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Table of Contents Introduction I. Forced to Bear: Causes and Consequences A. INEQUITABLE ACCESS TO REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH SERVICES AND INFORMATION B. SOCIOECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS. C. VIOLENCE AND REPRODUCTIVE COERCION D. THE [...], The history of the United States is marred by a shameful record of using reproduction to oppress disabled people through state-sanctioned legislation, policies, and programs that deprive them of their bodily autonomy and self-determination. Disabled people face structural, legal, and institutional barriers to accessing reproductive health services and information, including contraception and abortion care. They also experience high rates of violence and reproductive coercion, as well as stigma and discrimination from health providers. Consequently, people with disabilities are more likely to experience maternal morbidity and mortality, rendering pregnancy particularly dangerous for some. The Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization decision exacerbates this complex and challenging situation. Mounting abortion restrictions, coupled with the myriad barriers and challenges that people with disabilities already face, will result in some being forced to carry pregnancies to term even if they pose serious health risks or go against their wishes. Subsequently, should they choose to raise their children after childbirth, they will likely encounter ongoing threats to their parental rights because of laws, policies, and practices that assume incompetence among disabled parents. Thus, the ruling creates a paradox for disabled people where they may be forced to bear children but subsequently denied the opportunity to rear them, perpetuating a historical pattern of exploitation and subjugation. In response, this Article presents a nuanced and novel analysis of the Dobbs decision and its implications for people with disabilities. To do so, first, the Article examines the profound impact of forced pregnancy on disabled people, delving into the underlying reasons for high rates of unintended pregnancies among this group, including inaccessible reproductive health services and information, socioeconomic inequities, and violence and reproductive coercion. It also highlights the dangers and violations of bodily autonomy and self-determination that forced pregnancy entails for disabled people. Next, the Article's focus shifts to the denial of parental rights for people with disabilities, even after being compelled to bear children, exploring the societal, legal, and institutional obstacles that hinder their ability to parent, such as assumptions of incompetence, inadequate family support, constant surveillance and scrutiny, and ableism within the family policing system (also known as the child welfare system). Thereafter, it introduces the concept of disability reproductive justice and its relevance to these complex issues, providing a framework based on the principles of disability justice and reproductive justice to transform society into one that respects and supports disabled people's reproductive freedom. Finally, the Article proposes legal and policy solutions guided by the principles of disability reproductive justice to address the reproductive needs of disabled people and dismantle the systemic causes of reproductive oppression, emphasizing the necessity of a comprehensive approach considering the rising threat to reproductive freedom.

Due to the desire for more student space at the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, the Health Sciences Library and Informatics Center reviewed its serial holdings both in the library and in its offsite storage facility and determined which titles to retain and discard. This paper will briefly describe the selection process and then discuss the methods and phases of the project used to discard material in two shelving locations including auctioning material, donating material to another library, removing unselected material, and repurposing material for a decorative noise-abatement wall. This paper will also discuss the process of integrating items selected for retention from two shelving locations in separate buildings into one shelving location. The author will share the lessons learned throughout the project., The University of New Mexico (UNM) Health Sciences Center (HSC) determined a need for more student space and identified an opportunity for the Health Sciences Library and Informatics Center (HSLIC) [...]

To present the background, rationale, details pertaining to use and essential computational steps, synopsis of findings to date, and future directions for the International Classification of Cognitive Disorders in Epilepsy (IC‐CoDE)—an initiative of the ILAE Neuropsychology Task Force. Examined are: (a) the 6 steps leading to the derivation of a cognitive phenotype from neuropsychological test data with an accompanying case example, (b) concise review of all IC‐CoDE research to date, (c) summary of identified correlates of IC‐CoDE outcomes, and (d) future research and clinical directions for the initiative. The IC‐CoDE is computationally uncomplicated with individual or group data and represents a novel approach leading to new insights in the neuropsychology of epilepsy, with applications to diverse datasets internationally informing the reliability and validity of the approach. The IC‐CoDE represents a novel approach to the analysis and interpretation of neuropsychological data in epilepsy that offers to advance a global taxonomy of cognitive disorders in epilepsy facilitating international collaboration and big data science.

Metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes are marked by insulin resistance1,2. Cells within the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARC), which are crucial for regulating metabolism, become insulin resistant during the progression of metabolic disease3–8, but these mechanisms are not fully understood. Here we investigated the role of a specialized chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan extracellular matrix, termed a perineuronal net, which surrounds ARC neurons. In metabolic disease, the perineuronal net of the ARC becomes augmented and remodelled, driving insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunction. Disruption of the perineuronal net in obese mice, either enzymatically or with small molecules, improves insulin access to the brain, reversing neuronal insulin resistance and enhancing metabolic health. Our findings identify ARC extracellular matrix remodelling as a fundamental mechanism driving metabolic diseases.

