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To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2010.03.007 Byline: Elisa Giuliani (a), Andrea Morrison (b)(c), Carlo Pietrobelli (d)(e), Roberta Rabellotti (f) Keywords: University-industry linkages; Academic researchers; Innovation system; Wine sector Abstract: Research on University-industry (U-I) linkages and their determinants has increased significantly in the past few years. However, there is still controversy on the key factors explaining the formation of U-I linkages, and especially related to individual researcher characteristics. This paper provides new empirical evidence and, in particular, looks at the importance of researchers' individual characteristics and their institutional environments in explaining the propensity to engage in different types of U-I linkages. Based on an original dataset, we present new evidence on three wine producing areas - Piedmont, a region of Italy, Chile and South Africa - that have successfully responded to recent structural changes in the industry worldwide. Empirical findings reveal that researchers' individual characteristics, such as centrality in the academic system, age and sex, matter more than publishing records or formal degrees. Institutional specificities at country level also play a role in shaping the propensity of researchers to engage with industry. Author Affiliation: (a) Dipartimento di Economia Aziendale, Universita di Pisa, Via Ridolfi 10, 56124 Pisa (Italy) and SPRU, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, UK (b) Section of Economic Geography - URU, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 2, 3508TC Utrecht, The Netherlands (c) Kites, Bocconi University, via Sarfatti 25, 20136 Milano, Italy (d) CREI, Universita Roma Tre, Via S. D'Amico 77, 00154 Roma, Italy (e) Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, DC, United States (f) Dipartimento di Scienze Economiche e Metodi Quantitativi, Universita del Piemonte Orientale, Via Perrone 18, 28100 Novara, Italy Article History: Received 19 May 2008; Revised 3 February 2010; Accepted 30 March 2010

In this article, we take stock of the nature and scope of global value chain (GVC)-oriented policies. Building on the papers that have been accepted to the special collection, we categorize GVC-oriented policies according to four different policy objectives: participation, value capture, inclusiveness, and resiliency. We compare and contrast the social and economic rationales for state intervention across the different types of GVC-oriented policies and discuss the instruments and actions at the disposal of governments to reach their policy objectives. The trifecta of tasks, linkages, and firmsexplains whether and how GVC-oriented policies differ from traditional public policies.

AbstractThis paper contributes to the literature on Chinese and Indian multinationals investing in Europe through an empirical investigation about their identity, their characteristics and the association between their features and their international strategies. The investigation exploits a database, named EMENDATA (Emerging Multinationals’ Events and Networks DATAbase), at the level of the investing firms. In relation to the mode of entry, we find that greenfield investments are a more likely option for large-sized companies. Moreover a high propensity for innovation is associated with a high probability to enter with an acquisition and with technological asset-seeking investments. Finally, high profitability is needed to invest in the EU-core countries.

The phenomenon of Emerging Economy Multinational Enterprises (EMNEs) and their internationalization process have sparked the debate over the appropriateness of International Business theories to study EMNEs’ internationalization processes. The literature has extensively investigated what distinguishes EMNEs from Advanced Country Multinational Enterprises (AMNEs). This review summarizes and discusses some of the issues that have mostly attracted scholarly debate in this research area. We discuss the specificities of EMNEs: how they differ from AMNEs with respect to three very important and well studied topics: first, country-specific and firm-specific advantages; second, motivations for investing abroad; and third, different modes of entry into foreign markets. We conclude that EMNEs do differ from AMNEs, although these differences may be contingent and transitory.

The article discusses the study on foreign direct investments (FDI) by emerging economy multinational enterprises (EMNEs) in Europe that are driven by technology as of April 2015, highlighting FDIs from China and India. The study is reportedly based on the Emerging Multinationals Events and Networks Database. Other topics include the characteristics of the FDIs, impact of investments on firms and the economy, and policy implications for Europe.

This study investigates the motivations driving Chinese outward direct investment to Italy. The analysis is based on secondary sources and in-depth interviews with key informants and senior managers of Chinese affiliates in Italy. The evolution of the Chinese firms’ pattern of entry in Italy confirms the model followed by Chinese firms in other European countries, but we obtain some additional interesting results. Chinese investments in Italy are increasingly targeting the acquisition of technological capabilities and of design skills and brands to tap local competences available in specialised manufacturing clusters in sectors such as automotives and home appliances. They try to link, leverage and learn from foreign acquisitions. The main industries of specialisation of Chinese OFDI in Italy reflect this approach and appear to be related to China’s strategy to increase the sophistication of its exports and to move away from standardised commodities and intermediate manufactures and components.

The notion of 'Business Development Service' (BDS) is quickly gaining popularity among policy makers and scholars of management, industrial organisation and development. Similarly, attention is increasingly paid to the institutions and centres offering BDS, as an essential part of the 'local' or 'regional innovation system'. The paper analyses the experience of BDS Centres in three highly developed Italian regions, Emilia Romagna, Lombardia and Veneto, and evaluates their performance and contribution to the regional industrial, and notably SME, development. The paper is based on a survey of 30 BDS Centres and it uses quantitative together with qualitative evidence.

The objective of the paper is to draw some conclusions about the capability of the Italian textile-clothing industry to sustain the strong competition of the fast-growing industry in developing countries, through the analysis of some examples of technological and organizational case studies of best practice.Technological and organizational innovations have been adopted as key strategic tools for reviving and maintaining con~petitiveness in international markets. In this paper we have studied a number of enterprises, among the most technologically advanced within the textile and clothing sector and have analysed the impact of the introduction of information technologies on their organizational structure.

This article examines what can be done to support networking among small businesses when sectoral clusters do not already exist. A UNIDO project in four countries – Bolivia, Jamaica, Honduras and Nicaragua – has fostered networks among small businesses in a given subsector by preparing groups of businesses; consolidating groups and supporting an initial joint project; identifying weaknesses; and helping to implement joint strategic projects. Many of the changes in ways of working that have occurred have resulted in improvements to product quality and reliability, enabling the groups of businesses to move up market. Networks of businesses are also more easy to assist with training and other forms of support than individuals. Associations of networks can also represent their members' interests at the national level by lobbying.

An imminent free-trading agreement with the USA puts Mexico's footwear industry in a position to increase its export trade enormously. The industry is dominated by small firms which are limited, however, by unstable supplies and little knowledge of the export market. This article, describing the results of a survey, reveals how some firms have attempted to overcome these limitations by developing backward and forward linkages with suppliers and with retailers. It also describes the important role of the associations of entrepreneurs in providing training, credit unions, and the exchange of information essential for the footwear industry developing as a system.