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Ternary nickel-rich layered oxide LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2(NCM811) is recognized as a cathode material with a promising future, attributed to its high energy density. However, the pulverization of cathode particles, structural collapse, and electrolyte decomposition are closely associated with the fragile cathode–electrolyte interphases (CEI), which seriously affect the electrochemical performances of ternary high-nickel materials. In this paper, fluorine- and nitrogen-containing methyl-2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoate (MNTB) was selected, which was synergistically regulated with fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) to generate a robust CEI film. The preferential decomposition of MNTB/FEC results in the formation of an inorganic-rich (Li3N, LiF, and Li2O) CEI film with uniformly dense and stable characteristics, which is conducive to the migration of Li+and the stability of the NCM811 structure and enhances the cycling stability of the battery system. Simultaneously, MNTB effectively suppresses the adverse reaction associated with increased polarization caused by higher interface impedance due to conventional single FEC additives, further improving the rate capability of the battery. Moreover, MNTB/FEC can effectively eliminate HF, preventing its corrosion on the NCM811 cathode. Under the synergistic effect of MNTB/FEC, after 300 discharge cycles at a high cutoff voltage of 4.3 V and a current density of 1 C (2 mA cm–2), the discharge capacity of the NCM811||Li battery was 150.12 mA h g–1with a capacity retention of 81.10%, while it was only 32.8% for the standard electrolyte (STD). The discharged capacity of the MNTB/FEC-containing battery was about 115.43 mA h g–1at the high rate of 7 C, which was considerably higher than that of the STD (93.34 mA h g–1). In this study, the designed MNTB as a novel solvent synergistically regulated with FEC will contribute to the enhanced stability of NCM811 materials at high cutoff voltages and at the same time provide an effective modified strategy to enhance the stability of commercial electrodes.

Subways, underground logistics systems and underground parking, as the primary facilities types of underground, contribute significantly to the achievement of carbon–neutral cities by moving surface transportation to underground, thereby releasing surface space for the creation of more urban blue-green space for carbon sink. Therefore, in-depth studies on carbon neutrality strategies as well as reliable layout optimization solutions of these three types of underground facilities are required. This study proposes a spatial layout optimization strategy for carbon neutrality using underground hydrogen storage and geothermal energy for these three types of underground facilities employing a multi-agent system model. First, three spatial layout relationships, competition, coordination, and followership, between five underground facilities that contribute to emission reduction were investigated. Second, the implementation steps for optimizing the spatial layout of underground facilities were determined by defining the behavioral guidelines for spatial environment, underground facility, and synergistic agent. Finally, using the Tianfu New District in Chengdu City, China, as a case study, layouts of underground facilities under three different underground space development scenarios were simulated to verify the model. The findings of this study address the gap in the research on underground spatial facilities and their layout optimization in response to emission reduction. This study provided a significant reference for the study of underground space and underground resources at the planning level to aid in achieving carbon–neutral cities.

In superconductors possessing both time and inversion symmetries, the Zeeman effect of an external magnetic field can break the time-reversal symmetry, forming a conventional Fulde–Ferrell–Larkin–Ovchinnikov (FFLO) state characterized by Cooper pairings with finite momentum1,2. In superconductors lacking (local) inversion symmetry, the Zeeman effect may still act as the underlying mechanism of FFLO states by interacting with spin–orbit coupling (SOC). Specifically, the interplay between the Zeeman effect and Rashba SOC can lead to the formation of more accessible Rashba FFLO states that cover broader regions in the phase diagram3–5. However, when the Zeeman effect is suppressed because of spin locking in the presence of Ising-type SOC, the conventional FFLO scenarios are no longer effective. Instead, an unconventional FFLO state is formed by coupling the orbital effect of magnetic fields with SOC, providing an alternative mechanism in superconductors with broken inversion symmetries6–8. Here we report the discovery of such an orbital FFLO state in the multilayer Ising superconductor 2H-NbSe2. Transport measurements show that the translational and rotational symmetries are broken in the orbital FFLO state, providing the hallmark signatures of finite-momentum Cooper pairings. We establish the entire orbital FFLO phase diagram, consisting of a normal metal, a uniform Ising superconducting phase and a six-fold orbital FFLO state. This study highlights an alternative route to achieving finite-momentum superconductivity and provides a universal mechanism to preparing orbital FFLO states in similar materials with broken inversion symmetries.

