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1. Rapid diagnosis of TIA reduces risk of subsequent stroke

Author

Tyrrell, Pippa, Martin, Sarah, and Rudd, Anthony

Subjects
Diagnosis, Risk factors
Abstract

What are the symptoms and signs? How should patients be investigated? What are the management options? A TRANSIENT ISCHAEMIC ATTACK (TIA) IS DEFINED AS A STROKE THAT RECOVERS COMPLETELY within [...]

Published
2012

3. Plasma D-dimers in the diagnosis of venous thromboembolism

Author

Kelly, James, Rudd, Anthony, Lewis, Roger R., and Hunt, Beverley J.

Subjects
Venous thrombosis -- Diagnosis, Thromboembolism -- Diagnosis, Health
Abstract

Clinical suspicion for venous thromboembolism (VTE) mandates objective testing to confirm or exclude the diagnosis. However, current imaging modalities are imperfect because of a small but important risk of complications with invasive techniques or limited sensitivity with noninvasive ones. A diagnostic tool for VTE is needed that is noninvasive and highly accurate, allowing immediate treatment decisions to be made in most cases. Plasma D-dimers (D-ds), specific cross-linked fibrin derivatives, partially fulfill these criteria in that they are sensitive markers for thrombosis but lack specificity. They therefore cannot be used to make a positive diagnosis of VTE; however, they generally have high negative predictive value and are useful as an exclusionary test, a potentially important role given that VTE is eventually ruled out in most patients investigated. Clinical management studies are clarifying the role of D-ds in the diagnostic paradigm of VTE: negative ultrasound and D-d findings obviate the need for serial imaging in suspected deep vein thrombosis, and anticoagulant therapy can be safely withheld in patients with non-high clinical suspicion for pulmonary embolism and non-high probability ventilation perfusion scan if D-d test results are negative. More recently, the combination of a negative SimpliRED (AGEN Biomedical Ltd, Brisbane, Australia) D-d result and low clinical suspicion derived using a formal scoring system has been shown to exclude deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism and to obviate the need for imaging. Several different D-d assays are now available, and clinicians should be aware of the performance characteristics of the test used before incorporation into diagnostic algorithms as these will differ between assays, and the results of clinical management studies cannot necessarily be safely extrapolated to assays other than those specifically evaluated. If alternative assays are to be substituted, these should consistently have been shown to possess equivalent or greater sensitivity. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:747-756

Published
2002

4. Recovery from poststroke urinary incontinence: associated factors and impact on outcome

Author

Patel, Mehool, Coshall, Catherine, Lawrence, Enas, Rudd, Anthony G., and Wolfe, Charles D.A.

Subjects
Stroke patients -- Care and treatment, Urinary incontinence -- Care and treatment, Stroke (Disease) -- Care and treatment, Age factors in disease -- Research, Health, Seniors
Abstract

Research indicates that poor recovery from urinary incontinence after suffering a stroke is independently associated with age, with patients aged 75 years and older demonstrating less than optimum recovery outcomes. Patient recovery from incontinence is recommended as a primary goal for stroke professionals, as it is linked to reduced disability and institutionalization rates.

Published
2001

5. Multi‐phenotype analyses of hemostatic traits with cardiovascular events reveal novel genetic associations

Author

Temprano‐Sagrera, Gerard, Sitlani, Colleen M., Bone, William P., Martin‐Bornez, Miguel, Voight, Benjamin F., Morrison, Alanna C., Damrauer, Scott M., de Vries, Paul S., Smith, Nicholas L., Sabater‐Lleal, Maria, Dehghan, Abbas, Heath, Adam S, Morrison, Alanna C, Reiner, Alex P, Johnson, Andrew, Richmond, Anne, Peters, Annette, van Hylckama Vlieg, Astrid, McKnight, Barbara, Psaty, Bruce M, Hayward, Caroline, Ward‐Caviness, Cavin, O’Donnell, Christopher, Chasman, Daniel, Strachan, David P, Tregouet, David A, Mook‐Kanamori, Dennis, Gill, Dipender, Thibord, Florian, Asselbergs, Folkert W, Leebeek, Frank W.G., Rosendaal, Frits R, Davies, Gail, Homuth, Georg, Temprano, Gerard, Campbell, Harry, Taylor, Herman A, Bressler, Jan, Huffman, Jennifer E, Rotter, Jerome I, Yao, Jie, Wilson, James F, Bis, Joshua C, Hahn, Julie M, Desch, Karl C, Wiggins, Kerri L, Raffield, Laura M, Bielak, Lawrence F, Yanek, Lisa R, Kleber, Marcus E, Sabater‐Lleal, Maria, Mueller, Martina, Kavousi, Maryam, Mangino, Massimo, Liu, Melissa, Brown, Michael R, Conomos, Matthew P, Jhun, Min‐A, Chen, Ming‐Huei, de Maat, Moniek P.M., Pankratz, Nathan, Smith, Nicholas L, Peyser, Patricia A, Elliot, Paul, de Vries, Paul S, Wei, Peng, Wild, Philipp S, Morange, Pierre E, van der Harst, Pim, Yang, Qiong, Le, Ngoc‐Quynh, Marioni, Riccardo, Li, Ruifang, Damrauer, Scott M, Cox, Simon R, Trompet, Stella, Felix, Stephan B, Völker, Uwe, Tang, Weihong, Koenig, Wolfgang, Jukema, J. Wouter, Guo, Xiuqing, Lindstrom, Sara, Wang, Lu, Smith, Erin N, Gordon, William, van Hylckama Vlieg, Astrid, de Andrade, Mariza, Brody, Jennifer A, Pattee, Jack W, Haessler, Jeffrey, Brumpton, Ben M, Chasman, Daniel I, Suchon, Pierre, Chen, Ming‐Huei, Turman, Constance, Germain, Marine, Wiggins, Kerri L, MacDonald, James, Braekkan, Sigrid K, Armasu, Sebastian M, Pankratz, Nathan, Jackson, Rabecca D, Nielsen, Jonas B, Giulianini, Franco, Puurunen, Marja K, Ibrahim, Manal, Heckbert, Susan R, Bammler, Theo K, Frazer, Kelly A, McCauley, Bryan M, Taylor, Kent, Pankow, James S, Reiner, Alexander P, Gabrielsen, Maiken E, Deleuze, Jean‐François, O’Donnell, Chris J, Kim, Jihye, McKnight, Barbara, Kraft, Peter, Hansen, John‐Bjarne, Rosendaal, Frits R, Heit, John A, Psaty, Bruce M, Tang, Weihong, Kooperberg, Charles, Hveem, Kristian, Ridker, Paul M, Morange, Pierre‐Emmanuel, Johnson, Andrew D, Kabrhel, Christopher, Trégouët, David‐Alexandre, Smith, Nicholas L, Malik, Rainer, Chauhan, Ganesh, Traylor, Matthew, Sargurupremraj, Muralidharan, Okada, Yukinori, Mishra, Aniket, Rutten‐Jacobs, Loes, Giese, Anne‐Katrin, van der Laan, Sander W, Gretarsdottir, Solveig, Anderson, Christopher D, Chong, Michael, Adams, Hieab HH, Ago, Tetsuro, Almgren, Peter, Amouyel, Philippe, Ay, Hakan, Bartz, Traci M, Benavente, Oscar R, Bevan, Steve, Boncoraglio, Giorgio B, Brown, Robert D, Butterworth, Adam S, Carrera, Caty, Carty, Cara L, Chasman, Daniel I, Chen, Wei‐Min, Cole, John W, Correa, Adolfo, Cotlarciuc, Ioana, Cruchaga, Carlos, Danesh, John, de Bakker, Paul IW, DeStefano, Anita L, den Hoed, Marcel, Duan, Qing, Engelter, Stefan T, Falcone, Guido J, Gottesman, Rebecca F, Grewal, Raji P, Gudnason, Vilmundur, Gustafsson, Stefan, Haessler, Jeffrey, Harris, Tamara B, Hassan, Ahamad, Havulinna, Aki S, Heckbert, Susan R, Holliday, Elizabeth G, Howard, George, Hsu, Fang‐Chi, Hyacinth, Hyacinth I, Arfan Ikram, M, Ingelsson, Erik, Irvin, Marguerite R, Jian, Xueqiu, Jiménez‐Conde, Jordi, Johnson, Julie A, Jukema, J Wouter, Kanai, Masahiro, Keene, Keith L, Kissela, Brett M, Kleindorfer, Dawn O, Kooperberg, Charles, Kubo, Michiaki, Lange, Leslie A, Langefeld, Carl D, Langenberg, Claudia, Launer, Lenore J, Lee, Jin‐Moo, Lemmens, Robin, Leys, Didier, Lewis, Cathryn M, Lin, Wei‐Yu, Lindgren, Arne G, Lorentzen, Erik, Magnusson, Patrik K, Maguire, Jane, Manichaikul, Ani, McArdle, Patrick F, Meschia, James F, Mitchell, Braxton D, Mosley, Thomas H, Nalls, Michael A, Ninomiya, Toshiharu, O’Donnell, Martin J, Psaty, Bruce M, Pulit, Sara L, Rannikmäe, Kristiina, Reiner, Alexander P, Rexrode, Kathryn M, Rice, Kenneth, Rich, Stephen S, Ridker, Paul M, Rost, Natalia S, Rothwell, Peter M, Rotter, Jerome I, Rundek, Tatjana, Sacco, Ralph L, Sakaue, Saori, Sale, Michele M, Salomaa, Veikko, Sapkota, Bishwa R, Schmidt, Reinhold, Schmidt, Carsten O, Schminke, Ulf, Sharma, Pankaj, Slowik, Agnieszka, Sudlow, Cathie LM, Tanislav, Christian, Tatlisumak, Turgut, Taylor, Kent D, Thijs, Vincent NS, Thorleifsson, Gudmar, Thorsteinsdottir, Unnur, Tiedt, Steffen, Trompet, Stella, Tzourio, Christophe, van Duijn, Cornelia M, Walters, Matthew, Wareham, Nicholas J, Wassertheil‐Smoller, Sylvia, Wilson, James G, Wiggins, Kerri L, Yang, Qiong, Yusuf, Salim, Amin, Najaf, Aparicio, Hugo S, Arnett, Donna K, Attia, John, Beiser, Alexa S, Berr, Claudine, Buring, Julie E, Bustamante, Mariana, Caso, Valeria, Cheng, Yu‐Ching, Hoan Choi, Seung, Chowhan, Ayesha, Cullell, Natalia, Dartigues, Jean‐François, Delavaran, Hossein, Delgado, Pilar, Dörr, Marcus, Engström, Gunnar, Ford, Ian, Gurpreet, Wander S, Hamsten, Anders, Heitsch, Laura, Hozawa, Atsushi, Ibanez, Laura, Ilinca, Andreea, Ingelsson, Martin, Iwasaki, Motoki, Jackson, Rebecca D, Jood, Katarina, Jousilahti, Pekka, Kaffashian, Sara, Kalra, Lalit, Kamouchi, Masahiro, Kitazono, Takanari, Kjartansson, Olafur, Kloss, Manja, Koudstaal, Peter J, Krupinski, Jerzy, Labovitz, Daniel L, Laurie, Cathy C, Levi, Christopher R, Li, Linxin, Lind, Lars, Lindgren, Cecilia M, Lioutas, Vasileios, Mei Liu, Yong, Lopez, Oscar L, Makoto, Hirata, Martinez‐Majander, Nicolas, Matsuda, Koichi, Minegishi, Naoko, Montaner, Joan, Morris, Andrew P, Muiño, Elena, Müller‐Nurasyid, Martina, Norrving, Bo, Ogishima, Soichi, Parati, Eugenio A, Reddy Peddareddygari, Leema, Pedersen, Nancy L, Pera, Joanna, Perola, Markus, Pezzini, Alessandro, Pileggi, Silvana, Rabionet, Raquel, Riba‐Llena, Iolanda, Ribasés, Marta, Romero, Jose R, Roquer, Jaume, Rudd, Anthony G, Sarin, Antti‐Pekka, Sarju, Ralhan, Sarnowski, Chloe, Sasaki, Makoto, Satizabal, Claudia L, Satoh, Mamoru, Sattar, Naveed, Sawada, Norie, Sibolt, Gerli, Sigurdsson, Ásgeir, Smith, Albert, Sobue, Kenji, Soriano‐Tárraga, Carolina, Stanne, Tara, Colin Stine, O, Stott, David J, Strauch, Konstantin, Takai, Takako, Tanaka, Hideo, Tanno, Kozo, Teumer, Alexander, Tomppo, Liisa, Torres‐Aguila, Nuria P, Touze, Emmanuel, Tsugane, Shoichiro, Uitterlinden, Andre G, Valdimarsson, Einar M, van der Lee, Sven J, Völzke, Henry, Wakai, Kenji, Weir, David, Williams, Stephen R, Wolfe, Charles DA, Wong, Quenna, Xu, Huichun, Yamaji, Taiki, Sanghera, Dharambir K, Melander, Olle, Jern, Christina, Strbian, Daniel, Fernandez‐Cadenas, Israel, Longstreth, W T, Rolfs, Arndt, Hata, Jun, Woo, Daniel, Rosand, Jonathan, Pare, Guillaume, Hopewell, Jemma C, Saleheen, Danish, Stefansson, Kari, Worrall, Bradford B, Kittner, Steven J, Seshadri, Sudha, Fornage, Myriam, Markus, Hugh S, Howson, Joanna MM, Kamatani, Yoichiro, Debette, Stephanie, and Dichgans, Martin

