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Background: Studies have shown that Black patients are more likely to experience complications following breast reconstruction compared to other racial groups. Most of these studies have been conducted on patient populations focusing on either autologous or implant-based reconstruction without possible predictive indicators for complication disparities for all types of reconstruction procedures. The aim of this study is to elucidate disparities among patient demographics by identifying predictors of complications and postoperative outcomes among different racial/ethnic patients undergoing breast reconstruction utilizing multi-state, multi-institution, and national level data. Methods: Patients in the Optum Clinformatics Data Mart that underwent all billable forms of breast reconstruction were identified via CPT codes. Demographics, medical history, and postoperative outcome data were collected by querying relevant reports of CPT, ICD-9, and ICD-10 codes. Outcomes analysis was limited to the 90-day global postoperative period. A multivariable logistic-regression analysis was performed to ascertain the effects of age, patient reported ethnicity, coexisting conditions, and reconstruction type on the likelihood of any common postoperative complication occurring. Linearity of the continuous variables with respect to the logit of the dependent variable was confirmed. Odds ratios and corresponding 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Results: From over 86 million longitudinal patient records, our study population included 104,714 encounters for 57,468 patients who had undergone breast reconstruction between January 2003 and June 2019. Black race (relative to White), autologous reconstruction, hypertension, type II diabetes mellitus, and tobacco use were independent predictors of increased likelihood of complication. Specifically, the odds ratios for complication occurrence for Black, Hispanic, and Asian ethnicity (relative to White) were 1.09, 1.03, and 0.77, respectively. Black patients had an overall breast reconstruction complication rate of 20.4%, while the corresponding rate for White, Hispanic, and Asian patients were 17.0%, 17.9%, and 13.2%, respectively. Conclusion: Our analysis of a national-level database shows that Black patients undergoing implant-based or autologous reconstruction have increased risk of complications, likely due to multifactorial components that play a role in the care of this patient population. While higher rates of comorbidities have been cited as a possible cause, providers must consider racial influences involving cultural context, historical mistrust in medicine, and physician/health institution factors that may drive this disparity of outcomes among our patients.

Problem statement: Yemen one of the developing country suffering from water pollution. Landfill is one of the source of water pollution. There are several boreholes located close to Ibb landfill used for drinking water. A study of composition of landfill leachate and groundwater pollution was conducted at Ibb landfill, which is located at Al-Sahool area, north of Ibb City, Yemen. Approach: The leachate was sampled at three different locations of the landfill, at the landfill itself and 15 and 20 m downstream of this landfill. Groundwater samples collected from 5 boreholes to study possible impact of leachate percolation into groundwater. Leachate and groundwater samples were collected during dry season only, due to the excessive generation of leachate during this season. Objective of this study was significant to assess degree of groundwater pollution due to Ibb landfill leachate at Al-Sahool area. The leachate and groundwater were physically and chemically characterized by using spectrophotometer HACH, BOD Trak HACH, flame photometer (PFP 7) and Inductively Coupled Plasma of Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) model Vista MPX. Parameters measured were pH, temperature, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Fluoride (F), Chloride (Cl), Sulphate ([SO.sub.4]), Nitrites ([NO.sub.2]), Nitrates ([NO.sub.3]), ammonia-N ([NH.sub.3]-N), heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Ni, Cr, Cd, Cu), major cations (Na, Mg, Ca, K, Fe) and biological parameters (COD, [BOD.sub.5] and coliform group bacteria). Results: The results showed that, leachate at landfill most likely in methanogenic phase, based on the alkaline pH value recorded (pH = 8.46). The results also showed that 4 out of 5 boreholes were contaminated, where concentration of physico-chemical parameters are above the standard acceptable levels which required for drinking water adapted by Yemen's ministry of water and environment and by word standard. Conclusion: Therefore, landfill is dangerous for environment so government should do sanitary landfill to prevent further contamination to surface water, groundwater as well as soil. Key words: Ibb landfill, groundwater, pollution, heavy metals, INTRODUCTION Pollution occurs when a product added to our natural environment adversely affects nature's ability to dispose it off. A pollutant is something which adversely interferes with health, comfort, property [...]