Neighborhood rough set (NRS) is an important tool for granular computing. It can handle discrete and continuous data without a prior discretization. However, the definitions of NRS are so strict that most algorithms based on NRS perform poorly on datasets with label noise. Existing classifiers mainly learn using the most fine-grained unit, that is, the sample or pixel point; thus, they have limited robustness to label noise. Moreover, few models can deal with both attribute reduction and classification with label noise. Granular-ball computing (GBC) is a novel granular computing model with a significant advantage in terms of robustness. Inspired by GBC, a robust variable parameter granular-ball model (VPGB) is proposed in this study to achieve both attribute reduction and classification in a label noise environment from a coarse granularity perspective. In VPGB attribute reduction, first, the related notions of NRS are defined for the label noise environment. Second, the universe is granulated into granular-balls of the same size (called FGBs), with the centers and radii being fixed. Third, attribute reduction is performed based on the FGBs. In VPGB classification, the universe is granulated into adaptive granular-balls of different sizes (called AGBs), with adaptive centers and radii. Then, the test samples are predicted based on the distance between the test samples and AGBs. The experimental results on public datasets show that the VPGB model performs better in accuracy and robustness than the current state-of-the-art algorithms in terms of both attribute reduction and classification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene moiré superlattice formed by rotating two graphene sheets can host strongly correlated and topological states when flat bands form at so-called magic angles. Here, we report that, for a twisting angle far away from the magic angle, the heterostrain induced during stacking heterostructures can also create flat bands. Combining a direct visualization of strain effect in twisted bilayer graphene moiré superlattices and transport measurements, features of correlated states appear at “non-magic” angles in twisted bilayer graphene under the heterostrain. Observing correlated states in these “non-standard” conditions can enrich the understanding of the possible origins of the correlated states and widen the freedom in tuning the moiré heterostructures and the scope of exploring the correlated physics in moiré superlattices.

Owing to the advantages of high energy density, low cost, abundant sulfur reserves and environmentally friendly nature, lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs) were considered as one of the potential candidates of energy storage devices for the next generation. However, the significant challenges in this area stem from the sluggish reaction kinetics of the insoluble Li2S product and the capacity degradation triggered by the severe shuttle effect of polysulfides. It has been firmly established through numerous studies that modifying separators is an effective approach to enhance the properties of LSBs by facilitating the catalytic kinetic conversion and chemical adsorption of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs). In this work, we report a straightforward method for fabrication of the phosphorus doped porous CeO2(P-CeO2) as separator modifier to accelerate the catalytic kinetic conversion of polysulfides and effectively inhibit the shuttle effect in LSBs. Through coin batteries tests, P-CeO2modified PP separator (P-CeO2//PP) exhibits remarkable electrochemical performance. It demonstrates a high initial capacity of 1180 mAh/g at 0.5 C, surpassing the performance of the bare CeO2//PP separator. Furthermore, the P-CeO2//PP separator demonstrates enhanced cycling stability, with a low-capacity fading rate of only 0.048% per cycle over 1000 cycles at 2 C. In compared with bare CeO2//PP, P-CeO2//PP exhibits high redox peak current, enhanced adsorption property of Li2S6and early Li2S precipitation. These results highlight the superior performance of the P-CeO2//PP separator compared to the bare CeO2//PP separator. Hence, this research presents a successful strategy for the modification of LIBs separator with improved electrochemical performance and cycle stability.