Abstract

Multi‐phenotype analysis of genetically correlated phenotypes can increase the statistical power to detect loci associated with multiple traits, leading to the discovery of novel loci. This is the first study to date to comprehensively analyze the shared genetic effects within different hemostatic traits, and between these and their associated disease outcomes.

Published
2022
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6. Randomised controlled trial to evaluate early discharge scheme for patients with stroke

Author

Rudd, Anthony G., Wolfe, Charles D.A., Tilling, Kate, and Beech, Roger

Subjects
Evaluation, Community medicine -- Evaluation, Home care, Stroke patients, Hospital stays, Hospital utilization -- Length of stay
Abstract

Introduction Stroke accounts for the use of a fifth of acute medical beds and a quarter of long term beds.[1] In the United Kingdom up to 70% of patients are [...]

Published
1997

7. National implementation of reperfusion for acute ischaemic stroke in England: How should services be configured? A modelling study

Author

Allen, Michael, Pearn, Kerry, Ford, Gary A, White, Phil, Rudd, Anthony G, McMeekin, Peter, Stein, Ken, and James, Martin

Abstract

Objectives To guide policy when planning thrombolysis (IVT) and thrombectomy (MT) services for acute stroke in England, focussing on the choice between ‘mothership’ (direct conveyance to an MT centre) and ‘drip-and-ship’ (secondary transfer) provision and the impact of bypassing local acute stroke centres.Design Outcome-based modelling study.Setting 107 acute stroke centres in England, 24 of which provide IVT and MT (IVT/MT centres) and 83 provide only IVT (IVT-only units).Participants 242,874 emergency admissions with acute stroke over 3 years (2015–2017).Intervention Reperfusion delivered by drip-and-ship, mothership or ‘hybrid’ models; impact of additional travel time to directly access an IVT/MT centre by bypassing a more local IVT-only unit; effect of pre-hospital selection for large artery occlusion (LAO).Main outcome measures Population benefit from reperfusion, time to IVT and MT, admission numbers to IVT-only units and IVT/MT centres.Results Without pre-hospital selection for LAO, 94% of the population of England live in areas where the greatest clinical benefit, assuming unknown patient status, accrues from direct conveyance to an IVT/MT centre. However, this policy produces unsustainable admission numbers at these centres, with 78 out of 83 IVT-only units receiving fewer than 300 admissions per year (compared to 3 with drip-and-ship). Implementing a maximum permitted additional travel time to bypass an IVT-only unit, using a pre-hospital test for LAO, and selecting patients based on stroke onset time, all help to mitigate the destabilising effect but there is still some significant disruption to admission numbers, and improved selection of patients suitable for MT selectively reduces the number of patients who would receive IVT at IVT-only centres, challenging the sustainability of IVT expertise in IVT-only centres.Conclusions Implementation of reperfusion for acute stroke based solely on achieving the maximum population benefit potentially leads to destabilisation of the emergency stroke care system. Careful planning is required to create a sustainable system, and modelling may be used to help planners maximise benefit from reperfusion while creating a sustainable emergency stroke care system.

Published
2022
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8. Waiting times for carotid endarterectomy in UK: observational study

Author

Halliday, Alison W., Lees, Tim, Kamugasha, Dora, Grant, Robert, Hoffman, Alex, Rothwell, Peter M., Potter, John F., Horrocks, Michael, Naylor, Ross, and Rudd, Anthony G.

Subjects
Endarterectomy -- Usage, Endarterectomy -- Health aspects, Stroke (Disease) -- Care and treatment, United Kingdom -- Health aspects
Published
2009

10. Long-Term Trends in Stroke Survivors Discharged to Care Homes

Author

Clery, Amanda, Bhalla, Ajay, Bisquera, Alessandra, Skolarus, Lesli E., Marshall, Iain, McKevitt, Christopher, Rudd, Anthony, Sackley, Catherine, Martin, Finbarr C., Manthorpe, Jill, Wolfe, Charles, and Wang, Yanzhong

Abstract

Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text.

Published
2020
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12. Qualitative analysis of stroke patients' motivation for rehabilitation

Author

Maclean, Niall, Pound, Pandora, Wolfe, Charles, and Rudd, Anthony

Subjects
Stroke patients -- Beliefs, opinions and attitudes, Stroke (Disease)
Abstract

Abstract Objective To explore the attitudes and beliefs of stroke patients identified by professionals as having either "high" or "low" motivation for rehabilitation. Design Qualitative study with semistructured interviews. Setting […]

Published
2000

13. Maximising access to thrombectomy services for stroke in England: A modelling study

Author

Allen, Michael, Pearn, Kerry, James, Martin, Ford, Gary A, White, Phil, Rudd, Anthony G, McMeekin, Peter, and Stein, Ken

Abstract

Purpose Both intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) and intra-arterial endovascular thrombectomy (ET) improve the outcome of patients with acute ischaemic stroke, with endovascular thrombectomy being an option for those patients with large vessel occlusions. We sought to understand how organisation of services affects time to treatment for both intravenous thrombolysis and endovascular thrombectomy.Method A multi-objective optimisation approach was used to explore the relationship between the number of intravenous thrombolysis and endovascular thrombectomy centres and times to treatment. The analysis is based on 238,887 emergency stroke admissions in England over 3 years (2013–2015).Results Providing hyper-acute care only in comprehensive stroke centres (CSC, providing both intravenous thrombolysis and endovascular thrombectomy, and performing >150 endovascular thrombectomy per year, maximum 40 centres) in England would lead to 15% of patients being more than 45 min away from care, and would create centres with up to 4300 stroke admissions/year. Mixing hyper-acute stroke units (providing intravenous thrombolysis only) with comprehensive stroke centres speeds time to intravenous thrombolysis and mitigates admission numbers to comprehensive stroke centres, but at the expense of increasing time to endovascular thrombectomy. With 24 comprehensive stroke centres and all remaining current acute stroke units as hyper-acute stroke units, redirecting patients directly to attend a comprehensive stroke centre by accepting a small delay (15-min maximum) in intravenous thrombolysis reduces time to endovascular thrombectomy: 25% of all patients would be redirected from hyper-acute stroke units to a comprehensive stroke centre, with an average delay in intravenous thrombolysis of 8 min, and an average improvement in time to endovascular thrombectomy of 80 min. The balance of comprehensive stroke centre:hyper-acute stroke unit admissions would change from 24:76 to 49:51.Conclusion Planning of hyper-acute stroke services is best achieved when considering all forms of acute care and ambulance protocol together. Times to treatment need to be considered alongside manageable and sustainable admission numbers.