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the teacher’s role in developing students’ self-regulated learning (SRL) by examining the beliefs and practices of one primary school teacher. The paper then describes how the teacher applied these in her classroom and how students benefitted. Data were collected via interviews, classroom observations, and informal conversations. Findings suggest that although the teacher held positive beliefs that emphasise behavioural, cognitive, and motivated components of SRL, there was less focus on meta-cognition and strategic actions. Nonetheless, classroom observation data revealed that the teacher actively engaged students in meta-cognition and strategic actions. This implies that the teacher had an implicit understanding of her emphasis on these important components of SRL. It also shows that the teacher’s SRL-supportive beliefs and practices were not well-aligned. We believe that a more candid cognisance of meta-cognition and strategic actions may help teachers to directly promote SRL. The study has implications for teacher education and professional development programmes.

Fructose, the most abundant hexose sugar in fetal fluids and the blood of sheep and other ungulates and cetaceans, is synthesized from glucose via the polyol pathway in trophectoderm and chorion. However, the cell-specific and temporal expression of enzymes for the synthesis and metabolism of fructose in sheep conceptuses (embryo and placental membranes) and placentomes has not been characterized. This study characterized key enzymes involved in fructose synthesis and metabolism by ovine conceptuses throughout pregnancy. Day 17 conceptuses expressed mRNAs for the polyol pathway (SORDand AKR1B1) and glucose and fructose metabolism (HK1, HK2, G6PD, OGT, and FBP), but not those required for gluconeogenesis (G6Paseor PCK). Ovine placentomes also expressed mRNAs for SORD, AKR1B1, HK1, and OGT. Fructose can be metabolized via the ketohexokinase (KHK) pathway, and isoforms, KHK-A and KHK-C, were expressed in ovine conceptuses from Day 16 of pregnancy and placentomes during pregnancy in a cell-specific manner. The KHK-A protein was more abundant in the trophectoderm and cotyledons of placentomes, while KHK-C protein was more abundant in the endoderm of Day 16 conceptuses and the chorionic epithelium in placentomes. Expression of KHKmRNAs in placentomes was greatest at Day 30 of pregnancy (P< 0.05), but not different among days later in gestation. These results provide novel insights into the synthesis and metabolism of fructose via the uninhibited KHK pathway in ovine conceptuses to generate ATP via the tricarboxylic cycle, as well as substrates for the pentose cycle, hexosamine biosynthesis pathway, and one-carbon metabolism required for conceptus development throughout pregnancy.The ovine conceptus expresses mRNAs and proteins required for the synthesis of fructose via the polyol pathway and metabolism via the KHK pathway.Graphical Abstract

Lactate, an abundant molecule in fetal fluids and blood of mammalian species, is often overlooked as a metabolic waste product generated during pregnancy. Most of the glucose and fructose consumed by ovine conceptuses is converted to lactate, but proteins involved in lactate metabolism and transport have not been investigated. This study characterized total lactate produced by ovine conceptuses throughout gestation, as well as expression of mRNAs and proteins involved in lactate metabolism. Lactate increased in abundance in the uterine lumen during the preimplantation period and was more abundant than pyruvate. The abundance of lactate in allantoic and amniotic fluids increased with advancing days of gestation and most abundant on Day 125 of pregnancy (P< 0.05). Lactate dehydrogenase subunits A (converts pyruvate to lactate) and B (converts lactate to pyruvate) were expressed by conceptuses throughout gestation. Lactate is transported via monocarboxylic acid transporters SLC16A1 and SLC16A3, both of which were expressed by the conceptus throughout gestation. Additionally, the interplacentomal chorioallantois from Day 126 expressed SLC16A1 and SLC16A3 and transported lactate across the tissue. Hydrocarboxylic acid receptor 1 (HCAR1), a receptor for lactate, was localized to the uterine luminal and superficial glandular epithelia of pregnant ewes throughout gestation and conceptus trophectoderm during the peri-implantation period of gestation. These results provide novel insights into the spatiotemporal profiles of enzymes, transporters, and receptor for lactate by ovine conceptuses throughout pregnancy.Ovine conceptuses express proteins required to synthesize and transport lactate to support development throughout pregnancy.Graphical Abstract

Exposing new nurses to theoretical teaching strategies that help them to navigate the ethical challenges in clinical practice is essential for retention and long-term job satisfaction. This article explores the rationale for teaching ethics content in nurse residency programs and ways to navigate ethical decision-making in the clinical setting. Examples of evidence-informed teaching strategies that enhance knowledge retention and reduce the gap between ethical theory and practice are included.