In this study, we explored the prevalence of oxacillin-susceptible mecA-positive Staphylococcus aureus(OS-MRSA) in staphylococcal food poisoning outbreak isolates and foodborne isolates, and then investigated their molecular characteristics, classical staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs), and drug resistance. Eight (2.9%) of 275 isolates from food poisoning outbreaks and 7 (3.8%) of 184 isolates from retail foods were identified as OS-MRSA isolates. Among the 15 OS-MRSA isolates, the most frequently detected toxin genes were hld(100%), hla(93.3%), pvl(80.0%), and hlb(46.7%) followed by segand seq(33.3%, each), hlg(26.7%), seband hlgv(20.0%, each), sec, seh, sel, sep, and tst(13.3%, each), and sei, sem, sen, and seo(6.7%, each). None of isolates carried other tested virulence genes. The most frequently detected classical SEs were SEB and SEC (26.7%, each), followed by SEA and SEE (20.0%, each), and SED (6.7%). Resistance was most frequently observed in ampicillin, penicillin, and cefoxitin (100%, each), followed by trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (93.3%), erythromycin (73.3%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (46.7%), tetracyclines (26.7%), and ciprofloxacin (6.7%). All isolates were susceptible to other tested antibiotics. A dominant molecular type belonged to ST398-IVa-t034 (26.7%), followed by ST59-IVa-t437 (20.0%), ST88-III-t14340 and ST1-IVa-t114 (13.3%, each), and ST5-II-t002, ST630-t4549, ST5-II, and ST4495-t10738 (6.7%, each). Our findings indicated that OS-MRSA strains had a low prevalence rate among outbreak strains and foodborne strains, which frequently harbored SCCmec IVa, and carried a variety of toxin genes, and also expressed numerous classical SEs. In addition, all OS-MRSA isolates were susceptible to the majority of antibacterial agents except β-lactam. Our study is the first to report that OS-MRSA isolates are associated with food poisoning outbreaks worldwide.

The ingestion of excessive free fatty acid could induce lipotoxicity in tissues and then lead to the initiation of many metabolism diseases. In this work, the protective effect of apigenin on palmitate-induced lipotoxicity in human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) was investigated. Compared with 150 μM palmitate treatment alone, pretreatment with 10 μM apigenin for 6 h significantly increased the cell viability from 71.55 ± 3.62 to 91.06 ± 4.30% and improved mitochondrial membrane potential to the normal level (101.62 ± 11.72% of control). In addition, the production of nitric oxide was markedly elevated by apigenin cotreatment from 7.10 ± 3.95 to 94.20 ± 21.86%. The data-independent acquisition-based proteomic approach was used to study the protective mechanism, and the results revealed that 242 proteins were differently expressed in cells treated with palmitate and 93 proteins were reversed after apigenin supplementation. Apigenin realized its protective function mainly via regulating pathways such as IL-17, TNF, Fox O, cell adhesion, and endoplasmic reticulum protein processing. Collectively, these data demonstrated that apigenin supplement may serve as an alternative nutritional intervention to protect HAEC against lipotoxicity.

AbstractCoenzyme Q0 (CoQ0), one of benzoquinone compounds, has been demonstrated to possess antineoplastic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. However, its antimicrobial effect has not been extensively reported. In this study, antimicrobial activity of CoQ0 against Staphylococcus aureuswas evaluated by measurement of inhibition zone, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and growth curves. Time-kill assay was performed to assess the bactericidal activity of CoQ0 against S. aureusin tryptone soya broth and pasteurized milk. The possible mechanism of action was explored through measuring changes in intracellular ATP concentrations, membrane potential, and cell morphology. Furthermore, propidium iodide (PI) staining assay was performed to evaluate the effect of CoQ0 on cell membrane integrity. The MIC of CoQ0 against tested strains ranged from 7.8 to 62.5 μg/mL. CoQ0 at 2 × MIC showed bactericidal effect on S. aureusin tryptic soy broth (TSB) and pasteurized milk. Decrease in intracellular ATP concentration and membrane potential were detected when cells were treated with CoQ0. PI staining demonstrated destruction of bacterial cell membrane. CoQ0 also induced abnormal cell morphological changes, as confirmed by field emission scanning electron microscopy. These findings suggested that CoQ0 exhibited antimicrobial effect on S. aureus, which was partly because of its ability to damage cell membrane.

Patulin (PAT) is a mycotoxin frequently detected in moldy fruits and fruit products. This study investigated the protective role of glutathione (GSH), an antioxidant agent, against PAT-induced cytotoxicity and its potential mechanisms in HEK293 cells. The obtained results showed that the addition of GSH significantly increased cell viability and decreased apoptosis induced by PAT. Additionally, GSH decreased intracellular ROS and mitochondrial ROS overproduction, suppressed the decline of the mitochondrial membrane potential, and maintained cellular ATP contents. GSH prevented the impairment of mitochondrial oxidative-phosphorylation system and, especially, enhanced the mRNA and protein levels of electron-transport-chain complex III (UQCRC2) and complex V (ATP5, ATP6 and ATP8). Furthermore, GSH increased endogenous GSH contents; enhanced the antioxidant-enzyme activities of SOD, CAT, GR, and GPx; and modulated oxidative damage. These results suggest that GSH reduces PAT-induced cytotoxicity via inhibition of oxidative damage and the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in HEK293 cells.