Published
2019
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14. Physiotherapy provision to hospitalised stroke patients: Analysis from the UK Sentinel Stroke National Audit Programme

Author

McGlinchey, Mark P, Paley, Lizz, Hoffman, Alex, Douiri, Abdel, and Rudd, Anthony G

Abstract

Introduction The purpose of this study is to investigate which factors are associated with physiotherapy provision to hospitalised stroke patients.Methods Data were analysed for stroke patients admitted to hospital in England and Wales between April 2013 and March 2017 recorded on the Sentinel Stroke National Audit Programme (SSNAP) national stroke register. Associations between different patient factors, and applicability for and intensity of physiotherapy were measured using multi-level logistic and regression models. Findings:Data from 306,078 patients were included on the SSNAP register. Median age was 77 years (IQR 67–85) and 84.7% of patients with completed stroke severity data had a mild-moderate stroke. In all, 85.2% of patients recorded on SSNAP were deemed applicable for physiotherapy. Applicability for physiotherapy was 47% higher among thrombolysed patients (aOR 1.47, 95% CI 1.40–1.54), 36% lower in those with severe pre-morbid disability (aOR 0.64, 95% CI 0.58–0.71) and more than 2.5-fold higher among patients admitted to hospitals with greater availability of early supported discharge (aOR 2.62, 95% CI 1.28–5.37). Patients who were younger, male, had less pre-morbid disability, lower stroke severity, sustained an infarction, received thrombolysis, and had fewer medical complications were more likely to receive more intensive physiotherapy post-stroke.Conclusion Several patient and service organisational factors are associated with physiotherapy provision to stroke patients, some of which may not be justifiable. Physiotherapists should be aware of these factors when planning and delivering physiotherapy as well as any possible biases associated with physiotherapy provision to patients post-stroke.

Published
2019
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15. Effects of fluoxetine on functional outcomes after acute stroke (FOCUS): a pragmatic, double-blind, randomised, controlled trial

