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Stem cell research is a rapidly developing field that offers effective treatment for a variety of malignant and non-malignant diseases. Stem cell is a regenerative medicine associated with the replacement, repair, and restoration of injured tissue. Stem cell research is a promising field having maximum therapeutic potential. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are the cells within the tumor that posses capacity of selfrenewal and have a root cause for the failure of traditional therapies leading to re-occurrence of cancer. CSCs have been identified in blood, breast, brain, and colon cancer. Traditional therapies target only fast growing tumor mass, but not slow-dividing cancer stem cells. It has been shown that embryonic pathways such as Wnt, Hedgehog and Notch, control self-renewal capacity and involved in cancer stem cell maintenance. Targeting of these pathways may be effective in eradicating cancer stem cells and preventing chemotherapy and radiotherapy resistance. Targeting CSCs has become one of the most effective approaches to improve the cancer survival by eradicating the main root cause of cancer. The present review will address, in brief, the importance of cancer stem cells in targeting cancer as better and effective treatment along with a concluding outlook on the scope and challenges in the implication of cancer stem cells in translational oncology.

Despite a meteoric rise in the efficiency and promising scalability aspects, the operational stability of halide perovskites poses a serious concern for the commercialization of this technology. A paradigm shift from thermally unstable MA+(methylammonium)-based perovskites to stable FA+(formamidinium) and Cs+(cesium)-based mixed halide perovskite variants is a step in this direction. However, phase stabilization of mixed-cation halide perovskites within a triple-layer scaffold remains a major challenge. In this work, we demonstrate two-step sequential fabrication of FA+- and Cs+-based halide perovskites with formulation Cs0.05FA0.95Pb(IBr)3in a triple-mesoscopic scaffold with a carbon layer as the back electrode. A strong but reversible performance degradation is observed under light illumination. Addition of hypophosphorous acid (HPA) into the perovskite precursor solution improves the operational stability of the cells. A striking correlation between phase- and operational stability was observed. From structural analysis, it was found that HPA tends to suppress the formation of a hexagonal yellow phase and promotes trigonal black phase formation. Further optical analysis of the cells showed the improvement in the optoelectronic properties in terms of defects and carrier recombination in the perovskite formed by HPA addition supported by external quantum efficiency and photoluminescence measurements. A stable 12% power conversion efficiency was achieved by tuning the composition and optimizing the process conditions for Cs0.05FA0.95Pb(IBr)3-based triple-mesoscopic perovskite solar cells.