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ABSTRACTIntroduction: The field of anticoagulation has seen impressive progress over the last decade. The introduction of the Non Vitamin K Oral Anticoagulants (NOACs) has revolutionized practice surrounding thromboprophylaxis, treatment of thromboembolic disease and stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation (AF). However, the search for the ‘holy grail’ of anticoagulation, an agent that combines optimal efficacy with minimal bleeding diathesis, continues.Areas covered: In this paper we aim to summarize the current evidence from pre-clinical studies and early phase clinical trials, presenting the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties as well as the safety and efficacy profiles of the most important antithrombotic agents in development.Expert opinion: Research focused on the development of new anticoagulation agents is rapidly expanding. Although the exploration of antithrombotic agents that act on well-established targets such factor Xa and thrombin remains the mainstay, attention has also shifted to other factors in the coagulation cascade. The evidence emerging from clinical research is growing, generating exciting possibilities in the field of anticoagulation.

Composite materials were prepared from nominal wollastonite powder and glass cullet. Limestone, silica fume and glass cullet were used as raw materials. Wollastonite and pseudowollastonite with traces of cristobalite were phases that developed in the composite materials. The microstructure showed major wollastonite and pseudowollastonite appearing as rounded rod-shaped crystals, spread in a glassy matrix. The density of sintered composite increased from 1.8685–2.5746 g/cm3and its hardness increased from 462–532 kg/mm2as the nominal wollastonite ratio decreased. The coefficient of thermal expansion decreased from 8.00–7.30 × 10-6K-1as the nominal wollastonite ratio increased.

In this paper, a switching scheme based on minimization of total harmonic distortion (MTHD) of line voltage is studied. MTHD is suitable for some cases e.g. multilevel electrical drives and flexible AC transmission systems devices such as multilevel static var compensator, multilevel unified power quality conditioner and multilevel unified power flow controller, where DC link voltages are altering. By using MTHD the DC link values are set to the predefined values in order to optimize THD. In this paper the recently developed evolutionary optimization method named imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA) is used to solve MTHD problem. MTHD minimization is directly applied to line-to-line voltage waveform and the results compared with the case of a multilevel inverter with constant DC sources. The comparison of results validates the efficiency of MTHD in decreasing the THD value. Also, the obtained results compared with the results given in the recently published paper using GA, confirmed that ICA is more effective in this regard. Simulation and Experimental results are based on a seven-level multilevel inverter to verify the obtained results.

Pseudobranch function has long interested scientists, but its role has yet to be elucidated. Several studies have suggested that pseudobranchs serve respiratory, osmoregulatory, and sensory functions. This work investigated the immunolocalization of pseudobranch carbonic anhydrase (CA) in the teleost fish species rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to clarify its physiological function. CA was purified from rainbow trout gills O. mykissand specific antibodies were raised. Immunoblotting between tissue homogenates of pseudobranch and gill CA antibodies showed specific immunostaining with only one band corresponding to CA in the pseudobranch homogenate. Results of immunohistochemical technique revealed that CA was distributed within pseudobranch cells and more precisely in the apical parts (anti-vascular) of cells. The basal (vascular) parts of cells, tubular system, blood capillaries, and pillar cells were not immunostained. Immunocytochemistry confirmed these results and showed that some CA enzyme was cytoplasmic and the remainder was linked to membranous structures. The results also showed that the lacunar tissue layers did not display immunoperoxidase activity. Our results indicated that pseudobranch CA may have a function related to the extracellular medium wherein CA intervenes with the mechanism of stimulation of afferent nerve fibers.