Author

Dennis, Martin, Mead, Gillian, Forbes, John, Graham, Catriona, Hackett, Maree, Hankey, Graeme J, House, Allan, Lewis, Stephanie, Lundström, Erik, Sandercock, Peter, Innes, Karen, Williams, Carol, Drever, Jonathan, Mcgrath, Aileen, Deary, Ann, Fraser, Ruth, Anderson, Rosemary, Walker, Pauli, Perry, David, Mcgill, Connor, Buchanan, David, Chun, Yvonne, Dinsmore, Lynn, Maschauer, Emma, Barugh, Amanda, Mikhail, Shadia, Blair, Gordon, Hoeritzauer, Ingrid, Scott, Maggie, Fraser, Greig, Lawrence, Katherine, Shaw, Alison, Williamson, Judith, Burgess, David, Macleod, Malcolm, Morales, Dan, Sullivan, Frank, Brady, Marian, French, Ray, Van Wijck, Frederike, Watkins, Caroline, Proudfoot, Fiona, Skwarski, Joanna, Mcgowan, Diane, Murphy, Rachael, Burgess, Seona, Rutherford, William, Mccormick, Katrina, Buchan, Ruaridh, Macraild, Allan, Paulton, Ruth, Fazal, Adnan, Taylor, Pat, Parakramawansha, Ruwan, Hunter, Neil, Perry, Jack, Bamford, John, Waugh, Dean, Veraque, Emelda, Bedford, Caroline, Kambafwile, Mary, Idrovo, Luis, Makawa, Linetty, Smalley, Paula, Randall, Marc, Thirugnana-Chandran, Tharani, Hassan, Ahamad, Vowden, Richard, Jackson, Joanne, Bhalla, Ajay, Rudd, Anthony, Tam, Chi Kai, Birns, Jonathan, Gibbs, Charlotte, Lee Carbon, Leonie, Cattermole, Elizabeth, Marks, Katherine, Cape, Angela, Hurley, Lisa, Kullane, Sagal, Smyth, Nigel, Eglinton, Charlotte, Wilson, Jennifer, Giallombardo, Elio, Frith, Angela, Reidy, Paul, Pitt, Matthew, Sykes, Lucy, Dellafera, Deborah, Croome, Victoria, Kerwood, Lauriane, Hancevic, Mirea, Narh, Christina, Merritt, Carley, Duffy, John, Cooke, Duncan, Willson, Juliet, Ali, Ali, Naqvi, Aaizza, Kamara, Christine, Bowler, Helen, Bell, Simon, Jackson, Tracy, Harkness, Kirsty, Stocks, Kathy, Duty, Suzanna, Doyle, Clare, Dunn, Geoffrey, Endean, Keith, Claydon, Fiona, Richards, Emma, Howe, Jo, Lindert, Ralf, Majid, Arshad, Dakin, Katy, Maatouk, Ahmad, Barron, Luke, Meegada, Madana, Rana, Pratap, Nair, Anand, Brighouse-Johnson, Christine, Greig, Jill, Kyu, Myint, Prasad, Sanjeev, Robinson, Matthew, Alam, Irfan, Mclean, Belinda, Greenhalgh, Lindsay, Ahmed, Zenab, Roffe, Christine, Brammer, Susan, Beardmore, Carole, Finney, Kay, Barry, Adrian, Hollinshead, Paul, Grocott, Jeanette, Maguire, Holly, Natarajan, Indira, Chembala, Jayan, Sanyal, Ranjan, Lijko, Sue, Abano, Nenette, Remegoso, Alda, Ferdinand, Phillip, Stevens, Stephanie, Varquez, Resti, Causley, Chelsea, Butler, Adrian, Whitmore, Philip, Stephen, Caroline, Carpio, Racquel, Hiden, Joanne, Muddegowda, Girish, Denic, Hayley, Sword, Jane, Curwen, Ross, James, Martin, Mudd, Paul, Hall, Fiona, Cageao, Julie, Keenan, Samantha, Roughan, Caroline, Kingwell, Hayley, Hemsley, Anthony, Lohan, Christoph, Davenport, Sue, Bowring, Angela, Chapter, Tamika, Hough, Max, Strain, David, Gupwell, Karin, Miller, Keniesha, Goff, Anita, Cusack, Ellie, Todd, Shirley, Partridge, Rebecca, Jennings, Georgiana, Thorpe, Kevin, Stephenson, Jacquelyn, Littlewood, Kelly, Barber, Mark, Brodie, Fiona, Marshall, Steven, Esson, Derek, Coburn, Irene, Mcinnes, Caroline, Ross, Fiona, Bowie, Emma, Barcroft, Heather, Withers, Victoria, Miller, Laura, Willcoxson, Paul, Donninson, Michelle, Evans, Richard, Daniel, Di, Coyle, John, Keeling, Michael, Wanklyn, Peter, Elliott, Mark, Wightman, John, Iveson, Elizabeth, Dyer, Natasha, Porteous, Anne-Marie, Haritakis, Monica, Ward, Mandy, Doughty, Lucy, Carr, Lisa, O Neill, Mark, Anazodo, Cosmas, Wood, Paul, Cottrell, Poppy, Donne, Cheryl, Rodriguez, Romina, Mir, Ruhail, Westmoreland, Jax, Bell, Judith, Emms, Christopher, Wright, Lorraine, Clark Brown, Pearl, Bamford, Elizabeth, Stanners, Andrew, Carpenter, Mike, Datta, Prabal, Davey, Richard, Needle, Ann, Eastwood, Marjorie Jane, Razik, Fathima Zeena, Ghouri, Imran, Bateman, Gavin, Archer, Judy, Balasubramanian, Venkatesh, Bowers, Richard, Ball, Julie, Benton, Louise, Jackson, Linda, Ellam, Julie, Norton, Kate, Guyler, Paul, Dowling, Terry, Tysoe, Sharon, Harman, Paula, Kundu, Ashish, Omodunbi, Ololade, Loganathan, Thayalini, Chandler, Stuart, Noor, Shanas, Siddiqui, Anwer, Siddiqui, Amber, Kunhunny, Swapna, Sinha, Devesh, Sheppard, Martin, Rashmi, Sindhu, France, Elena, Orath Prabakaran, Rajalakshmi, Wilson, Laura, Ropun, Amiirah, Kelavkar, Shyam, Ng, Kheng Xiong, Kamuriwo, Lucy, Shah, Sweni, Mangion, David, Constantin, Camen, De Michele Hock, Luigi, Hardwick, Anne, Borley, Jayne, Markova, Skarlet, Netherton, Kimberley, Lawrence, Tara, Fletcher, Jo, Spencer, Rebecca, Palmer, Helen, Cullen, Claire, Hamill, Dolores, Durairaj, Ramesh, Mellor, Zoe, Fluskey, Tanya, Wood, Diane, Keeling, Alison, Hankin, Victoria, Peters, Jennifer, Shackcloth, Daniela, Hlaing, Thant, Tangney, Rebecca, Ewing, Jordan, Harrison, Melanie, Stevenson, Sarah, Sutton, Victoria, Soliman, Mohamed, Hindle, Julia, Watson, Elizabeth, Hewitt, Claire, Borley, Jayne, Butler, Susie, Wahishi, Ibrahim, Arif, Sarwat, Fields, Amy, Sharma, Jagdish, Brown, Rose, Taylor, Caroline, Bell, Sarah, Leach, Simon, Patterson, Chris, Khan, Sophia, Wilson, Helen, Price, Joanne, Ramadan, Hawraman, Maguire, Stuart, Bellfield, Ruth, Hooley, Michaela, Hamid, Umair, Gaba, Waqar, Ghulam, Robina, Masters, Leslie, Quinn, Outi, Sekaran, Lakshmanan, Tate, Margaret, Mohammed, Niaz, Bharaj, Kiranjit, Justin, Frances, Pattni, Rajan, Alwis, Lanka, Sethuraman, Sakthivel, Robinson, Rianne, Eldridge, Lianne, Mintias, Susan, Chauhan, Meena, Tam, Chi-Kai, Palmones, Jeremias, Holmes, Clare, Guthrie, Lucy Belle, Osborn, Mairead, Ball, Lindsay, Caine, Sarah, Steele, Amy, Murphy, Peter, Devitt, Nikki, Leonard, Jayne, Patel, Ronak, Penwarden, Ian, Dodd, Emily, Holloway, Amy, Baker, Pauline, Clarke, Samantha, Williams, Sandra, Dow, Lindsey, Wynn-Williams, Roland, Kennedy, James, Teal, Rachel, Schulz, Ursula, Ford, Gary, Mathieson, Philip, Reckless, Ian, Deveciana, Ana, Mccann, Paige, Cluckie, Gillian, Howell, Geoffrey, Ayer, Jonathan, Moynihan, Barry, Ghatala, Rita, Clarke, Brian, Cloud, Geoffrey, Patel, Bhavini, Khan, Usman, Al-Samarrai, Nia, Trippier, Sarah, Chopra, Neha, Adedoyin, Temi, Watson, Fran, Jones, Val, Zhang, Liqun, Choy, Lillian, Williams, Rebecca, Clarke, Natasha, Blight, Adrian, Kennedy, Kate, Dainty, Alice, Selvarajah, Johann, Kalladka, Dheeraj, Cheripelli, Bharath, Smith, Wilma, Moreton, Fiona, Welch, Angela, Huang, Xuya, Douglas, Elizabeth, Lush, Audrey, Day, Nicola, El Tawil, Salwa, Montgomery, Karen, Hamilton, Helen, Ritchie, Doreen, Ramachandra, Sankaranarayanan, Mcleish, Kirsty, Thavanesan, Kamy, Loganathan, Sathyabama, Roberts, Josh, Cox, Chantel, Orr, Sarah, Hogan, Alison, Tiwari, Divya, Hann, Gail, Longland, Barbara, David, Owen, Bell, Jo, Ovington, Catherine, Rogers, Emily, Bower, Rachel, Keltos, Marketa, Cohen, David, Devine, Joseph, Alwis, Lankantha, Southworth, Lucy, Burgess, Laura, Lang, Matilda, Badiani, Bhavna, Guo, Fenglin, Oshodi, Anne, Owoyele, Emmanuelle, Epie, Norah, David, Anette, Mpelembue, Mushiya, Bathula, Rajaram, Abdul-Saheb, Mudhar, Chamberlain, Angela, Sudkeo, Varthi, Rashed, Khalid, Wood, Diane, Williams-Yesson, Barbara, Board, Joanne, De Bruijn, Sarah, Buckley, Clare, Board, Sarah, Allison, Joanna, Keeling, Elizabeth, Duckett, Tracey, Donaldson, Dave, Vickers, Carinna, Barron, Claire, Balian, Linda, Wilson, Jodhi, Edwards, Adam, England, Timothy, Hedstrom, Amanda, Bedford, Elizabeth, Harper, Margaret, Melikyan, Elina, Abbott, Wendy, Subramanian, Kashmira, Goldsworthy, Marie, Srinivasan, Meena, Yeomans, Angela, Donaldson, Denise, Hurford, Frances, Chapman, Riquella, Shahzad, Sana, David, Owen, Motherwell, Nicki, Tonks, Louise, Young, Rachel, Ghani, Usman, Mukherjee, Indranil, Dutta, Dipankar, Obaid, Mudhar, Brown, Pauline, Davis, Fiona, Ward, Deborah, Turfrey, Jennifer, Cartwright, Bethan, Topia, Bilal, Spurway, Judith, Collins, Kayleigh, Bakawala, Rehana, Hughes, Chloe, Oconnell, Susan, Hill, Linda, Chatterjee, Kausik, Webster, Tim, Haider, Syed, Rushworth, Pamela, Macleod, Fiona, Nallasivan, Arumugam, Perkins, Charlotte, Burns, Edel, Leason, Sandra, Carter, Tom, Seagrave, Samantha, Sami, Eman, Armstrong, Lisa, Naqvi, Syed Naseem, Hassan, Muhammad, Parkinson, Sharron, Mawer, Samantha, Darnbrook, Gillian, Booth, Carl, Hairsine, Brigid, Smith, Matthew, Williamson, Sue, Farquhar, Fiona, Esisi, Bernard, Cassidy, Tim, Mankin, Gavin, Mcclelland, Beverley, Bokhari, Maria, Sproates, David, Epstein, Elliot, Hurdowar, Steve, Blackburn, Ruth, Sukhdeep, Nazran, Razak, Saika, Osman, Khalid, Hashmi, Amina, Upton, Natasha, Harrington, Frances, Courtauld, Gillian, Schofield, Christine, Lucas, Linda, Adie, Katja, Bond, Kirsty, Mate, Abhijit, Skewes, Jo, James, Ali, Brodie, Carolyn, Johnson, Matthew, Allsop, Linda, Driver, Emma, Harris, Karina, Drake, Mark, Ellis, Sam, Maund, Bev, Thomas, Emma, Moore, Kimberley, Burn, Matthew, Hamilton, Adam, Mahalingam, Shageetha, Misra, Amulya, Reid, Farrah, Benford, Adrienne, Hilton, Derek, Hazell, Lorraine, Ofori, Keziah, Thomas, Anne Louise, Mathew, Moncy, Dayal, Sonia, Burn, Iona, Fotherby, Kenneth, Jennings-Preece, Karla, Willberry, Angela, Morgan, Debbie, Butler, Donna, Sahota, Gurminder, Kauldhar, Kelly, Ahmad, Nasar, Stevens, Angela, Das, Saugata, Bruce, David, Pai, Yogish, Nyo, Khin, Stephenson, Lynsey, Nendick, Richard, Rogers, Gill, Dhakal, Mahesh, Dima, Sofia, Brown, Ellen, Clayton, Susan, Gamble, Penny, Naeem, Muhammad, Hayman, Rachel, Burnip, Rachel, Earnshaw, Philip, Hargroves, David, Ransom, Barbara, Rudenko, Hannah, Balogun, Ibrahim, Griffiths, Kirsty, Mears, Kim, Webb, Tom, Cowie, Linda, Hammond, Tessa, Thomson, Audrey, Ceccarelli, Daniela, Chattha, Navraj, Beranova, Eva, Verrion, Anna, Gillian, Andrew, Schumacher, Natasha, Bahk, Anna, Walker, Susannah, Cvoro, Vera, Mccormick, Katrina, Chapman, Nicola, Pound, Susan, Cain, Rebecca, Mcauley, Sean, Couser, Mandy, Simpson, Maria, Tachtatzis, Athan, Ullah, Khalil, Sims, Don, Jones, Rachael, Smith, Jonathan, Tongue, Rebecca, Willmot, Mark, Sutton, Claire, Littleton, Edward, Khaira, Jattinder, Maiden, Susan, Cunningham, James, Green, Carole, Chin, Yin-May, Bates, Michelle, Ahlquist, Katherine, Kane, Ingrid, Breeds, Joanna, Sargent, Tenesa, Latter, Laura, Pitt Ford, Alexandra, Gainsborough, Nicola, Levett, Tom, Thompson, Philip, Barbon, Emma, Dunne, Angela, Hervey, Simon, Ragab, Suzanne, Sandell, Tracy, Dickson, Christine, Dube, Judith, Power, Sharon, Evans, Nick, Wadams, Beverley, Elitova, Savina, Aubrey, Beth, Garcia, Tatiana, Mcilmoyle, James, Jeffs, Carol, Dickinson, Christina, Ahmed, Anis, Kumar, Sanjeev, Frudd, Julie, Armer, Charlotte, Potter, Andrew, Donaldson, Stacey, Howard, Joanne, Jones, Kirsty, Dhar, Saikat, Collas, David, Sundayi, Saul, Denham, Lynn, Oza, Deepali, Walker, Elaine, Cunningham, James, Bhandari, Mohit, Ispoglou, Sissy, Evans, Rachel, Sharobeem, Kamel, Walton, Elaine, Shanu, Steven, Hayes, Anne, Howard-Brown, Jennifer, Billingham, Steven, Weir, Nic, Pressly, Vanessa, Wood, Emma, Sykes, Lucy, Howard, Gabriella, Burton, Holly, Crawford, Pam, Egerton, Shuna, Evans, Sue, Hakkak, Jasmine, Andrews, Janet, Lampard, Rebecca, Allen, Christopher, Walters, Ashleigh, Said, Rasha, Marigold, James