AbstractColonies of the western honey bee, Apis melliferaL., are comprised of tens of thousands of genetically related individuals that can easily share and spread pathogens. Honey bee colonies exhibit variations in disease susceptibility that can translate into highly variable pathogen replication among individuals within a colony, between colonies, and between stocks. Here, we investigate the degree of variation in viral titers of common honey bee viruses (DWV-A, DWV-B, IAPV, LSV2, BQCV) within colonies and between colonies of five honey bee stocks in the United States. Our results showed high intra-colony variation in DWV-A, DWV-B, IAPV, and LSV2, but not in BQCV titers. However, the level of variation was not consistent across stocks. Here, we empirically demonstrate that there is significant intra-colony variation in viral titers and that some stocks are more prone to this variability. Our results highlight the need for further studies comparing virus susceptibility among stocks.

In this study, significant opioid tapering was achieved following frank discussions and the use of a tapering protocol. And patient-physician relationships weren't jeopardized.ABSTRACT* Purpose Our study examined the efficacy of [...]

The article talks about the use of culturally and historically responsive education (CHRE) practices to create joyful spaces for student learning. Topics include the importance of joy in teaching and learning, the need for educators to provide social-emotional learning (SEL) and CHRE to promote joy within schools, the five pursuits for educators to create lesson plans infused with joy such as skills, and ways to move transformative SEL and CHRE into practice to support students' mental health.

AbstractRecent reports show U.S. sailors have the highest rates of self-reported psychological health symptoms of any service, perhaps in part due to the unique challenges of serving in a shipboard environment. Resources are available to maximize the psychological health of sailors while at sea, though no empirical research is available regarding sailors’ perspectives on what strategies, services, and programs they find most helpful and accessible. To address this knowledge gap, thirteen focus groups were conducted with sailors from two different ships (n = 86) to determine how they manage stress and maximize psychological health while underway. Content analysis of focus group transcripts conducted by two independent reviewers identified themes within three content areas: strategies and resources to manage stress and maximize psychological health; challenges to accessing supportive services and resources; and opportunities to improve psychological health. Five themes emerged for managing stress underway, the most common of which was engaging in physical fitness. Others included participating in organized social events, general comradery and social support, seeking help from medical, and communicating with Chaplains. Social and logistical barriers to seeking psychological healthcare were identified, including stigma, fear of adverse career repercussions, and too few providers/long wait times. Suggestions for improving psychological health at sea included improving sleep health, changes to workload and scheduling, increased shipboard providers trained in psychological healthcare, and increased social support. Specific interventions that may benefit shipboard sailors are sleep health education, improvements to berthing areas, adoption of circadian watchbills, telemedicine, and an increased number of social events aboard ships.

The genotoxic 3-(2-deoxy-β-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)pyrimido[1,2-α]purin-10(3H)-one (M1dG) DNA lesion arises from endogenous exposures to base propenals generated by oxidative damage and from exposures to malondialdehyde (MDA), produced by lipid peroxidation. Once formed, M1dG may oxidize, in vivo, to 3-(2-deoxy-β-D-erythropentofuranosyl)-pyrimido[1,2-f]purine-6,10(3H,5H)-dione (6-oxo-M1dG). The latter blocks DNA replication and is a substrate for error-prone mutagenic bypass by the Y-family DNA polymerase hpol η. To examine structural consequences of 6-oxo-M1dG damage in DNA, we conducted NMR studies of 6-oxo-M1dG incorporated site-specifically into 5′ -d(C1A2T3X4A5T6G7A8C9G10C11T12)-3′:5′-d(A13G14C15G16T17C18A19T20C21A22T23G24)-3′ (X= 6-oxo-M1dG). NMR spectra afforded detailed resonance assignments. Chemical shift analyses revealed that nucleobase C21, complementary to 6-oxo-M1dG, was deshielded compared with the unmodified duplex. Sequential NOEs between 6-oxo-M1dG and A5were disrupted, as well as NOEs between T20and C21in the complementary strand. The structure of the 6-oxo-M1dG modified DNA duplex was refined by using molecular dynamics (rMD) calculations restrained by NOE data. It revealed that 6-oxo-M1dG intercalated into the duplex and remained in the anti-conformation about the glycosyl bond. The complementary cytosine C21extruded into the major groove, accommodating the intercalated 6-oxo-M1dG. The 6-oxo-M1dG H7 and H8 protons faced toward the major groove, while the 6-oxo-M1dG imidazole proton H2 faced into the major groove. Structural perturbations to dsDNA were limited to the 6-oxo-M1dG damaged base pair and the flanking T3:A22and A5:T20base pairs. Both neighboring base pairs remained within the Watson–Crick hydrogen bonding contact. The 6-oxo-M1dG did not stack well with the 5′-neighboring base pair T3:A22but showed improved stacking with the 3′-neighboring base pair A5:T20. Overall, the base-displaced intercalated structure was consistent with thermal destabilization of the 6-oxo-M1dG damaged DNA duplex; thermal melting temperature data showed a 15 °C decrease in Tmcompared to the unmodified duplex. The structural consequences of 6-oxo-M1dG formation in DNA are evaluated in the context of the chemical biology of this lesion.

Tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP; encoded by ALPLgene) has a critical role in the regulation of phosphate homeostasis postnatally. However, the utero-placental expression of TNSALP and the role in phosphate transport in pregnancy is poorly understood. Estrous cycles of ewes were synchronized, and ewes were euthanized and hysterectomized on Days 1, 9, or 14 of the estrous cycle or bred to fertile rams and euthanized and hysterectomized on Days 9, 12, 17, 30, 50, 70, 90, 110, or 125 of pregnancy. The expression of ALPLmRNA, immunolocalization of TNSALP protein, and quantification and localization of TNSALP enzymatic activity was performed on ovine endometria and placentomes. Day of the estrous cycle did not alter ALPLmRNA expression or enzymatic activity of TNSALP. TNSALP protein localized to uterine epithelial and stromal cells, blood vessels, myometrium, caruncular, and cotyledonary stroma. TNSALP activity was localized to uterine epithelia, blood vessels, caruncular stroma (from Day 70 of gestation), and the apical surface of chorionic epithelia (from Day 50 of gestation). TNSALP protein and activity localized to the apical surface of uterine epithelia during the estrous cycle and in early pregnancy. Endometrial TNSALP enzymatic activity was downregulated on Days 17 and 30 of gestation (P< 0.05). Expression of ALPLmRNA decreased in late gestation in endometria and placentomes (P< 0.05). TNSALP activity peaked in placentomes on Days 70 and 90 of gestation. Collectively, these results suggest a potential role of TNSALP in the regulation of phosphate transport and homeostasis at the maternal–conceptus interface in ruminants.Spatiotemporal changes in the expression of tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP) in ovine uteri and placentomes suggest a role of TNSALP in the regulation of phosphate homeostasis, implantation, and conceptus development.Graphical Abstract

It is well-established that stress and negative affect trigger eating disorder symptoms and that the brains of men and women respond to stress in different ways. Indeed, women suffer disproportionately from emotional or stress-related eating, as well as associated eating disorders such as binge eating disorder. Nevertheless, our understanding of the precise neural circuits driving this maladaptive eating behavior, particularly in women, remains limited. We recently established a clinically relevant model of ‘emotional’ stress-induced binge eating whereby only female mice display binge eating in response to an acute “emotional” stressor. Here, we combined neuroanatomic, transgenic, immunohistochemical and pathway-specific chemogenetic approaches to investigate whole brain functional architecture associated with stress-induced binge eating in females, focusing on the role of Vglut2 projections from the paraventricular thalamus (PVTVglut2+) to the medial insular cortex in this behavior. Whole brain activation mapping and hierarchical clustering of Euclidean distances revealed distinct patterns of coactivation unique to stress-induced binge eating. At a pathway-specific level, PVTVglut2+cells projecting to the medial insular cortex were specifically activated in response to stress-induced binge eating. Subsequent chemogenetic inhibition of this pathway suppressed stress-induced binge eating. We have identified a distinct PVTVglut2+to insular cortex projection as a key driver of “emotional” stress-induced binge eating in female mice, highlighting a novel circuit underpinning this sex-specific behavior.