Purpose. To compare the efficacy of autologous chondrocyte transplantation (ACT) versus non-operative measures for cartilage repair in rabbits.Methods. Nine New Zealand white rabbits were used. Identical focal defects were created in the articular cartilage of both knees. One month later, the right knee was repaired via ACT, while the left knee was left untreated (control group). The quality of cartilage tissues in both knees was compared 3 months later, according to the quantitative analysis of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) in the cartilage and macroscopic examination of histology using the Brittberg/International Cartilage Research Society (ICRS) score.Results. Microscopic examination showed enhanced regeneration following ACT repair. Quantification analysis revealed significantly higher cellular expression of GAG in the ACT-treated knees (1.12 vs 0.81 µg GAGs/mg protein, p=0.008). The mean Brittberg/ICRS score was significantly higher in the treated knees (6.00 vs 1.89, p=0.007).Conclusion. ACT is superior to non-operative measures for repairing focal cartilage defects, as determined by favourable histological and immunohistological outcomes at the cellular level.

Studies were carried out to determine the chemical and physical properties of a 4 year-old Acacia hybrid and 8 year-old Azadirachta excelsa. The results show that the density of A. hybrid was in the range of 445 kgm-3to 463 kgm-3and was between the density values of Acacia mangiumand Acacia auriculiformis. The moisture contents of A. hybrid (based on oven-dry weight) for all type of clones were almost similar to A. mangium. The fibre length of A. hybrid was found to be longer than samples of A. mangiumand A. auriculiformisat comparable age. As for A. excelsa, the average density was 456 kgm-3with the range of 335 kgm-3to 492 kgm-3. A. excelsahad a higher pH value and a greater buffer capacity towards alkali compared to A. hybrid. Results of chemical analysis show that the A. hybrid wood contained 80.53% holocellulose, 52.17% α-cellulose, 27.6% lignin and 3.36% extractives. The results obtained in this study were then compared to A. mangiumand A. auriculiformisfrom previous studies. As for A. excelsa, the fibres contained 77.63% holocellulose, 44.59% α-cellulose, 22.40% lignin and 2.71% extractives.

Microbial bioconversion studies conducted on the diterpene psiadin have revealed that it was metabolized by Aspergillus niger (NRRL 2295) to give 2a-hydroxydeoxopsiadin, Cunninghamella blakesleeana (ATCC 8688a) to give 11ß-hydroxypsiadin, and Cylindrocephalum aureum (ATCC 12720), Gongronella butleri (ATCC 22822), Kloeckera africana (ATCC 20111), and Kluyveromyces marxianus var. lactis (ATCC 2628) to yield 7a-hydroxypsiadin. Their structures have been established on the basis of spectral data. The structure and relative stereochemistry of 7a-hydroxypsiadin was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray analysis.

When during a year of poor crops, farmers in Iraq tested the toxicity of seed grain treated with methyl mercury (MeHg) fungicide by feeding it to hens, they observed no ill effect. Believing the seed grain to be safe, they consumed it with catastrophic results. The present study was undertaken to compare the toxicity of MeHg in hens with its effects in sheep. New Hampshire hens were fed MeHg-treated grain (8. 5 ppm Hg) for 50 days; then MeHg was withdrawn for 50 days. Lactating and nonlactating ewes were fed the same grain for 65 days, followed by a recovery period of 75 days. Total Hg in blood, plasma, and tissues was determined by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Hens showed no sign of illness except a 25% decrease of egg laying, which could not reliably be attributed to MeHg. Sheep suffered from exfoliative dermatitis and gingival bleeding, but no overt neurologic signs. The effective biologic half-time (BHT) was 36 days in hens and 29 days in sheep. Significant amounts of Hg appeared in eggs and in milk. Hg levels in the blood and tissues of lactating sheep were significantly lower than in nonlactating animals. This study showed that hens can tolerate exposure to MeHg better than sheep and humans. Eggs and milk appear to be a significant route for the elimination of a body burden of MeHg.