Richard, Tsang, Sau-Mon, Creeden, Robyn, Cox, Chloe, Smith, Simon, Gartrell, Imogen, Smith, Fiona, Jenkins, Colin, Pryor, Joanna, Hedges, Andrew, Price, Fiona, Moseley, Linda, Mercer, Lily, Hughes, Claire, Mcgowan, Diane, Azim, Abul, White, Julie, Krasinska-Chavez, Milena, Chaplin, Shaun, Curtis, James, Singh, Deepwant, Imam, Javed, Nicolson, Anne, Alam, Sajid, Whitworth, Simon, Wood, Lisa, Warburton, Elizabeth, Kelly, Siobhan, Mcgee, Joanne, Markus, Hugh, Chandrasena, Denish, Hayden, Derek, Sesay, Juliana, Hayhoe, Helen, Bolton, Mark, Macdonald, Jane, Mitchell, Jenny, Farron, Charlotte, Amis, Elaine, Day, Diana, Culbert, Ainsley, Espanol, Ailene, Hannon, Niamh, Handley, Dominic, Finlay, Sarah, Crisp, Sarah, Whitehead, Lynne, Francis, Jobbin, Oconnell, Janice, Osborne, Emily, Beard, Rod, Krishnamurthy, Ramesh, Mokoena, Langanani, Sattar, Naweed, Myint, Min, Edwards, Michelle, Smith, Andrew, Corrigan, Paul, Byrne, Anthony, Blackburn, Joanne, Mcghee, Caroline, Smart, Amanda, Macleod, Malcolm, Donaldson, Fiona, Copeland, Claire, Wilson, Jill, Scott, Rhona, Fitzsimmons, Paul, Lopez, Paula, Wilkinson, Mark, Manoj, Aravindakshan, Cox, Penelope, Trainor, Leona, Fletcher, Glyn, Denny, Lisa, Kavanagh, Karen, Allsop, Hannah, Emsley, Hedley, Sultan, Sulaiman, Mcloughlin, Alison, Walmsley, Benjamin, Hough, Louise, Ahmed, Shakeel, Doyle, Donna, Gregary, Bindu, Raj, Sonia, Nagaratnam, Kirubananthan, Mannava, Neelima, Haque, Nyla, Shields, Norma, Preston, Kate, Mason, Geraldine, Short, Kirsty, Lumsdale, Gemma, Uitenbosch, Giulia, Sukys, Ugnius, Valentine, Stacey, Jarrett, David, Dodsworth, Kerry, Wands, Mary, Khan, Nisa, Tandy, Jane, Watkinson, Catrin, Golding, Wendy, Butler, Rebecca, Williams, Max, Davies, Yasmin, Yip, Keith, James, Claire, Suttling, Anne, Maney, Aditya, Gamble, Giles Edward, Hague, Adam, Charles, Bethan, Blane, Sujata, Duran, Beatriz, Lambert, Caroline, Stagg, Katherine, Whiting, Robert, Homan, Jane E, Brown, Sarah, Hussain, Malik, Harvey, Miriam, Graham, Libby, Foote, Leanne, Lane, Catherine, Kemp, Liz (Joan), Rowe, Joy, Durman, Helen, Foot, Jayne, Brotherton, Lucy, Hunt, Nicholas, Pawley, Corinne, Whitcher, Alison, Sutton, Patrick, Mcdonald, Susan, Pak, Denys, Wiltshire, Alison, Jagger, Jennifer, Metcalf, Anthony K, Healey, Gail Louise, Balami, Joyce, Self, Clare Marie, Crofts, Melissa, Chakrabarti, Annie, Hmu, Chit, Ravenhill, Garth, Grimmer, Charmaine, Soe, Thandar, Keshet-Price, Jocelyn, Langley, Margaret, Potter, Ian, Tam, Pui-Lin, Macleod, Mary Joan, Cooper, Patricia, Christie, Michael, Irvine, Janice, Annison, Faye, Christie, David, Meneses, Celia, Johnson, Amber, Joyson, Anu, Nelson, Sandra, Taylor, Vicky, Reid, John, Clarke, Rebecca, Furnace, Jacqueline, Gow, Heather, Abousleiman, Youssif, Beadling, Tania, Collins, Sally, Jones, Stuart, Purcell, Jessica, Bloom, Samantha, Goshawk, Shelly, Landicho, Marcial, Sangaralingham, Sivatharshini, Begum, Yasmin, Mutton, Sherree, Munuswamy Vaiyapuri, Elangovan, Allen, Jane, Lowe, Jemma, Hughes, Martin, Wiggam, Ivan, Cuddy, Sarah, Tauro, Suzanne, Wells, Brian, Mohd Nor, Azlisham, Eglinton, Charlotte, Persad, Nicola, Kalita, Maggie, Weatherby, Stuart, Brown, Claire, Pace, Adrian, Lashley, Daniel, Marner, Mike, Weinling, Marie, Wilmshurst, Natasha, Waugh, Darren, Mucha, Anna, Shah, Alex, Baker, John, Westcott, Jacqueline, Cowan, Richard, Vasileiadis, Evangelos, Mumani, Samira, Parry, Anthea, Mason, Cathy, Holden, Melinda, Petrides, Katerina, Nishiyama, Tomoko, Mehta, Hina, Krishnan, Manju, Lynne, Dacey, Thomas, Lisa, Lynda, Connor, Hughes, Catherine, Clements, Clare, Williams, Rhys, Anjum, Tal, Sharon, Storton, Tucker, Susan, Jones, Paul, Colwill, Deanne, Thompson Jones, Helen, Chadha, Dinesh, Fairweather, Mark, Walstow, Deborah, Fong, Rosanna, Johnston, Stuart, Almadenboyle, Christine, Ross, Sarah, Carson, Shona, Nair, Priya, Tenbruck, Emily, Stirling, Mairi, Pusalkar, Aparna, Beadle, Hannah, Chan, Kelly, Dangri, Puneet, Asokanathan, Asaipillai, Rana, Anita, Gohil, Sunita, Massyn, Mark, Aruldoss, Prabhu, Cook, Angela, Crabtree, Karen, Dabbagh, Sura, Black, Toby, Clarke, Caroline, Mead, Denise, Fennelly, Ruth, Anthony, Alpha, Nardone, Linda, Dimartino, Victoria, Tribbeck, Michele, Broughton, David, Tryambake, Dinesh, Dixon, Lynn, Skotnicka, Agnieszka, Thompson, Jane, Whitehouse, Sarah, Sigsworth, Andrew, Wong, Jason, Annamalai, Arunkumar, Pagan, Julie, Affley, Brendan, Sunderland, Caroline, Goldenberg, Lynda, Khan, Atif, Wilkinson, Peter, Nari, Raad, Abbott, Lucy, Young, Emma, Shakhon, Amritpal, Lock, Sally, Stewart, Jack, Pereira, Rita, Dsouza, Margaret, Dunn, Sally, Mckenna, Anne-Marie, Cron, Nina, Kidd, Michelle, Hull, Grace, Bunworth, Kerry, Drummond, Graham, Mahawish, Karim, Hayes, Nicola, Connell, Lynne, Simpson, Jennifer, Penney, Helen, Punekar, Shuja, Nevinson, Joanne, Wareing, William, Ward, Jacqueline, Greenwood, Richard, Austin, Duncan, Banaras, Azra, Hogan, Carolin, Corbett, Thomas, Oji, Nnebuife, Elliott, Emma, Brezitski, Maria, Passeron, Nathalie, Howaniec, Laura, Watchurst, Caroline, Patel, Krishna, Erande, Renuka, Shah, Rahi, Sengupta, Nabarun, Metiu, Maria, Gonzalez, Celia, Funnell, Sarah, Margalef, Jordi, Peters, Gillian, Chadbourn, Indra, Sivakumar, Ramachandran, Saksena, Rajesh, Ketley-O'donel, Jane, Needle, Richard, Chinery, Elaine, Wright, Alison, Cook, Sue, Ngeh, Joseph, Proeschel, Harald, Cook, Paige, Ashcroft, Pauline, Sharpe, Simon, Jones, Stephanie, Jenkinson, Damian, Kelly, Deborah, Bray, Holly, Gunathilagan, Gunaratnam, Griffiths, Kirsty, Mears, Kim, Gillian, Andrew, Jones, Sally, Tilbey, Sorrell, Abubakar, Saidu, Beranova, Eva, Vassallo, Joseph, Leonard, Dee, Orrell, Lucy, Hasan, Aziz, Khan, Asif, Qamar, Sulmaaz, Graham, Susan, Hewitt, Emma, Awolesi, Jennifer, Haque, Muhammad, Kent, Alissa, Bradshaw, Elizabeth, Cooper, Martin, Wynter, Inez, Rajapakse, Anoja, Janbieh, Joumana, Nasar, Abu M, Wade, Lynne, Otter, Linda, Haigh, Steve, Burgoyne, Jamie-Rae, Boulton, Rebecca, Boulton, Andrew, Rayessa, Rayessa, Clarkson, Emma, Rhian, Horne, Fleming, Amy, Mitchelson, Kim, Lowthorpe, Vicki, Abdul-Hamid, Ahmed, Jones, Phil, Duggan, Claire, Hynes, Abigail, Nurse, Emma, Raza, Syed Abid, Jones, Sarah, Pallikona, Udaya, Edwards, Bleddyn, Morgan, Geraint, Dennett, Kirsty, Tench, Helen, Loosley, Ronda, Trugeon-Smith, Toby, Jones, Rhian, Williams, Richard, Robson, Donna, Mavinamane, Sunanda, Meenakshisundaram, Sanjeevi, Ranga, Lalitha, Dealing, Sharon, Hill, Andrew, Hargreaves, Margaret, Smith, Tom, Bate, Julie, Harrison, Linda, Kirthivasan, Ramanathan, Cannon, Emma, Topliffe, Joanne, Keskeys, Rebecca, Williams, Sarah, Mcneela, Fiona, Cairns, Frances, James, Thomas, Lyle, Amanda, Shah, Sheela, Zachariah, George, Fergey, Lauren, Smolen, Susan, Cooper, Lucy, Bohannan, Elizabeth, Omer, Siddiq, Amlani, Sageet, Hunter, Nadia, Hawkes-Blackburn, Melissa, Gulli, Giosue, Peacocke, Alice, Amero, Justine, Burova, Maria, Speirs, Ottilia, Levy, Steph, Francis, Lynda, Holland, Susan, Brotheridge, Sean, Lyon, Helen, Hare, Christine, Jackson, Samantha, Stephenson, Lorraine, Al Hussayni, Samer, Featherstone, James, Bwalya, Agness, Singh, Arun, Goorah, M N, Walford, Jamie, Bell, Angela, Kelly, Christine, Rusk, Darren, Sutton, Deborah, Patel, Farzana, Duberley, Stephen, Hayes, Kathryn, Hunt, Lorraine, El Nour, Ahmed, Cottrell, Poppy, Westmoreland, Jax, Honour, Sacha, Box, Chloe, Wood, Paul, Haritakis, Monica, Dyer, Simon, Brown, Lynne, Elliott, Kerry, Temlett, Emma, Paterson, John, Furness, Rosie, Young, Shelli, Orugun, Enoch, Brewer, Chris, Thornthwaite, Sarah, Crowther, Hannah, Glover, Rachel, Sein, Moe, Haque, Kashif, Gibson, Elspeth, Wong, Sam, Rotchell, Karen, Burton, Karen, Brookes, Lisa, Bailey, Linda, Leonard, Dee, Lindley, Chris, Murray, Abbi, Waltho, Karen, Holland, Maureen, Kumar, Pradeep, Harlekar, Purnima, Booth, Laura, Culmsee, Charlotte, Drew, Jade, Khan, Mohammad, Mackenzie, Nicola, Thomas, Carmel, Ritchie, Jane, Barker, James, Haley, Michael, Cotterill, Donna, Lane, Lynne, Little, Christine, Simmons, Dawn, Saunders, Glenn, Dymond, Harvey, Kidd, Sarah, Warinton, Rachel, Neves-Silva, Yara, Nevajda, Branimir, Villaruel, Michael, Umasankar, Udayaraj, Patel, Seema, Man, Anna, Christmas, Natasha, Rangasamy, Ravi, Ladner, Richard, Butt, Georgina, Alvares, Wilson, Gadi, Narasimha, Power, Michael, Wroath, Belinda, Dynan, Kevin, Wilson, David, Crothers, Sarah, Leonard, Catherine, Hagan, Samantha, Douris, Geraldine, Vahidassr, Djamil, Thompson, Alastair, Gallen, Brian, Mckenna, Shirley, Edwards, Collette, Mcgoldrick, Clare, Bhattad, Murdi, Kawafi, Khalil, Morse, Deborah, Jacob, Patricia, Turner, Lisa, Saravanan, Narayanamoorti, Johnson, Linda, Humphrey, Sadie, Namushi, Robert, Patel, Ramesh, Mclaughlin, Jemma, Omahony, Paul, Osikominu, Esther, Orefo, Chukwuka, Mcdonald, Chisha, Jones, Val, Makanju, Esther, Khan, Tabindah, Appiatse, Grace, Stone, Helena, Augustin, Martia, Wardale, Alicia, Salehin, Maqsud, Bailey, Duncan, Garcia-Alen, Luciano, Kalathil, Latheef, Tinsley, Sarah, Jones, Taya, Amor, Kelly, Ritchings, Andrew, Margerum, Emma, Horton, Jane, Miller, Richard, Gautam, Nireekshana, Meir, Julie, Jones, Amaryl, Putteril, Janet, Lepore, Mirella, Makanju, Esther, Gallifent, Rachel, Arundell, Laura-Louise, Mcredmond, Catherine, Goulding, Alicia, Nadarajan, Vivek, Laurence, Julia, Fung Lo, Su, Melander, Sabina, Nicholas, Paul, Woodford, Elizabeth, Mckenzie, Gillian, Le, Vietland, Crause, Jacolene, Luder, Robert, Bhargava, Maneesh, Shah, Rahi, Bhome, Girish, Johnson, Venetia V, Chesser, Dara, Bridger, Hayley, Murali, Elodie, Scott, Jon, Morrison, Susan, Burns, Amy, Graham, Julie, Duffy, Madeline, Ali, Khalid, Sargent, Tenesa, Pitcher, Emma, Gaylard, Jane, Newman, Julie, Punnoose, Sunil, Besley, Sarah, Purohit, Kirtan, Rees, Amy, Davy, Mark, Chohan, Osman, Khan, Muhammad Fozan, Walker, Rachel, Murray, Vicky, Bent, Charlotte, Oakley, Susan, Blight, Adrian, Peixoto, Cassilda, Jones, Suzanne, Livingstone, Gaybrielle, Butler, Fiona, Bradfield, Sally, Gordon, Laura, Schmit, Jenneke, Wijewardane, Anika, Edmunds, Tineke, Wills, Rebecca, Medcalf, Catherine, Argandona, Lucia, Cuenoud, Larissa, Hassan, Hanna, Erumere, Esther, Ocallaghan, Aidan, Gompertz, Patrick, Redjep, Ozlem, Auld, Grace, Howaniec, Laura, Song, Anna, Tarkas, Tillana, Kabash, Hashim, and Hungwe, Rumbi