Objectives: We aimed to analyze the state of mindfulness-related single-subject design research through a behavior analytic lens. Methods: Studies included empirical, quantitative, peer-reviewed single-subject design experiments training on mindfulness meditation, mindfulness-based practices, or mindfulness activities as a behavior change strategy for individuals. We excluded studies assessing effects of spillover or mindfulness only in combination with other techniques. Results: Data from 28 studies included participant demographics, setting, implementor characteristics, dependent and independent variables, training techniques, and practice descriptions, and intervention relations, research methods, replicability, experimental design, reported reliability, validity, fidelity, generalization, and analyses of functional control. Some authors hypothesized the behavior change principles’ underlying outcomes. Few included treatment adherence or integrity data; behavioral repertoires were somewhat unclear. Many demonstrated functional control between intervention and behavior, but none examined contingencies related to training. Conclusions: Several studies reported decreased problem behaviors or increased desirable behaviors, particularly for people with learning, behavior, or developmental differences. All authors described results somewhat behaviorally, but questions remain about repertoires of practice, underlying principles, and measurement. Cross-disciplinary practitioners can explore new procedures, clarify aspects of studies, and enhance methodology. We call for further development of a behavioral model of mindfulness interventions.

The mycolic acid layer of the Mycobacterium tuberculosiscell wall is essential for viability and virulence, and the enzymes responsible for its synthesis are targets for antimycobacterial drug development. Polyketide synthase 13 (Pks13) is a module encoding several enzymatic and transport functions that carries out the condensation of two different long-chain fatty acids to produce mycolic acids. We determined structures by cryogenic-electron microscopy of dimeric multi-enzyme Pks13 purified from mycobacteria under normal growth conditions, captured with native substrates. Structures define the ketosynthase (KS), linker and acyl transferase (AT) domains at 1.8 Å resolution and two alternative locations of the N-terminal acyl carrier protein. These structures suggest intermediate states on the pathway for substrate delivery to the KS domain. Other domains, visible at lower resolution, are flexible relative to the KS-AT core. The chemical structures of three bound endogenous long-chain fatty acid substrates were determined by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.

BackgroundConjunctival ultraviolet autofluorescence (CUVAF) is a method of detecting conjunctival damage related to ultraviolet radiation exposure. In cross-sectional studies, CUVAF area is positively associated with self-reported time spent outdoors and pterygium and negatively associated with myopia; however, longitudinal studies are scarce.AimsTo use a novel deep learning-based tool to assess 8-year change in CUVAF area in young adults, investigate factors associated with this change and identify the number of new onset pterygia.MethodsA deep learning-based CUVAF tool was developed to measure CUVAF area. CUVAF area and pterygium status were assessed at three study visits: baseline (participants were approximately 20 years old) and at 7-year and 8-year follow-ups. Participants self-reported sun protection behaviours and ocular history.ResultsCUVAF data were available for 1497 participants from at least one study visit; 633 (43%) participants had complete CUVAF data. Mean CUVAF areas at baseline and the 7-year and 8-year follow-ups were 48.4, 39.3 and 37.7 mm2, respectively. There was a decrease in mean CUVAF area over time (change in total CUVAF area=−0.96 mm2per year (95% CI: −1.07 to –0.86)). For participants who wore sunglasses ≥1/2 of the time, CUVAF area decreased by an additional −0.42 mm2per year (95% CI: −0.72 to –0.12) on average. Fourteen (1.5%) participants developed a pterygium.ConclusionsIn this young adult cohort, CUVAF area declined over an 8-year period. Wearing sunglasses was associated with a faster reduction in CUVAF area. Deep learning-based models can assist in accurate and efficient measurement of CUVAF area.

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of acceptance and commitment training (ACT) plus behavior parent training (BPT), when delivered via telehealth, on parental implementation of behavioral strategies, experiential avoidance (EA), and stress. The study also examined the subsequent effects on the parents’ autistic children’s behaviors. A multiple baseline design was implemented across four parent-child dyads who participated in the online training. The findings showed that ACT+BPT resulted in parental implementation reaching and maintaining high levels. The training also decreased EA and stress in three parents. Moreover, the parents’ ratings of their children’s challenging behaviors decreased. However, such a trend was not as clearly depicted by direct measures of the children’s behaviors. A social validity interview revealed parents found ACT beneficial in assisting them to learn and use the BPT strategies. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.

Racism, recently referred to as another kind of pandemic, affects the health and safety of diverse individuals within the United States and around the world. Emotions are a powerful and integral aspect of the experience of racism; however, within the field of behavior analysis, we have been hesitant to acknowledge emotion or explore how it relates to behavior and behavioral contingencies. As a result, the scope of our understanding of emotion is limited. To better understand the current experience and perception of practitioners in the field of behavior analysis, as they relate to emotion and racism, a brief survey was conducted. Findings indicated that although many may be comfortable discussing emotion and displaying emotions for themselves and others, this was not the case for everyone. Further, many were uncomfortable discussing racism. Although participants believed that emotions of racism are important and should be addressed by the field of behavior analysis, they think the field has not done enough work in this area. The results of the study lead to several recommendations, including additional antiracism research and the acknowledgment of emotional experience, as well as for how individuals can better understand, and maybe reduce, the negative emotions associated with oppression.