A series of 5-alkynyl substituted 2′-deoxyuridine and β-D-arabinofuranosyluracil nucleosides were synthesized and evaluated for in vitroactivity against varicella-zoster virus (VZV). Three promising analogues, 1-(β-D-arabinofuranosyl)-5-ethynyluracil (EYaraU), 2′-deoxy-5-prop-1-ynyluridine (PYdU) and 1-(β-D-arabinof uranosyl)-5-prop-1-ynyluracil (PYaraU) had potent activity against eight strains of VZV with IC50values averaging 1 μM. This activity was selective for VZV as the compounds were significantly less active against herpes simplex viruses (HSV) and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in contrast to 2′-deoxy-5-ethynyluridine (EYdU) which is highly active against all three viruses. The ability of these compounds to inhibit the growth of Vera or MRC-5 cells was over 2 orders of magnitude less than their antiviral activity (CC50in Vero cells 350 μM for EYaraU and >500 μM for PYdU and PYaraU and >500 μM for all 3 compounds in MRC-5 cells). Direct comparative studies showed these compounds to be more potent and more selective than acyclovir (ACV).

Carbonic anhydrase was purified from the gills (CAB) of the rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri and from erythrocytes (CAE) of the fresh water carp Cyprinus carpio. The purification of the isozymes was confirmed by SDS acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Antibodies against the purified CAB and CAE were then raised in rabbits. Specificity was verified by immunoblotting. No cross-reaction was found between them, using the immunodot technique. CAB antiserum was used to specifically localize gill CA in the trout. Immunoperoxidase labelling revealed a concentration of enzyme on the apical region of the outer layer of the gill epithelial cells. The inner layer of the epithelium was only weakly positive. Results obtained using the immuno-gold technique confirmed the immunoperoxidase labelling: there was a concentration of label in the apical regions of chloride cells. In mucous cells, only the mucous granules were labelled. In the lamellae, the label was distributed in the apical part of the pavement cells. The villi and microplicae were strongly positive. CAE antiserum stained the red blood cells. The discrepancy between histochemical localization in the gill or in the opercular skin of killifish and our present immunolocalization was discussed.

Novel synthetic routes directed toward the preparation of (+/-)-cis -4-amino-2-cyclopentene-1-methanol are described. The routes investigated involve azide openings of chiral and non-chiral cyclopentyl epoxides.

Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) was used to determine the concentrations of Ca, Cl, Fe, Ni, P, K, Se, S, and Zn in heart, lung, liver, spleen, and kidney of adult albino rats 2 mo after they were subject to a single gamma γ-radiation dose from60Co at 5 gy.

A series of 5-substituted 2‘-deoxy-4‘-thiopyrimidine nucleosides was synthesized and evaluated as potential antiviral agents. A number of analogues such as 2‘-deoxy-5-propyl-4‘-thiouridine (3ii), 2‘-deoxy-5-isopropyl-4‘-thiouridine (3iii), 5-cyclopropyl-2‘-deoxy-4‘-thiouridine (3iv), 2‘-deoxy-4‘-thio-5-vinyluridine (3viii), and 5-(2-chloroethyl)-2‘-deoxy-4‘-thiouridine (3xx) were found to be highly active against herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) and varicella zoster virus (VZV) in vitro with no significant cytotoxicity. The compound with the broadest spectrum of activity was 2‘-deoxy-5-ethyl-4‘-thiouridine (3i) which showed significant activity against HSV-1, HSV-2, and VZV.

A simple, sensitive, and rapid Spectrophotometric method for the trace determination of aniline in aqueous solution is described. The method is based on coupling aniline with diazotizedp-nitroaniline in the presence of ethanol and sodium hydroxide to form an intense red water-soluble azo-dye which shows maximum absorption at 505 nm and greater stability and sensitivity in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. Beer's law is obeyed over the aniline concentration range 0.2–2.4µg/ml in the solution measured; the molar absorptivity is 3.46×104l· mole-1·cm-1, and the relative standard deviation 1–2%, depending on the aniline concentration.