Abstract

Results of small trials indicate that fluoxetine might improve functional outcomes after stroke. The FOCUS trial aimed to provide a precise estimate of these effects.

Published
2019
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16. Reducing the severity of stroke

Author

Meredith, Georgina and Rudd, Anthony

Abstract

Stroke remains one of the most important causes of death and disability worldwide. Effective prevention could reduce the burden of stroke dramatically. The management of stroke has undergone a revolution over the last few decades, particularly with the development of techniques for revascularisation of patients with ischaemic stroke. Advanced imaging able to identify potentially salvageable brain is further increasing the potential for effective acute treatment. However, the majority of stroke patients won’t benefit from these treatments and will need effective specialist stroke care and ongoing rehabilitation to overcome impairments and adapt to living with a disability. There are still many unanswered questions about the most effective way of delivering rehabilitation. Likewise, research into how to manage primary intracerebral haemorrhage has yet to transform care.

Published
2019
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17. Action Plan for Stroke in Europe 2018–2030

Author

Norrving, Bo, Barrick, Jon, Davalos, Antoni, Dichgans, Martin, Cordonnier, Charlotte, Guekht, Alla, Kutluk, Kursad, Mikulik, Robert, Wardlaw, Joanna, Richard, Edo, Nabavi, Darius, Molina, Carlos, Bath, Philip M, Stibrant Sunnerhagen, Katharina, Rudd, Anthony, Drummond, Avril, Planas, Anna, and Caso, Valeria

Abstract

Two previous pan-European consensus meetings, the 1995 and 2006 Helsingborg meetings, were convened to review the scientific evidence and the state of current services to identify priorities for research and development and to set targets for the development of stroke care for the decade to follow. Adhering to the same format, the European Stroke Organisation (ESO) prepared a European Stroke Action Plan (ESAP) for the years 2018 to 2030, in cooperation with the Stroke Alliance for Europe (SAFE). The ESAP included seven domains: primary prevention, organisation of stroke services, management of acute stroke, secondary prevention, rehabilitation, evaluation of stroke outcome and quality assessment and life after stroke. Research priorities for translational stroke research were also identified. Documents were prepared by a working group and were open to public comments. The final document was prepared after a workshop in Munich on 21–23 March 2018. Four overarching targets for 2030 were identified: (1) to reduce the absolute number of strokes in Europe by 10%, (2) to treat 90% or more of all patients with stroke in Europe in a dedicated stroke unit as the first level of care, (3) to have national plans for stroke encompassing the entire chain of care, (4) to fully implement national strategies for multisector public health interventions. Overall, 30 targets and 72 research priorities were identified for the seven domains. The ESAP provides a basic road map and sets targets for the implementation of evidence-based preventive actions and stroke services to 2030.

Published
2018
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19. Management of stroke and pregnancy

Author

Cauldwell, Matthew, Rudd, Anthony, and Nelson-Piercy, Catherine

Abstract

bibr17-2396987318772684Stroke continues to be one of the main causes of death in the developed countries and the incidence in pregnancy appears to be increasing. Pregnancy-related stroke has a relatively high mortality rate of 10% and so clinicians need to be mindful of appropriate investigations and referral of a pregnant woman with suspected stroke, so they can receive timely treatment. In this review we address the risk factors associated with stroke, diagnosis and appropriate management of the different stroke types. We also discuss implications for care around pregnancy and delivery as well as reviewing how a pregnancy with previous stroke should be managed.

Published
2018
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20. Recommendations for stroke in 2010: a challenging agenda

Author

Rudd, Anthony G.

Subjects
Care and treatment, Patient outcomes, Practice guidelines (Medicine), Stroke -- Care and treatment -- Patient outcomes, Stroke (Disease) -- Care and treatment -- Patient outcomes
Abstract

The management of stroke is complex, and even specialists in the area are unlikely to be acquainted with all of the relevant literature. The Canadian Best Practice Recommendations for Stroke [...]

