum clades. Therefore, Cinnamomum cannot be upheld in its cur-rent circumscription. As the type C. verum, is from Asia, the Neotropical species need to be placed in a different genus. We decided to transfer them to Aiouea here, because this is the oldest generic name in the Aiouea/Cinnamomum clade, and the only character separating Aiouea from Neotropical Cinnamomum is the number of pollen sacs per anther (di- vs. tetrasporangiate), a feature that is known to be variable within several other genera as well. This transfer requires 42 new combinations and two nomina nova. In addition, six species described in the unpublished Ph.D. thesis of one of the authors (FLH) are validated in Aioueahere, and the only species of the genus Mocinnodaphne is transferred to Aiouea as well.

The article reports that James Clark, former treasurer of Crime Control Inc., has bought a controlling interest in the company in fall of the year 1983. Crime Control was founded in 1972 by Donald Gray and James Bowman to install and monitor security and alarm systems. It ranks among the fastest-growing small companies in the U.S. Since 1980 its sales have jumped more than six fold, while profits are up 360 per cent. Jim Clark pledged everything he owned to gain his 36 per cent stake and buy out the company's founders. Founders Gray and Bowman sold a portion of their shares to Clark for $6 million in cash, or $20 a share.

The article focuses on construction, mining and equipment industries. It discusses projection of bad times for this group of companies with the foray of Japanese competition in the U.S. market, excess plant capacity and high labor costs. once A chart is presented that shows the journal's Yardsticks of management performance for profitability and growth of companies including Hyster, GATX and Caterpillar Tractor. INSET: Riding out the storm.

The article focuses on the impact of mutual funds manager's decision on the performance of the fund as of June 6, 1983. The author pays special attention on cases when portfolio managers retire. Other topics reviewed include shifts of mutual funds' investment strategies including investment in growth stocks. Charts representing the performance of mutual funds are presented as well.

The article discusses the business of Newark, New Jersey-based uncoated and coated fiberboard products manufacturer Georgia Bonded Fibers (GBF) as of December 6, 1982, with attention paid to its chairman Hugo Surmonte. The author focuses on the fact that the firm produces a synthetic used in the making of insoles for shoes, called Bontex. Particular focus is given to Surmonte's attempts to expand the firm's operations overseas, in France and Belgium, as well as to GBF President James Kostelni.

The article reports developments in the soft-drink industry, particularly in the U.S., as of mid-February 1982. Among the companies in the sector are Faygo Beverages, Manhattan Special, and Barq's root beer. It features such individuals as John Oudt and John Koerner of Barq's root beer, Emanuel Goldman of Sanford C. Berstein, and Faygo Beverages, Inc.'s Mort Feigenson.

The article looks at developments in the industrial equipment and services industry in 1981 and outlook for 1982. Topics discussed include a 35 percent decline in machine tool orders, selling of unprofitable divisions by some companies including Research-Cottrell and Rexnord and strong performance of companies with varied products. A chart is presented that shows the financial and management performance of several companies in terms of profitability and growth.

The article looks at developments in the construction, mining and transport equipment industry in 1981 and outlook for 1982. Topics discussed include the sector's optimism attributed to the Economic Recovery Act which led to accelerated depreciation and the sale of investment tax credits in the form of leasing equipment and outlook of rail equipment companies. A chart is presented that shows the financial and management performance of companies in terms of profitability and growth.

The article focuses on the potential of Campbell Soup chief executive officer (CEO) Gordon McGovern on reviving the firm's growth and profitability. Topics discussed include how McGovern, formerly of president at subsidiary Pepperidge Farm, got the soup maker's top post, the financial health of Campbell Soup like how its return on equity was at 13 percent and McGovern's aim of reconnecting the company with its consumers.

Surveys the current state of the US economy, and suggests it needs substantial, structural changes to restore lasting prosperity, focusing on a dramatically improved infrastructure and educational system. Results of a `Time'/CNN poll; Effects of the election year on quick fixes: cosmetic surgery; Stimulating private research and development into new technologies; Defense windfall; Risk of inflation.