Summary.The insertion of a glass cannula into the uterine branch of the utero-ovarian vein, followed by disconnection of all other tissues between the uterus and the ovary containing the luteal tissue in non-pregnant sheep, was followed by a prolongation of luteal function. A pathway involving uterine venous blood alone is therefore insufficient to explain the transfer of PGF-2α from the uterus to the ipsilateral ovary. We suggest that lymph is also involved.

Summary Thallium (5–200µg) is precipitated as Tl3Cr(SCN)6. The precipitate is collected, then treated with 10% sodium carbonate solution, and the thiocyanate dissolved is oxidized to sulphate by iodine at pH 8.2. After acidification, the excess of iodine is extracted into chloroform, and the iodide in the aqueous solution is determined by the Leipert amplification procedure. The method provides 76 iodine atoms for each original thallium(I) ion. Copper(II), mercury(II), bismuth, lead and silver interfere seriously, the first three causing negative errors and the other two positive errors.

Summary An amplification procedure is described for the determination of 0.05–10 mg amounts of chloride ion. The amplification procedure is an arithmetic one based on precipitation of silver chloride, metathesis with sodium sulphide to silver sulphide and sodium chloride, followed by reprecipitation of the chloride, etc. The final yield of Ag2S is converted into AgCl for weighing. In this way, precipitates of silver chloride which are too small to be used for gravimetric purposes can be amplified to produce weighable amounts of silver chloride. The method is precise and gives accurate results in comparison with other methods at low concentrations. The process may also be automated.

A sensitive and selective spectrophotometric method for the determination of nitrate in aqueous solution is worked out. In strongly acidic medium, nitrate is reduced to nitrite by chloride ions. The nitrite produced is allowed to react with indole to form a water-soluble and stable compound with an intense absorption at 395 nm and adheres to Beer's law over 0.4-2 ppm of nitrate with a molar absorptivity of 16.15 ± 103 mol-1 cm-1.

Objective: Radiation therapy is commonplace for cancer treatment but often results in fibrosis and atrophy of surrounding soft tissue. Decellularized adipose matrices (DAMs) have been reported to improve these soft tissue defects through the promotion of adipogenesis. These matrices are decellularized by a combination of physical, chemical, and enzymatic methods to minimize their immunologic effects while promoting their regenerative effects. In this study, we aimed to explore the regenerative ability of a DAM (Renuva®, MTF Biologics, New Jersey, USA) in radiation-induced soft tissue injury. Approach: Fresh human lipoaspirate or DAM was injected into the irradiated scalp of CD-1 nude mice, and volume retention was monitored radiographically over 8 weeks. Explanted grafts were histologically assessed, and overlying skin was examined histologically and biomechanically. Irradiated human skin was also evaluated from patients following fat grafting or DAM injection. However, integrating data between murine and human skin in all cohorts is limited given the genetic variability between the two species. Results: Volume retention was found to be greater with fat grafts, though DAM retention was nonetheless appreciated at irradiated sites. Improvement in both mouse and human irradiated skin overlying fat and DAM grafts was observed in terms of biomechanical stiffness, dermal thickness, collagen density, collagen fiber networks, and skin vascularity. Innovation: This is the first demonstration of the use of DAMs for augmenting the regenerative potential of irradiated mouse and human skin. Conclusions: These findings support use of DAMs to address soft tissue atrophy following radiation therapy. Morphological characteristics of the irradiated skin can also be improved with DAM grafting.