This study expands the current research on anti-Black racism and student discipline in schools. It examines perception, experiences, and alternatives of zero-tolerance policies in education, in relation to the call for action by Black Lives Matter at Schools. Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) students are affected at a disproportionate rate when it comes to school discipline, leading to high, inequitable incarceration rates. However, behavior analysis already has powerful tools and interventions that can stop this “school-to-prison pipeline” effect. A survey of school professionals investigated awareness of adverse outcomes from zero-tolerance policies and the use of effective, behavioral alternatives to exclusionary disciplinary practices. Results confirmed zero-tolerance policies still exist in North American schools, but that school professionals, including behavior analysts, support Black Lives Matter at School’s call to end such practices. It is important to note that participants report already having the necessary skills to combat zero-tolerance; however, many still feel uncomfortable or ill-prepared to implement interventions specifically intended to decrease anti-Black racism in schools.

OBJECTIVE--Excess accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) contributes to aging and chronic diseases. We aimed to obtain evidence that exposure to AGEs plays a role in the development of type 1 diabetes (T1D). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS--The effect of AGEs was examined on insulin secretion by MIN6N8 cells and mouse islets and in vivo in three separate rodent models: AGE-injected or high AGE-fed Sprague-Dawley rats and nonobese diabetic (NODLt) mice. Rodents were also treated with the AGE-lowering agent alagebriunm. RESULTS--β-Cells exposed to AGEs displayed acute glucose-stimulated insulin secretory defects, mitochondrial abnormalities including excess superoxide generation, a decline in ATP content, loss of MnSOD activity, reduced calcium flux, and increased glucose uptake, all of which were improved with alagebrium treatment or with MnSOD adenoviral overexpression. Isolated mouse islets exposed to AGEs had decreased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, increased mitochondrial superoxide production, and depletion of ATP content, which were improved with alagebrium or with MnTBAP, an SOD mimetic. In rats, transient or chronic exposure to AGEs caused progressive insulin secretory defects, superoxide generation, and β-cell death, ameliorated with alagebrium. NODLt mice had increased circulating AGEs in association with an increase in islet mitochondrial superoxide generation, which was prevented by alagebrium, which also reduced the incidence of autoimmune diabetes. Finally, at-risk children who progressed to TID had higher AGE concentrations than matched nonprogressors. CONCLUSIONS--These findings demonstrate that AGEs directly cause insulin secretory defects, most likely by impairing mitochondrial function, which may contribute to the development of T1D., Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is characterized by insulin deficiency secondary to autoimmune-mediated destruction of insulin-producing β-cells in the pancreatic islets. Less than 50% of the familial clustering in T1D can [...]

The increasing demand for cellular and other wireless devices has significantly increased traffic on wireless networks and thus the demand by wireless carriers for the lease of building rooftops, space [...]

A 36-year-old man sought treatment at our outpatient dermatology clinic for an asymptomatic penile lesion that he'd had for a month. He'd been diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection [...]

The Exercise is Medicine On Campus (EIM-OC) program began in 2009 at Chatham University by Dr. Robert Sallis, Dr. Carena Winters, and ACSM leadership. The vision of EIM-OC is “to see all campus and community members across multiple disciplines discover, share, and adopt the principles of EIM that will help change the culture of physical activity and chronic disease prevention and management campus wide.” Although EIM-OC maintains close track of programmatic details, such as the number of registered and recognized institutions, a comprehensive review of EIM-OC publications has not been previously reported. The purpose of this scoping review was to 1) identify and examine all peer-reviewed evidence of EIM-OC, including scholarly articles and published abstracts of presentations; 2) analyze the key themes of EIM-OC implementation and outcomes; and 3) identify gaps in the literature. The scoping review covered all peer-reviewed publications, including scholarly articles and published abstracts, from 2009 to December 2021. In total, 9 scholarly articles and 46 published abstracts were included in this review. The articles and abstracts covered a wide range of topics, including gold level (physical activity assessment and exercise referral), silver level (physical activity education), and bronze level (physical activity awareness and promotion) activities, as well as evaluation of EIM-OC programming. Now that EIM-OC programming is firmly established, we now call on campuses and leaders to strengthen their reporting of EIM-OC outcomes at all levels: gold, silver, and bronze. Publishing research evidence will strengthen EIM-OC programming and initiatives. Specifically, we encourage publishing scholarly articles and using broad means for increasing dissemination.