AbstractPunicalagin, one of the main active compounds in pomegranate peel, has been reported to possess many properties, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, and immunosuppressive activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the antibacterial effect of punicalagin against Staphylococcus aureusand possible mode of action. Growth inhibition activity was examined by the agar diffusion method. Then agar dilution method was adopted to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The effects of punicalagin on cell membrane were assessed by measuring potassium efflux. Morphological changes of S. aureuswere assessed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Crystal violet assay was applied to investigate antibiofilm activity of punicalagin. Punicalagin exhibited good antistaphylococcal effect with an MIC of 0.25 mg/mL. An increase of potassium efflux was observed when cells were treated with punicalagin at 2 × MIC. Punicalagin induced morphological damages to the cell membrane. Moreover, punicalagin exerted a remarkable inhibitory effect on biofilm formation of S. aureus. These findings suggest that punicalagin has antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities against S. aureusand may have potential application to control S. aureuscontamination in food industry.

Lithium-ion batteries are core components of flexible electronic devices. However, deformation types, such as impinging, bending, stretching, folding, and twisting, can cause internal cracks and, eventually, damage these batteries. The cracks separate the active particles from the conductive particles and the binder, as well as the electrode from the collector. Self-healing binders can alleviate this mechanical damage and improve the stress response of active material particles during high rates of charging and discharging of these batteries and the operation at a high voltage, thereby enhancing their cycle performance. In the present study, a thermoplastic intrinsic self-healing polymer (TISP) binder is proposed. The TISP is obtained by polymerization of butanediol (2,3-BDO), propylene glycol (1,3-PDO), succinic acid (SuA), sebacic acid (SeA), and iconic acid (IA). The hydroxyl and ester groups in its structure can form diverse bonds including the hydrogen and ion-dipole with active particles and the current collector, thereby producing elevated adhesion. Its properties, including a low glass transition temperature (−60 °C), amorphous structure, and low cross-link density, improve the mobility of polymer chains at 40 °C, and this facilitates structural recovery and the maintenance of strong adhesions. Owing to its higher occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level than the electrolyte solvent, the TISP is likely oxidized before the main component of the electrolyte during charging. This decomposition produces a chemical passivation interphase on the cathode which reduces side reactions of LiCoO2and the electrolyte under high-voltage conditions. Tests reveal that a LiCoO2electrode battery using the TISP as a binder retains 162.4 mAh g–1after 349 cycles at 4.5 V, and this represents an 86.5% capacity retention. In addition, heating (40 °C, 1 h) of a scratch-damaged electrode can recover a specific capacity of 156.6 mAh g–1after 349 cycles at 4.5 V. Relative to a battery without any mechanical scratch, this capacity recovery represents approximately 96%, and this demonstrates the importance of the TISP to the high-voltage damaged electrode.

Shigella flexneri, a common Gram-negative foodborne pathogen, is widely distributed in fresh-cut fruits and vegetables, unpasteurized milk, and food processing environments. The aims of this study were to evaluate the antibacterial effects of 405-nm light-emitting diode (LED) treatment on S. flexneriand to investigate the possible mechanism. The results showed that LED irradiation (360 min) reduced the number of S. flexneriin phosphate-buffered saline by 3.29 log colony-forming unit (CFU)/mL (initial bacterial count: 6.81 log CFU/mL). The cells in reconstituted infant formula, cells on fresh-cut carrot slices, and biofilm-associated cells on stainless steel surfaces were reduced by 1.83 log CFU/mL, 7.00 log CFU/cm2, and 4.35 log CFU/cm2following LED treatment for 360, 120, and 120 min, respectively. LED treatment damaged both DNA and cell wall of S. flexneriand changed cell morphology and cell membrane permeability. In addition, LED treatment decreased total cell protein concentration of S. flexneri. These results indicated that 405-nm LED treatment effectively controlled S. flexnericontamination of foods and food contact surfaces and that the bacterial inactivation may be the result of damage to multiple cellular components. These findings highlight the potential of LED technology in controlling S. flexneriduring food processing, storage, and preparation.