Activated carbon AC) has versatile usage in the modern days for water treatment, air filtration and for multipurpose adsorption. Carbonaceous material with highly developed porosity known as AC after some process took place. AC also known as artificial materials characterized by the high surface area and the extensive surface chemistry. Significant adsorptive properties of the materials according to extensive surface chemistry which are responsible for the surface properties. Nowadays, AC are widely used in a large range of applications, for example medical uses, catalysis, gas storage, removal of pollutants and odors, gas separation and purification. Important Character for based materials of AC, it must accessible, affordable price, and with valorization potential in agricultural residues and industrial base. The most important raw materials for the production of AC is lignocellulosic materials. Over the time researcher around the world conducting research to improvised and perfecting the method for producing the AC. The aim of this paper is to critical review the reliable method for AC production. The process involved in the production of activated were pre-carbonization process (PCP), carbonization process (CP), and activation process (AP). Carbonization either using furnace or microwave. For AP, there are two main activation used namely chemical activation CA) and physical activation (PA). However there also combination of chemical and physical activation which called physiochemical activation (PCA).

The term soil reinforcement is conventional since decades ago for the stabilization of soft ground such as of clay and peat. Numerous research has arisen in the utilization of natural fibres as the reinforcement materials. Cost reduction, increment of sustainability awareness and eco-friendly environment are some of the advantages when using natural fibres to stabilize soft ground. A research study was carried out to evaluate the strength of the soft soil when unreinforced and reinforced using natural fibres. The findings on the experimental investigation of the study will be presented in this paper. Crushed coir fibres were used to reinforce an intermediate plasticity soft clay where both materials were collected locally in Brunei Darussalam. The crushed coir fibres were added at 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0% to the dry weight of the sample. A series of an unconsolidated undrained Tri-axial test was conducted on the unreinforced and reinforced samples where the behaviour of the samples were observed and compared. The results indicated that inclusion of fibres affects the soil's undrained shear strength. It was observed that increasing the percentage inclusion increases the undrained shear strength of the soil, up to a certain amount. Further increment of fibres, however, does not show further improvement in the undrained shear strength.

Microbial transformation of psiadiarabin and its 6-desmethoxy analogue 5,3′ dihydroxy-7,2′,4′,5′-tetramethoxyflavone by Cunninghamella elegans NRRL 1392 gave the 3′-glucoside conjugates of the two flavones. Structural elucidation of these two new metabolites was achieved using 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and CIMS.

Indonesia steel design code 2002 was revised in 2015. The latest version refers to AISC 360-10 which convert steel stability analysis to direct analysis method (DAM). DAM is an elastic analysis which includes second-order effect where P-delta and geometric imperfection are directly calculated during the analysis. Imperfection is modelled as notional load applied horizontally which is determined as 0.002 of gravity load. Numerical study using SAP software had been conducted to compare DAM and the previous method ELM on eccentrically braced frames (EBFs) under seismic load. It is known that EBF is one of earthquake resistant structural systems of steel structure. Numerical study was validated against experimental results performed by other researchers. Similar EBF frames used in the experiment were reanalyzed by ELM and DAM and coefficient of notional load is varied as 0.002 and 0.003. Seismic load applied in the analysis were varied based on three different seismic zones and soil conditions.

Indonesia is late in updating its structural steel building design code to AISC 360-10. Revision was done in 2015 replacing the 2002 code. The new version changes the method of steel stability analysis from effective length method (ELM) to direct analysis method (DAM). The 2015 code implements DAM, which is based on second-order elastic analysis which directly calculates P-delta effect in analysis. DAM takes into account geometric imperfection and strength reduction. Notional load as 0.002 of gravity load should be applied horizontally to represent geometric imperfection. It is allowed to adjust the notional load coefficient. Numerical study has been conducted to compare the use of DAM and ELM on eccentrically-braced frame subjected to Indonesian seismic load. Different values of notional load coefficient are considered. Experimental results conducted by other researchers were used as reference. The frames were reanalysed using four different stability methods: ELM first-order analysis, ELM second-order analysis and DAM with different notional load coefficients: 0.002 and 0.003