Published
2011
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23. The economic burden of stroke care in England, Wales and Northern Ireland: Using a national stroke register to estimate and report patient-level health economic outcomes in stroke

Author

Xu, Xiang-Ming, Vestesson, Emma, Paley, Lizz, Desikan, Anita, Wonderling, David, Hoffman, Alex, Wolfe, Charles DA, Rudd, Anthony G, and Bray, Benjamin D

Abstract

Introduction Stroke registries are used in many settings to measure stroke treatment and outcomes, but rarely include data on health economic outcomes. We aimed to extend the Sentinel Stroke National Audit Programme registry of England, Wales and Northern Ireland to derive and report patient-level estimates of the cost of stroke care.Methods An individual patient simulation model was built to estimate health and social care costs at one and five years after stroke, and the cost-benefits of thrombolysis and early supported discharge. Costs were stratified according to age, sex, stroke type (ischaemic or primary intracerebral haemorrhage) and stroke severity. The results were illustrated using data on all patients with stroke included in Sentinel Stroke National Audit Programme from April 2015 to March 2016 (n = 84,184).Results The total cost of health and social care for patients with acute stroke each year in England, Wales and Northern Ireland was £3.60 billion in the first five years after admission (mean per patient cost: £46,039). There was fivefold variation in the magnitude of costs between patients, ranging from £19,101 to £107,336. Costs increased with older age, increasing stroke severity and intracerebral hemorrhage stroke. Increasing the proportion of eligible patients receiving thrombolysis or early supported discharge was estimated to save health and social care costs by five years after stroke.Discussion The cost of stroke care is large and varies widely between patients. Increasing the proportion of eligible patients receiving thrombolysis or early supported discharge could contribute to reducing the financial burden of stroke.Conclusion Extending stroke registers to report individualised data on costs may enhance their potential to support quality improvement and research.

Published
2018
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24. A comparison of service organisation and guideline compliance between two adjacent European health services

Author

McElwaine, Paul, McCormack, Joan, McCormick, Michael, Rudd, Anthony, Brennan, Carmel, Coetzee, Heather, Cotter, Paul E, Doyle, Rachel, Hickey, Anne, Horgan, Frances, Loughnane, Cliona, Macey, Chris, Marsden, Paul, McCabe, Dominick, Mulcahy, Riona, Noone, Imelda, Shelley, Emer, Stapleton, Tadhg, Williams, David, Kelly, Peter, and Harbison, Joseph

Abstract

Introduction Outcomes in stroke patients are improved by a co-ordinated organisation of stroke services and provision of evidence-based care. We studied the organisation of care and application of guidelines in two neighbouring health care systems with similar characteristics.Methods Organisational elements of the 2015 National Stroke Audit (NSA) from the Republic of Ireland (ROI) were compared with the Sentinel Stroke National Audit Programme (SSNAP) in Northern Ireland (NI) and the United Kingdom (UK). Compliance was compared with UK and European guidelines.Results Twenty-one of 28 ROI hospitals (78%) reported having a stroke unit (SU) compared with all 10 in NI. Average SU size was smaller in ROI (6 beds vs. 15 beds) and bed availability per head of population was lower (1:30,633 vs. 1:12,037 p< 0.0001 Chi Sq). Fifty-four percent of ROI patients were admitted to SU care compared with 96% of UK patients (p< 0.0001). Twenty-four–hour physiological monitoring was available in 54% of ROI SUs compared to 91% of UK units (p< 0.0001). There was no significant difference between ROI and NI in access to senior specialist physicians or nurses or in SU nurse staffing (3.9/10 beds weekday mornings) but there was a higher proportion of trained nurses in ROI units (2.9/10 beds vs. 2.3/10 beds (p= 0.02 Chi Sq).Conclusion Whilst the majority of hospitals in both jurisdictions met key criteria for organised stroke care the small size and underdevelopment of the ROI units meant a substantial proportion of patients were unable to access this specialised care.

Published
2017
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25. Why Painting Matters: Some Phenomenological Approaches

Author

Rudd, Anthony

Abstract

AbstractThe question of the value of painting—why paintings should matter to us—has been addressed by a number of Phenomenological philosophers. In this paper, I critically review recent discussions of this topic by Simon Crowell and Paul Crowther—while also looking back to work by Merleau-Ponty and Michel Henry. All the views I discuss claim that painting is important (at least in part) because it can make manifest certain philosophically important truths. While sympathetic to this approach, I discuss various problems with it. Firstly, are these truths verbally explicable, or only communicable through the artwork itself? Secondly, if its truthfulness is the reason why we value painting, can this criterion track our intuitive judgements about relative artistic merit? Thirdly, can the truthfulness of painting be a reason for valuing it if that truth is divorced from its traditional association with Beauty and Goodness? I suggest ways in which the first and second problems could in principle be solved, but argue in response to the third that truth must indeed be seen in the context of other values if it is to explain why painting matters.

Published
2017
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26. The association between delays in screening for and assessing dysphagia after acute stroke, and the risk of stroke-associated pneumonia

Author

Bray, Benjamin D, Smith, Craig J, Cloud, Geoffrey C, Enderby, Pam, James, Martin, Paley, Lizz, Tyrrell, Pippa J, Wolfe, Charles D A, and Rudd, Anthony G

Abstract

BackgroundThere is no robust evidence that screening patients with acute stroke for dysphagia reduces the risk of stroke-associated pneumonia (SAP), or of how quickly it should be done after admission. We aimed to identify if delays in bedside dysphagia screening and comprehensive dysphagia assessments by a speech and language therapist (SALT) were associated with patients' risk of SAP.MethodsNationwide, registry-based, prospective cohort study of patients admitted with acute stroke in England and Wales. Multilevel multivariable logistic regression models were fitted, adjusting for patient variables and stroke severity. The exposures were time from (1) admission to bedside dysphagia screen, and (2) admission to comprehensive dysphagia assessment.ResultsOf 63 650 patients admitted with acute stroke, 55 838 (88%) had a dysphagia screen, and 24 542 (39%) a comprehensive dysphagia assessment. Patients with the longest delays in dysphagia screening (4th quartile adjusted OR 1.14, 1.03 to 1.24) and SALT dysphagia assessment (4th quartile adjusted OR 2.01, 1.76 to 2.30) had a higher risk of SAP. The risk of SAP increased in a dose-response manner with delays in SALT dysphagia assessment, with an absolute increase of pneumonia incidence of 1% per day of delay.ConclusionsDelays in screening for and assessing dysphagia after stroke, are associated with higher risk of SAP. Since SAP is one of the main causes of mortality after acute stroke, early dysphagia assessment may contribute to preventing deaths from acute stroke and could be implemented even in settings without access to high-technology specialist stroke care.

Published
2017
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28. Weekly variation in health-care quality by day and time of admission: a nationwide, registry-based, prospective cohort study of acute stroke care

Author

Bray, Benjamin D, Cloud, Geoffrey C, James, Martin A, Hemingway, Harry, Paley, Lizz, Stewart, Kevin, Tyrrell, Pippa J, Wolfe, Charles D A, and Rudd, Anthony G

Abstract

Studies in many health systems have shown evidence of poorer quality health care for patients admitted on weekends or overnight than for those admitted during the week (the so-called weekend effect). We postulated that variation in quality was dependent on not only day, but also time, of admission, and aimed to describe the pattern and magnitude of variation in the quality of acute stroke care across the entire week.

Published
2016
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29. Clinical risk scores for predicting stroke-associated pneumonia: A systematic review

Author

Kishore, Amit K, Vail, Andy, Bray, Benjamin D, Chamorro, Angel, Napoli, Mario Di, Kalra, Lalit, Langhorne, Peter, Montaner, Joan, Roffe, Christine, Rudd, Anthony G, Tyrrell, Pippa J, de Beek, Diederik van, Woodhead, Mark, Meisel, Andreas, and Smith, Craig J

Abstract

Purpose Several risk stratification scores for predicting stroke-associated pneumonia have been derived. We aimed to evaluate the performance and clinical usefulness of such scores for predicting stroke-associated pneumonia.Method A systematic literature review was undertaken in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement, with application of the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy-2 tool. Published studies of hospitalised adults with ischaemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage, or both, which derived and validated an integer-based clinical risk score, or externally validated an existing score to predict occurrence of stroke-associated pneumonia, were considered and independently screened for inclusion by two reviewers.Findings We identified nine scores, from eight derivation cohorts. Age was a component of all scores, and the NIHSS score in all except one. Six scores were internally validated and five scores were externally validated. The A2DS2 score (Age, Atrial fibrillation, Dysphagia, Severity [NIHSS], Sex) was the most externally validated in 8 independent cohorts. Performance measures were reported for eight scores. Discrimination tended to be more variable in the external validation cohorts (C statistic 0.67–0.83) than the derivation cohorts (C statistic 0.74–0.85).Discussion Overall, discrimination and calibration were similar between the different scores. No study evaluated influence on clinical decision making or prognosis.Conclusion The clinical prediction scores varied in their simplicity of use and were comparable in performance. Utility of such scores for preventive intervention trials and in clinical practice remains uncertain and requires further study.

Published
2016
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32. Diagnosis of Stroke-Associated Pneumonia

Author

Smith, Craig J., Kishore, Amit K., Vail, Andy, Chamorro, Angel, Garau, Javier, Hopkins, Stephen J., Di Napoli, Mario, Kalra, Lalit, Langhorne, Peter, Montaner, Joan, Roffe, Christine, Rudd, Anthony G., Tyrrell, Pippa J., van de Beek, Diederik, Woodhead, Mark, and Meisel, Andreas

Abstract

Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text.

