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Research on medicinal plants is developing each day due to inborn phytochemicals, which can encourage the progress of novel drugs. Most plant-based phytochemicals have valuable effects on well-being. Among them, beetroot leaves (BL) are known for their therapeutic properties. Here, three solvents, namely, acetonitrile, ethanol, and water, and their combinations were developed for BL extraction and simultaneous assessment of phytochemical compounds and antioxidant and antifoodborne pathogen bacteria activities. By using the augmented simplex-centroid mixture design, 40.40% acetonitrile diluted in water at 38.74% and ethanol at 20.86% favored the recovery of 49.28 mg GAE/mL (total phenolic content (TPC)) and 0.314 mg QE/mL (total flavonoid content (TFC)), respectively. Acetonitrile diluted in water at 50% guarantees the best antioxidant activity, whereas the optimal predicted mixture for the highest antibacterial activity matches 24.58, 50.17, and 25.25% of acetonitrile, ethanol, and water, respectively. These extraction conditions ensured inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica, and Escherichia coli, respectively, at 0.402, 0.497, and 0.207 mg/mL. Under optimized conditions, at three concentrations of BL, minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), 2 × MIC, and 4 × MIC, a linear model was employed to investigate the inhibition behavior against the three tested bacteria. The early logarithmic growth phase of these bacteria illustrated the bactericidal effect of optimized extracted BL with a logarithmic growth phase inferior to 6 h. Therefore, BL extract at 4 × MIC, which corresponds to 1.608, 1.988, and 0.828 mg/mL, was more efficient against S. aureus, S. enterica, and E. coli.

Exploration of new drugs targeting anxiety treatment is a major concern worldwide. Medicinalplants are being used as a potential source of novel drugs for anxiety disorders. The objectiveof this review is to provide information about the healing outcomes of anxiety treatment with naturalproducts. Valeriana officinalis, Citrus aurantium, Commelina benghalensis, Achyranthes aspera,Mimosa pudica, Achillea millefolium, Nymphaea alba, Leonurus cardiac, Camellia sinensis,Turnera aphrodisiaca, Crataegus oxyacantha and Piper methysticum showed promising effects onanxiety in animal models. In clinical studies, passion flower, kava, valerian, St John's wort, andhwagandha showed the most positive results. More studies are needed for the exploration of the antianxietyof medicinal plants. In drugs derived from natural sources have explored many componentsthat are playing an essential role in curing anxiety disorders and associated complications.

Constipation is one of the most common and prevalent chronic gastrointestinalconditions across the globe that is treated or managed through various methods. Laxatives areused for the treatment or management of chronic/acute constipation. But due to the adverse effectsassociated with these laxatives, herbal foods should be considered as alternative therapies forconstipation. In this review, the laxative potential of plant-based medicines used for constipationis discussed. Constipation may be caused by various factors such as lifestyle, particular foodhabits, pregnancy and even due to some medication. Chronic constipation is responsible fordifferent health issues. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological paradigms are applied for thetreatment or management of constipation. In the pharmacological way of treatment, medicinalplants have a key role because of their fibrous nature. Numerous plants such as Prunus persica(Rosaceae), Cyamopsis tetragonolobus (Leguminosae), Citrus sinensis (Rutaceae), Plantagoovata (Plantaginaceae), Rheum emodi (Polygonaceae), Cassia auriculata (Caesalpinacea),Ricinus communis (Euphorbiaceae), Croton tiglium (Euphorbiaceae), Aloe barbadensis(Liliaceae), Mareya micrantha (Euphorbiaceae), Euphorbia thymifolia (Euphorbiaceae), Cascarasagrada (Rhamnaceae), Cassia angustifolia (Fabaceae) have laxative activity. Medicinal plantspossess a significant laxative potential and support their folklore; therefore, further, well-designedclinical-based studies are required to prove and improve the efficacy of herbal medicine forconstipation. The present review showed that herbs laxative effect in various in vivo/ in vitromodels.

Soybean processing waste (SPW) has potential as a sustainable source of phytochemicals and functional foods. A variety of phytochemicals, nutrients, and minerals have been characterized from SPW using various analytical methods. SPW utilization strategies may provide a new way to increase production of bioactive compounds, nutritional supplements, and cosmetic ingredients. SPW has the potential for value-added processing, to improve commercial use, and to lower environmental pollution through proper use. Okara, a byproduct generated during soybean processing of tofu and soy milk, is rich in dietary fiber, isoflavones, and saponins. Isoflavones, an important class of biologically active compounds owing to their multifunctional and therapeutic effects, are extracted from SPW. Further, studies have shown that okara has potential prebiotic and therapeutic value in lowering the risk of noncommunicable diseases. Therefore, in this review, we focus on several extraction methods and pharmacotherapeutic effects of different SPWs. Their effective uses in functional foods, nutraceuticals, and health applications, as biocatalysts, and as value-added resources have been discussed.