Biofilm is a microbial derived sessile community characterized by cells that are irreversibly attached to a substratum or interface to each other, embedded in a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances that they have produced. Bacillus sp. was used as biofilm model in this study. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of Garlic solution in term of ratio of water and Garlic solution (W/G) and ratio of Garlic solution to Bacillus sp. (GS/B) on Bacillus sp removal. Garlic solution was used to remove Bacillus sp. In this study, Garlic solution was prepared by crushing the garlic and mixed it with water. the Garlic solution was added into Bacillus sp. mixture and mixed well. The mixture then was spread on nutrient agar. The Bacillus sp. weight on agar plate was measured by using dry weight measurement method. In this study, initially Garlic solution volume and Garlic solution concentration were studied using one factor at time (OFAT). Later two-level-factorial analysis was done to determine the most contributing factor in Bacillus sp. removal. Design Expert software (Version 7) was used to construct experimental table where all the factors were randomized. Bacilus sp removal was ranging between 42.13% to 99.6%. The analysis of the results showed that at W/G of 1:1, Bacillus sp. removal increased when more Garlic solution was added to Bacillus sp. Effect of Garlic solution to Bacillus sp. will be understood which in turn may be beneficial for the industrial purpose.

A novel gamma irradiation induced synthesis method of Gd2O2S:Eu3+ phosphors was investigated in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The effect of irradiation doses (50-150kGy) on structural and morphology analysis as well as luminescence properties were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning microscopy (FESEM) and photoluminescence spectrometer (PL). The results show that gamma radiation is potentially induced formation of Gd2O2S:Eu3+ phosphors from radiation reduction and/or precipitation of insoluble compounds as the hexagonal phase structure was formed without any impurities as proven in XRD pattern. The morphologies were observed that the obtained Gd2O2S:Eu3+ phosphors possess sphere structure with smooth surface at 100 kGy irradiated dose. PL spectroscopy reveals that the strongest red emission peaks is located at 626 nm under 325 nm light excitation, which corresponds to 5D0-7F2 transition of Eu3+ ions. An optimized dose for excellent luminescent was observed at 100 kGy. The results suggested that the Gd2O2S:Eu3+ phosphors may have a beneficial approach in field of imaging device or media.

This research was conducted in wetlands Semambu Village, District of North Indralaya, Ogan Ilir, South Sumatra Province, Indonesia, which lasted from July 2015 to February 2016. The observation of a microclimate indicate that the average intensity of light outside the auspices of the plot 1968.9 m2s mol1, under waranet 1502.40 mol1 m2s, below paranet 721.99 mol1 m2s-1 and under waranet 439.25 umol m2s-1 - equivalent to the light interception 1 or 100%, 76%, 37% and 22%. Results of soil chemical analysis that the soil has a low fertility study (H2O pH of 3.32, organic C 4.47%, total N 0.35%, Bray P 13.30 ppm, K-ea 0.26 me / 100g, CEC 19.6 rne / 100g and Al-ea 3.28 me / 100g). Tests on 22 genotypes of maize grown with light interception 100%, 76%. 37% and 22%, by calculating tolerance index based on the weight of dry seed cob-1 was found four genotypes of maize tend to be tolerant to low-intensity light that were genotype B 41, Pioneer 27, Sukmaraga and Sugihan. The test results of corn planted in beds shade with light interception 100%, 76%, 37% and 22% for groups of maize tolerant and sensitive, followed by application of urea 0 kg ha1, 100 kg ha-1 200 kg ha-1, 300 kg ha-1 and 400 kg ha-1 indicate that maize and 41 and Pioneer 27 by Urea 300 kg ha-1 gives better results than other varieties at different intensities of light oil palm age of 12 years with applications Urea fertilizer 300 kg ha-1, indicating that the B 41 and Pioneer 27 tends to give better results compared with other varieties. The application of a polyculture system palm-maize can produce 1000 kg of dry grain of corn in a 1 ha of oil palm cultivation.

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