HIV modelling and economic analyses have had a prominent role in guiding programmatic responses to HIV in sub-Saharan Africa. However, there has been little reflection on how the HIV modelling field might develop in future. HIV modelling should more routinely align with national government and ministry of health priorities, recognising their legitimate mandates and stewardship responsibilities, for HIV and other wider health programmes. Importance should also be placed on ensuring collaboration between modellers, and that joint approaches to addressing modelling questions, becomes the norm rather than the exception. Such an environment can accelerate translation of modelling analyses into policy formulation because areas where models agree can be prioritised for action, whereas areas over which uncertainty prevails can be slated for additional study, data collection, and analysis. HIV modelling should increasingly be integrated with the modelling of health needs beyond HIV, particularly in allocative efficiency analyses, where focusing on one disease over another might lead to worse health overall. Such integration might also enhance partnership with national governments whose mandates extend beyond HIV. Finally, we see a need for there to be substantial and equitable investment in capacity strengthening within African countries, so that African researchers will increasingly be leading modelling exercises. Building a critical mass of expertise, strengthened through external collaboration and knowledge exchange, should be the ultimate goal.

Parents with disabilities experience discrimination within the child welfare, family law, and adoption and foster care systems. In response, there have been increasing calls for states to pass legislation prohibiting discrimination against parents with disabilities, and as of 2020, 28 states have passed or are considering such legislation. This qualitative study explored the perspectives of 19 advocates, attorneys, and legislators on barriers and solutions for passing legislation to protect the rights of parents with disabilities. Participants identified three barriers: (a) legislators’ pejorative attitudes toward parents with disabilities, (b) external opposition, and (c) legislative barriers. Participants also identified eight solutions: (a) cross-disability advocacy, (b) education, (c) relationship-building, (d) bipartisanship, (e) support from state and national organizations, (f) strong sponsors, (g) incrementalism, and (h) model legislation. Study findings should help to inform ongoing legislative advocacy to protect the rights of parents with disabilities.

This study aimed to determine whether the acceleration of conceptus development induced by the administration of exogenous progesterone (P4) during the preimplantation period of pregnancy alters calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D signaling at the maternal–conceptus interface. Suffolk ewes (n= 48) were mated to fertile rams and received daily intramuscular injections of either corn oil (CO) vehicle or 25 mg of progesterone in CO (P4) for the first 8 days of pregnancy and hysterectomized on either Day 9 (CO, n= 5; P4, n= 6), 12 (CO, n= 9; P4, n= 4) or 125 (CO, n= 14; P4, n= 10) of gestation. The expression of S100A12(P< 0.05) and fibroblast growth factor receptor(FGFR2) (P< 0.01) messenger RNAs (mRNAs) was lower in endometria from P4-treated ewes on Day 12. The expression of ADAM10(P< 0.05) mRNA was greater in endometria from P4-treated ewes on Day 125. The expression of ADAM10(P< 0.01), FGFR2(P< 0.05), solute carrier (SLC)20A1(P< 0.05), TRPV5(P< 0.05), and TRPV6(P< 0.01) mRNAs was greater, but KLmRNA expression was lower (P< 0.05) in placentomes from P4-treated ewes at Day 125. There was lower endometrial and greater placentomal expression of mRNAs involved in mineral metabolism and transport in twin compared to singleton pregnancies. Further, the expression of mRNAs involved in mineral metabolism and transport was greater in P4-treated twin placentomes. KL, FGF23, vitamin D receptor (VDR), S100A9, S100A12, S100G, and CYP27B1 proteins were immunolocalized in endometria and placentomes. Exogenous P4 in early pregnancy altered the expression of regulators of calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D on Day 125 of pregnancy indicating a novel effect of P4 on mineral transport at the maternal–conceptus interface.Exogenous progesterone in early pregnancy affects the expression of regulators of calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D in late pregnancy, suggesting previously unappreciated effects on mineral transport at the maternal–conceptus interface of sheep.