Published
2015
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33. Methods of Implementation of Evidence-Based Stroke Care in Europe

Author

Di Carlo, Antonio, Pezzella, Francesca Romana, Fraser, Alec, Bovis, Francesca, Baeza, Juan, McKevitt, Chris, Boaz, Annette, Heuschmann, Peter, Wolfe, Charles D.A., Inzitari, Domenico, Thijs, Vincent, Rudd, Anthony, Boaz, Annette, Giroud, Maurice, Bejot, Yannick, Wiedmann, Silke, Hermanek, Peter, Wagner, Markus, Baldereschi, Marzia, Lamassa, Maria, Romani, Ilaria, Nencini, Patrizia, Rastenyte, Daiva, Ryglewicz, Danuta, Czlonkowska, Anna, Niewada, Maciej, Dennis, Martin, Gallofré, Miquel, Abilleira, Sonia, Masjuan, Jaime, Norrving, Bo, and Asplund, Kjell

Abstract

Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text.

Published
2015
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34. How Is Pneumonia Diagnosed in Clinical Stroke Research

Author

Kishore, Amit K., Vail, Andy, Chamorro, Angel, Garau, Javier, Hopkins, Stephen J., Di Napoli, Mario, Kalra, Lalit, Langhorne, Peter, Montaner, Joan, Roffe, Christine, Rudd, Anthony G., Tyrrell, Pippa J., van de Beek, Diederik, Woodhead, Mark, Meisel, Andreas, and Smith, Craig J.

Abstract

Diagnosis of pneumonia complicating stroke is challenging, and there are currently no consensus diagnostic criteria. As a first step in developing such consensus-based diagnostic criteria, we undertook a systematic review to identify the existing diagnostic approaches to pneumonia in recent clinical stroke research to establish the variation in diagnosis and terminology.

Published
2015
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36. Association Between Socioeconomic Deprivation and Functional Impairment After Stroke

Author

Chen, Ruoling, Crichton, Siobhan, McKevitt, Christopher, Rudd, Anthony G., Sheldenkar, Anita, and Wolfe, Charles D.A.

Abstract

Previous findings of the association between socioeconomic deprivation and functional impairment after stroke are inconsistent. There is a lack of data on long-term association. We assessed the association and differences by age, sex, prestroke comorbidities, and stroke phenotypes.

Published
2015
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38. Derivation and External Validation of a Case Mix Model for the Standardized Reporting of 30-Day Stroke Mortality Rates

Author

Bray, Benjamin D., Campbell, James, Cloud, Geoffrey C., Hoffman, Alex, James, Martin, Tyrrell, Pippa J., Wolfe, Charles D.A., and Rudd, Anthony G.

Abstract

Case mix adjustment is required to allow valid comparison of outcomes across care providers. However, there is a lack of externally validated models suitable for use in unselected stroke admissions. We therefore aimed to develop and externally validate prediction models to enable comparison of 30-day post-stroke mortality outcomes using routine clinical data.

Published
2014
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39. Point-of-Care Cluster Randomized Trial in Stroke Secondary Prevention Using Electronic Health Records

Author

Dregan, Alex, Staa, Tjeerd P. van, McDermott, Lisa, McCann, Gerard, Ashworth, Mark, Charlton, Judith, Wolfe, Charles D.A., Rudd, Anthony, Yardley, Lucy, Gulliford, Martin C., Meredith, Sarah, Kerry, Sally, Murray, Elizabeth, Mant, Jonathan, Robson, John, Haywood, Andrew, and Pursani, Nanik

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the remote introduction of electronic decision support tools into family practices improves risk factor control after first stroke. This study also aimed to develop methods to implement cluster randomized trials in stroke using electronic health records.

Published
2014
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40. Depressive disorder, coronary heart disease, and stroke: dose–response and reverse causation effects in the Whitehall II cohort study

Author

Brunner, Eric J, Shipley, Martin J, Britton, Annie R, Stansfeld, Stephen A, Heuschmann, Peter U, Rudd, Anthony G, Wolfe, Charles DA, Singh-Manoux, Archana, and Kivimaki, Mika

Abstract

Background Systematic reviews examining associations of depressive disorder with coronary heart disease and stroke produce mixed results. Failure to consider reverse causation and dose–response patterns may have caused inconsistencies in evidence.Design This prospective cohort study on depressive disorder, coronary heart disease, and stroke analysed reverse causation and dose–response effects using four 5-year and three 10-year observation cycles (total follow up 24 years) based on multiple repeat measures of exposure.Methods Participants in the Whitehall II study (n= 10,036, 31,395 person-observations, age at start 44.4 years) provided up to six repeat measures of depressive symptoms via the 30-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-30) and one measure via Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). The cohort was followed up for major coronary events (coronary death/nonfatal myocardial infarction) and stroke (stroke death/morbidity) through the national mortality register Hospital Episode Statistics, ECG-screening, medical records, and self-report questionnaires.Results GHQ-30 caseness predicted stroke over 0–5 years (age-, sex- and ethnicity-adjusted HR 1.60, 95% CI 1.1–2.3) but not over 5–10 years (HR 0.94, 95% CI 0.6–1.4). Using the last 5-year observation cycle, cumulative GHQ-30 caseness was associated with incident coronary heart disease in a dose–response manner (1–2 times a case: HR 1.12, 95% CI 0.7–1.7; 3–4 times: HR 2.06, 95% CI 1.2–3.7), and CES-D caseness predicted coronary heart disease (HR 1.81, 95% CI 1.1–3.1).Conclusions There was evidence of a dose–response effect of depressive symptoms on risk of coronary heart disease. In contrast, prospective associations of depressive symptoms with stroke appeared to arise wholly or partly through reverse causation.

Published
2014
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41. Socioeconomic Deprivation and Survival After Stroke

Author

Chen, Ruoling, McKevitt, Christopher, Rudd, Anthony G., and Wolfe, Charles D.A.

Abstract

Previous findings of the association between socioeconomic deprivation (SED) and survival after stroke are inconsistent. There is less investigation on long-term survival. We assessed the associations in a multi-ethnic population in England.

Published
2014
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42. Age and Ethnic Disparities in Incidence of Stroke Over Time

Author

Wang, Yanzhong, Rudd, Anthony G., and Wolfe, Charles D.A.

Abstract

Data on continuous monitoring of stroke risk among different age and ethnic groups are lacking. We aimed to investigate age and ethnic disparities in stroke incidence over time from an inner-city population–based stroke register.

Published
2013
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44. Bigger, Faster

Author

Bray, Benjamin D., Campbell, James, Cloud, Geoffrey C., Hoffman, Alex, Tyrrell, Pippa J., Wolfe, Charles D.A., and Rudd, Anthony G.

Abstract

There is evidence that high-volume hospitals may produce better patient outcomes. We aimed to identify whether there were any associations between hospital thrombolysis volume and speed of thrombolysis (tissue-type plasminogen activator tPA) administration in patients with ischemic stroke.

Published
2013
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45. The Soul of a Philosopher: Reply to Turnbull

Author

Rudd, Anthony and Stokes, Patrick

Abstract

Jamie Turnbull has argued that Kierkegaard cannot be read either as a philosopher or as someone whose work can be understood and utilised in philosophical terms. In a previous Yearbook article, he singles us out as representative of a misguided approach that sees Kierkegaard as capable of contributing to contemporary philosophical debates. In this paper, we argue that Turnbull’s position both fails in its own terms and depends upon an unduly narrow conception of philosophy.

Published
2013
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46. Differences in Outcome and Predictors Between Ischemic and Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Author

Bhalla, Ajay, Wang, Yanzhong, Rudd, Anthony, and Wolfe, Charles D.A.

Abstract

Few population-based studies describing functional outcome between ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in the short- and long-term are available. Knowledge of the natural history and factors associated with poor outcome is important in providing prognostic information and resource allocation.

Published
2013
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47. Trends in Risk Factor Prevalence and Management Before First Stroke

Author

Marshall, Iain J., Wang, Yanzhong, McKevitt, Christopher, Rudd, Anthony G., and Wolfe, Charles D.A.

Abstract

Vascular risk factors are suboptimally managed internationally. This study investigated time trends in risk factors diagnosed before stroke and their treatment, and factors associated with appropriate medication use.

Published
2013
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48. The Natural History of Depression up to 15 Years After Stroke

Author

Ayerbe, Luis, Ayis, Salma, Crichton, Siobhan, Wolfe, Charles D.A., and Rudd, Anthony G.

Abstract

Evidence on the natural history of depression after stroke is still insufficient to inform prognosis and treatment strategies. This study estimates the incidence, cumulative incidence, prevalence, time of onset, duration, and recurrence rate of depression up to 15 years after stroke.

Published
2013
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49. The Effect of Graduated Compression Stockings on Long-term Outcomes After Stroke

Author

Dennis, Martin, Sandercock, Peter, Reid, John, Graham, Catriona, Murray, Gordon, Venables, Graham, Rudd, Anthony, and Bowler, Gill

Abstract

Most randomized controlled trials of venous thromboembolism prophylaxis have focused on reduction of deep vein thrombosis, predominantly asymptomatic deep vein thrombosis, detected on imaging. We aimed to estimate the effects of graduated compression stockings on venous thromboembolism events, survival, and functional status at 6 months after stroke.

Published
2013
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50. Incidence and Associations of Poststroke Epilepsy

Author

Graham, Neil S.N., Crichton, Siobhan, Koutroumanidis, Michael, Wolfe, Charles D.A., and Rudd, Anthony G.

Abstract

To describe the epidemiology and associations of poststroke epilepsy (PSE) because there is limited evidence to inform clinicians and guide future research.

Published
2013
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