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African American (AA) individuals are thought to develop multiple sclerosis (MS) less frequently than Caucasian American (CA) individuals.

Background: There are few reports of overall strength of laparoscopic and open incisional hernia repair. Methods: After anesthesia, a 2-inch circular defect was made in the abdominal wall of 28 female swine. Gore-Tex DualMesh Biomaterial (W. L. Gore & Associates, Flagstaff, AZ) was used for all repairs. Sixteen animals underwent open repair and 12 underwent laparoscopic repair. Burst strength was detected within 2 weeks and at 6 weeks by euthanizing the animals and insufflating the abdominal cavity with water while measuring the intraabdominal pressure until it could no longer be pressurized. Results: Three events occurred after insufflation: rupture around patch (R), dissection from insufflation or pressure monitoring sites (D), or rectal prolapse (P). Failure after open early repair occurred at 289 (range 219–388) mmHg with 7-R, 1-P and late 289 (196–343) mmHg with 1-R, 6-P. Failure after laparoscopic early repair occurred at 259 (191–388) mmHg with 4-R, 1-P, 1-D and late 291 (140–330) mmHg with 2-R, 1-P, 3-D. Late groups were less likely to rupture. Conclusion: Both hernia repairs are durable at early and late periods. Tissue ingrowth adds to repair strength. We could not show that one repair was stronger than the other. Nonetheless, laparoscopic repair tended to degrade by dissection, which was our highest pressure event.

(1) Highly flare-productive new emerging active regions are characterized by numerous small low-lying loops which frequently show a chaotic pattern. (2) Flare activity in such a region subsides as the chaotic loop structures relax and expand into a bipolar configuration. (3) The transition zone in such an active region is highly unstable as shown by broadened and shifted non-thermal line profiles of medium ionized elements like Si iii, Si iv, C iv, etc. (4) These transition zone instabilities which occur as isolated events in active regions of low flare productivity are often observed prior to flares. (5) Transition zone instabilities can be traced to the footpoints of active loops, and seem to be accompanied by heating of the loop. (6) The loops vary in size and show differing degrees of activity, with the brightest and most compact ones seemingly being in a pre-flare state which results in the catastrophic energy release along the loop during a flare.

Several new salt intercalation complexes of halloysite have been prepared and characterized using X-ray powder diffraction techniques taking into account both the position and the shape of the d001peaks. The amount of intercalated ion in some fully complexed halloysites has been directly determined using conventional analytical techniques. The results show that less than half of the theoretical amount of salt is intercalated into the clay; the amount of salt depending on its nature and, where hydrolyzable ions are present, on the pH. Infrared spectra taken of some complexes give an indication of the nature of the interaction within interlayer space and elsewhere. The interactions are weak and are either dipolar attractions or hydrogen bonds. The ions which show the greatest tendency to intercalate with halloysite are water structure-breaking cations or hydrogen-bonding anions. Были получены несколько новых комплексов галлуазита, переслаивающегося с солью, которые охарактеризованы с использованием порошкового метода рентгеноструктурного анализа, причем во внимание принимались как положение, так и форма пиков d001. Количество внедрившихся ионов в некоторых полностью укомплектованных галлуазитах определялось с использованием обычных аналитических методов. Результаты показывают, что менее, чем половина теоретического количества соли внедрилась в глину. Количество соли зависит от ее природы и, если присутствуют ионы, поддающиеся гидролизу, от pH. Инфракрасные спектры некоторых комплексов указывают на природу взаимодействия в межслойном пространстве и других местах. Взаимодействия слабы и являются или дипольным притяжением, или водородными связями. Ионы, которые проявляют наибольшую тенденцию к внедрению в галлуазит, являются водными структуро-разрушающими катионами или водородо-связующими анионами. Etliche neue Salzeinbettungskomplexe von Halloysit wurden prepariert und durch Röntgenpulverdiagramme charakterisiert, indem sowohl die Position wie auch die Form der d001Signale in Betracht gezogen wurden. Die Menge von eingebetteten Ionen wurde unmittelbar mit konventionellen, analytischen Techniken in einigen vollkomplexierten Halloysiten bestimmt. Die Resultate zeigen, daß weniger als die Hälfte der theoretischen Menge des Salzes in den Ton eingebettet ist. Die Menge des Salzes hängt von ihrer Natur, und falls die Ionen hydrolisierbar sind, von dem pH ab. Infrarotspektra, welche von einigen Komplexen aufgenommen wurden, geben Anhaltspunkte über die Natur der Wechselwirkung in der Zwischenschicht ab. Diese Wechselwirkungen sind schwach und entweder dipolare Anziehungen oder Wasserstoffbindungen. Diejenigen Ionen, die die größte Tendenz zur Einbettung in Halloysiten zeigen, sind Wasserstruktur- brechende Kationen oder Wasserstoff-bindende Anion

The role of transport policy in assisting inner city firms is still unclear. This paper raises several important policy questions and reviews the findings of past research, which suggest that transport problems are a major irritant to inner city firms but are unlikely to cause them to leave the area, and that the ability of transport improvements to attract new firms is uncertain.

An instrument for recording extreme ultraviolet television images of the sun was flown in the Apollo Telescope Mount on Skylab. Solar radiation in the 171–630 Å wavelength range, defined by the transmission band of three thin-film aluminum filters, was focused onto a p-quaterphenyl photon conversion layer by a platinum-coated mirror at normal incidence. The conversion layer was attached to the faceplate of a low light level SEC vidicon. An onboard video monitor enabled the Skylab crews to observe the images in realtime and to identify and follow the development of solar features. Images were also transmitted to the mission control center, where they were used in planning the ATM observing schedule.

