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Depuis la « crise de la pilule » en 2012, le nombre d'utilisatrices de contraception intra-utérine en France ne fait qu'augmenter. Mais les usages des dispositifs intra-utérins en Cuivre (DIU-C) et hormonaux (DIU-H) n'ont jamais été étudiés séparément et dans des conditions réelles d'utilisation en France. Nous avons étudié l'association entre le choix du DIU et les caractéristiques des utilisatrices, et les déterminants de l'utilisation des DIU un an après leur délivrance.

This paper presents a whole benzocyclobutene (BCB) film encapsulated 0-level packaging using a wafer level BCB bonding technique. The wafer-scale membrane transfer technique using silicon carrier wafers was used to make BCB membrane caps for encapsulation placed above the device wafers. The BCB multiple coating process using CYCLOTENE 4026-46 was developed to make an encapsulation cap. The average height of the BCB cap was 40 µm with a little curvature on the membrane for the dimension of 2 mm × 3 mm. The RF characteristics using coplanar waveguide (CPW) lines were measured to evaluate the effect of BCB film packaging and the results were compared with those of pyrex #7740 glass packaged CPW lines. It shows that the insertion loss (S12) of BCB-packaged CPW lines is better than that of pyrex glass packaged CPW lines at high frequencies. The insertion loss change of CPW lines by BCB film packaging is below 0.01 dB up to 90 GHz, while the glass-packaged CPW lines show about 0.1 dB deviation from 20 GHz to 110 GHz.

Abstract: A previous study byKappeler (1993) showed that no reconciliation occurred in the ringtailed lemur (Lemur catta). Like the majority of studies dealing with reconciliation, the post-conflict period lasted 10 minutes. An identical study using a 70-min post-conflict period was conducted on one of the same semi-free ranging group studied six years earlier byKappeler. Results showed that individuals who never interacted within 10 min did engage in friendly interactions in the longer lasting postconflict period.

The last enzymatic step for L-cysteine biosynthesis is catalyzed by O-acetylserine(thiol)lyase (OASTL, EC 4.2.99.8) which synthesizes L-Cysteine from O-acetylserine and "sulfide." We have isolated and characterized a full-length cDNA (1432 bp) from a λgt11 library of spinach leaf encoding the complete precursor of the chloroplast isoform. The 1149-nucleotide open reading frame coding for O-acetylserine(thiol)lyase was in the direction opposite that of the λgt11 β-galactosidase gene. The derived amino acid sequence indicates that the protein precursor consists of 383 amino acid residues including a N-terminal presequence peptide of 52 residues. The amino acid sequence of mature spinach chloroplast O-acetylserine(thiol)lyase shows 40 and 57% homology with its bacterial counterparts. Sequence comparison with several pyridoxal 5-phosphate-containing proteins reveals the presence of a lysine residue assumed to be involved in cofactor binding. A synthetic cDNA was constructed, coding for the entire 331-amino-acid mature O-acetylserine(thiol)lyase and for an initiating methionine. A high level of expression of the active mature chloroplast isoform was achieved in an Escherichia colistrain carrying the T7 RNA polymerase system (F. W. Studier, A. H. Rosenberg, J. J. Dunn, and J. W. Dubendorif, 1990, inMethods in Enzymology, D. V. Goeddel, Ed., Vol. 185, pp. 60-89, Academic Press, San Diego, CA). Addition of pyridoxine to the bacterial growth medium enhanced the enzyme activity due to the recombinant protein. The extent of production is 25-fold higher than in chloroplast from spinach leaves and the recombinant protein presents the relative molecular mass and immunological properties of the natural enzyme from spinach leaf chloroplast. This work, together with our previous biochemical studies, are in accordance with a prokaryotic type enzyme for L-cysteine biosynthesis in higher plant chloroplasts. Southern blot analysis indicated that O-acetylserine(thiol)lyase is encoded by multiple genes in the spinach leaf genomic DNA.

A comparison of the amino acid sequence of O-acetylserine (thiol)-lyase (EC 4.2.99.8) from Escherichia coli and the isoforms of this enzyme found in the cytosolic and chloroplastic compartments of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) leaf cells allows the essential lysine residue involved in the binding of the pyridoxal 5′-phosphate cofactor to be identified. The results of further sequence comparison of cDNAs coding for these proteins are discussed in the frame of the endosymbiotic theory of chloroplast evolution. The results are compatible with a mechanism in which the chloroplast enzyme originated from the cytosolic enzyme and both plant genes originated from a common prokaryotic ancestor. The comparison also suggests that the 5′-non-coding sequence of the bacterial gene was transferred to the plant cell nucleus and that it has been used to create the N-terminal portions of both plant enzymes, and possibly the transit peptide of the chloroplast enzyme.

The impact of 60 GHz indoor propagation on the definition of T/R modules for high data rate communication systems (155 Mbit/s) is investigated. The influence of the antenna characteristics and the electromagnetic environment is investigated in order to increase the coherent bandwidth of the 60 GHz radio channel and thus optimise the radio interface complexity.

OBSERVATIONS are presented here on quantified aspects of Middle Palaeolithic variability which have not been studied systematically so far. The findings relate to differing degrees of secondary modification of lithic artefacts between assemblages. The variations correspond with distinct toolmaking entities defined for early Würm horizons in western Europe. They offer new perspectives, however, on the interpretation of Middle Palaeolithic inter-assemblage variability by suggesting the possible importance of non-cultural causes for some of this variability.