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The goaf formation of upper seam stope in proximity coal seams mining would influence the stability of the surrounding rock mass due to mining stress redistribution, which will seriously threaten the subsequent mining process and even ground environmental protection. Therefore, developing safe and efficient mining techniques, robust support strategies, and comprehensive safety evaluation systems is crucial for ensuring the overall safety of the mining process. Drawing upon on-site data, this study conducted a detailed feasibility analysis of the mechanized caving method. We developed a simulation model using similar materials, tailored for scenarios with overlying goaf, to demonstrate how lower seam mining was affected by the caving zone of the upper seam, leading to the progressive evolution of fracture networks. Furthermore, we employed numerical simulation models to juxtapose the simulated deformation areas with the actual potential deformation zones in the mining area. The mine seismic prediction (MSP) technique was utilized for the precise identification of unfavorable geological formations ahead of the working face, thereby preempting potential fractures or irregularities due to the presence of overlying goaf. In addition, a comprehensive support strategy was designed and implemented to bolster the stability of the roadways, thereby reinforcing the safety measures within the mining process. This study presents an integrated approach to investigate mining activities in the lower layers during stratified extraction, particularly how the overlying goaf of the upper seam affects the mining of the lower seam, leading to the progressive evolution of fracture networks. The findings and methodologies outlined in this work hold substantial practical significance, offering a pathway to enhance the reliability and safety of the mining process.