A persistent image-converter device was utilized to make visible to the astronaut solar images that were isolated, instantaneous flashes on the ATM TV monitors. In addition, these instantaneous images, as well as normal TV images, were recorded with a Polaroid SX-70 camera for study by the astronauts.

The Naval Research Laboratory XUV solar spectrograph (S082A) and spectroheliograph (S082B) in the Apollo Telescope Mount of Skylab required Schumann-type photographic film in quantities greater than had ever before been needed. The procurement, testing, handling, and processing of this film are described. Eastman Kodak type 104 and a small quantity of type 101 were used. All problems that were anticipated were met satisfactorily, and excellent results were obtained. Two new problems arose; fog associated with the stainless steel carriers and a large reduction of contrast and maximum density for the flight film that was exposed to the space vacuum.

The apple sucker, Psylla maliSchmidb., was first noticed in large numbers in Nova Scotia in 1919 and within a few years populations were dense in apple orchards throughout the Annapolis Valley (Dustan, 1924a). Dustan (1924b) and Gilliatt (1924) reported that a disease caused by Entomophthora sphaerosperma(Fresenius) was prevalent among adult apple suckers during this infestation. A decline in numbers followed this early infestation due, it was thought, to the fungus. However, about the time that this early infestation declined sulphur was introduced as a fungicide. General use of sulphur continued until about 1950 and the insect was not a serious pest during this period. This association of low density of the apple sucker with the use of sulphur and the general increase in numbers of the apple sucker after the organic fungicides, ferbam, captan, glyodin, etc. became common in Nova Scotia, led to the belief that sulphur rather than E. sphaerospermahad been largely responsible for the decline of the early infestation in the 1920's.

Studies on the ecology of the fauna of apple orchards in Nova Scotia were initiated in 1943, to determine the long-term influence of spray chemicals on the populations of apple-infesting insects. At that time it was felt that the indiscriminate use of spray chemicals in the control of orchard pests was sometimes creating worse problems than those corrected?and was threatening the economy of apple production; and that there was an urgent need to determine, if possible, how to harmonize biological and chemical control. A more comprehensive discussion on the biological and philosophical concepts on which the studies were based may be found elsewhere (Pickett et al., 1946; Pickett, 1949a; 1949b).

The expression of diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT, EC 2.3.1.20) with predicted molecular mass of 56.9. kDa (BnDGAT1) was examined using microspore-derived cell suspension cultures of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L. cv Jet Neuf). As well, a recombinant histidine-tagged N-terminal fragment of BnDGAT1 [BnDGAT1(1–116)His6], which was relatively hydrophilic, was partially characterized. A temporal increase in DGAT activity occurred within a 24 h period following transfer of cells from 6% (w/v) sucrose to 14% (w/v) sucrose. Western blotting indicated that the abundance of BnDGAT1 protein was closely correlated with DGAT activity. BnDGAT1 mRNA also exhibited a temporal increase within the 24 h period following transfer of cells into higher sucrose concentrations, but the transcript level was not closely associated with DGAT activity as BnDGAT1 protein. The fragment BnDGAT1(1–116)His6, interacted with [1-14C] oleoyl-CoA, suggesting that the N-terminal region of BnDGAT1 may have a role in binding cellular acyl-CoA.

Data from plating experiments indicated that Halobacterium cutirubrum NRC34001 has at least two separate restriction-modification systems. A spontaneous or induced loss of one or both systems resulted in four restriction-modification phenotypes. There was a positive correlation between changes in gas vacuolation phenotypes and either restriction-modification system.

A rocket-borne photometer has detected far ultraviolet night glow radiations that are identified as Lyman-β (HI 1026 angstroms), and the helium lines at 304 or 584 angstroms, or at both. At an altitude of 227 kilometers the measured intensity for Lyman-β was about 10 rayleighs. The discrimination characteristics of the broad-band helium radiation filter give helium line intensities, at 227 kilometers, of 4.8 and 12 rayleighs, respectively, pending identification of the wavelength of the radiation as 304 or 584 angstroms. These ultraviolet radiations appear sufficient to maintain the night E and F1regions of the ionosphere.

Four species of adult Diptera, Rhagoletis pomonella(Walsh), Drosophila melanogasterMg., Drosophila hydeiSturt., and Musca domesticaL. showed varying degrees of reduced fecundity when sublethal doses of arsenic were included in their food. The possible influence of the frequent use of arsenicals on arthropod populations is discussed.

One annual spray of lead arsenate at 3 1b per 100 Imperial gallon of water has effectively controlled the apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), in an isoated orchard at North Grand Pre, Nova Scotia from 1962 to 1966. Arsenic apparently acts as a chemosterilant on the adults, as ovarian development was suppressed and no eggs Were laid for at least 5 weeks after the orchard was sprayed. The recommended 1 or 2 sprays of lead arsenate do not result in residues in excess of tolerances and are compatible in the integrated pest-control program as practiced in Nova Scotia.

This paper gives a summary of a 13-year test of the integration of chemical and biological control methods for apple pests in Nova Scotia. The test was a practical demonstration which showed that this method of approach has promise. The major pests in the orchard – the eye-spotted bud moth, Spilonota ocellana (Denis & Schiffermüller); the codling moth, Carpocapsa pomonella (L.); and the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), became moderately abundant immediately after the change to integration. These pests soon readjusted to low densities and remained at low levels for the remainder of the period. In the latter half of the period the pests requiring special treatments were the winter moth, Operophtera brumata (L.); the fall cankerworm, Alsophila pometaria (Harris); and the apple brown bug, Atractotomus mali (Meyer). The control of these pests interfered some with the natural enemy populations but the interruptions were transitory because only relatively selective materials were used when required.