Cytotoxic T-cells are the major mediators of β-cell destruction in type 1 diabetes, but the molecular mechanisms are not definitively established. We have examined the contribution of perforin and Fas ligand to β-cell destruction using islet-specific CD[8.sup.+] T-cells from T-cell receptor transgenic NOD8.3 mice. NOD8.3 T-cells killed Fas-deficient islets in vitro and in vivo. Perforin-deficient NOD8.3 T-cells were able to destroy wild-type but not Fas-deficient islets in vitro. These results imply that NOD8.3 T-cells use both pathways and that Fas is required for β-cell killing only when perforin is missing. Consistent with this theory, transgenic NOD8.3 mice with β-cells that do not respond to Fas ligation were not protected from diabetes. We next investigated the mechanism of protection provided by over-expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 (SOCS-1) in β-cells of NOD8.3 mice. SOCS-1 islets remained intact when grafted into NOD8.3 mice and were less efficiently killed in vitro. However, addition of exogenous peptide rendered SOCS-1 islets susceptible to 8.3 T-cell-mediated lysis. Therefore, NOD8.3 T-cells use both perforin and Fas pathways to kill β-cells and the surprising blockade of NOD8.3 T-cell-mediated β-cell death by SOCS-1 overexpression may be due in part to reduced target cell recognition., Type 1 diabetes results from the selective destruction of insulin-secreting β-cells within the pancreas. Autoreactive T-cells play a major role in β-cell death both in humans and in the NOD [...]

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2005.10.001 Byline: Jason Dana (a), Daylian M. Cain (b), Robyn M. Dawes (b) Keywords: Fairness; Altruism; Dictator game; Psychological games Abstract: We used simple economic games to examine pro-social behavior and the lengths that people will take to avoid engaging in it. Over two studies, we found that about one-third of participants were willing to 'exit' a $10 dictator game and take $9 instead. The exit option left the receiver nothing, but also ensured that the receiver never knew that a dictator game was to be played. Because most social utility models are defined over monetary outcomes, they cannot explain choosing the ($9, $0) exit outcome over the dominating $10 dictator game, since the game includes outcomes of ($10, $0) and ($9, $1). We also studied exiting using a 'private' dictator game. In the private game, the receiver never knew about the game or from where any money was received. Gifts in this game were added innocuously to a payment for a separate task. Almost no dictators exited from the private game, indicating that receivers' beliefs are the key factor in the decision to exit. When, as in the private game, the receivers' beliefs and expectations cannot be manipulated by exit, exit is seldom taken. We conclude that giving often reflects a desire not to violate others' expectations rather than a concern for others' welfare per se. We discuss the implications of our results for understanding ethical decisions and for testing and modeling social preferences. An adequate specification of social preferences should include 'psychological' payoffs that directly incorporate beliefs about actions into the utility function. Author Affiliation: (a) Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 603 E. Daniel St. MC 716, Champaign, IL 61820, USA (b) Carnegie Mellon University Article History: Received 31 October 2004 Article Note: (miscellaneous) Communicated by Margaret Ann Neale

The influence of geographical and seasonal factors on duration on solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure of skin to produce recommended vitamin D levels without producing erythema is examined. The study reinforces the importance of existing sun protection messages for the summer months throughout Australia.

Given recent reports of expression of postnatal mineral transport regulators at the maternal–conceptus interface during the peri-implantation period, this study tested the hypothesis that progesterone (P4) and interferon tau (IFNT) regulate phosphate, calcium, and vitamin D signaling in the ovine endometrium. Mature Rambouillet ewes (n= 24) were surgically fitted with intrauterine catheters on day 7 of the estrous cycle. Ewes received daily intramuscular injections of 50 mg of P4 in corn oil vehicle and 75 mg of progesterone receptor antagonist (RU486) in corn oil from days 8 to 15, and twice-daily intrauterine injections of either control proteins (CX) or IFNT (25 μg/uterine horn/day) from days 11 to 15 resulting in four treatment groups: P4 + CX; P4 + IFNT; RU486 + P4 + CX; and RU486 + P4 + IFNT. On day 16, ewes were hysterectomized. RU486 + P4 + CX treated ewes had lower concentrations of 25 (OH) D in plasma than P4 + CX treated ewes (P< 0.05). Endometria from ewes treated with IFNT had greater expression of FGF23(P< 0.01), S100A9(P< 0.05), and S100A12(P= 0.05) mRNAs and lower expression of ADAM10mRNA (P< 0.01) than of ewes treated with CX proteins. Expression of FGF23mRNA was greater in endometria of ewes that received RU486 + P4 + IFNT than in ewes that received RU486 + P4 + CX (hormone × protein interaction, P< 0.05). The expression of S100GmRNA was greater in endometria of ewes that received P4 + IFNT compared to ewes that received RU486 + P4 + IFNT (P< 0.05; hormone × protein interaction, P< 0.01). These data implicate P4 and IFNT in the regulation of phosphate, calcium, and vitamin D signaling during the peri-implantation period of pregnancy and provide a platform for continued mechanistic investigations.Progesterone and interferon tau regulate phosphate, calcium, and vitamin D signaling during the ovine peri-implantation period.