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This paper describes a model and experiment in which human motion data is used to teach a laboratory telerobot simple human skills. The prototype learns an adapted motor skill involving pick and place tasks in a microblock world environment. We choose place and pick tasks because of their repetitive and dynamic motor motions involved during both forward and backward task execution. By assuming the skill transfer takes place implicitly, we rise human skill data to train the robot via a neural network simulation model. The method has an advantage over the classical state-space control models in that the model is adaptive to changes in human input data.

RAM (Reliability, Availability, and Maintainability) parameters have been known to be a predominant factor in inventory planning of perishable items. However, the existing models have been developed and applied in piece-wise cases. In this paper, we discuss a system application of RAM factors in planning space suit inventory during extra-vehicular activities (EVA) for a space mission. The model is implemented in the RAMCOST-II Simulation environment. RAMCOST-II is a logistics-based simulation platform which integrates RAM factors and life cycle COSTing during a design. Keywords: RAMCOST, Extra-Vehicular Activity

Objectives: To assess the prevalence of circumcision in South Korean young men dwelling in the community, investigate attitudes and perspectives about circumcision, and how they perceive physician involvement in the [...]

Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2004;89:F92-F94 A case is reported of anuria and urinary ascites secondary to bilateral ureteropelvic obstruction by fungal balls. Management consisted of bilateral nephrostomy drainage [...]

ABSTRACTThe Test Bed for seawater reverse osmosis desalination plant having a capacity of 10 million imperial gallons per day, located in Gijang-Gun, Busan, South Korea, is under construction by Doosan Heavy Industries and Construction. Generally, beach well-type intake system furnishes a good seawater quality, but the amount of water which can be extracted from each well is limited by the geological formation surrounding the wells. In case of the Test Bed, unfortunately, beach well-type intake could not be adopted, therefore, in order to achieve a similar level of seawater quality, as being able to get by adopting the beach well intake, the Test Bed intake system is directly connected with a newly developed dissolved air flotation with ball filtration system. The Test Bed intake system consists of passive offshore screen, intake pipe, and air-burst cleaning system. In order to avoid possible clogging of the offshore screen by oceanic substances, compressed air-bursting system is installed onshore. In addition, underground tunnel is adopted to minimize the environmental impact during construction. Also, to avoid possible brine recirculation, a simulation study on the recirculation of brine discharge was carried out. The simulation study has been conducted using Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code model which is a three-dimensional hydrodynamic and water quality model. Grid generation is arranged 11.5 km horizontally and 15.5 km vertically. Mesh is varied from 20 to 200 m with 10 layers. Using tidal current and tide data of Korea hydrographic and oceanographic administration (KHOA), this model was verified. The result shows that if the distance between intake and outfall is 50 m, brine is induced to intake and excessive salinity at intake increases to 800 ppm in summer. If the distance between intake and outfall is increased to 70 m, the resulting maximum excessive salinity is 340 ppm. Finally, the outfall is displaced 70 m from intake.

From 2001 to 2008, a total of 27 isolates of Salmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium were obtained from 930 swine. All 27 isolates were resistant to streptomycin and tetracycline. Seventeen isolates were multidrug resistant to more than three antimicrobial agents. Seven of these multidrug-resistant isolates were pentaresistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, tetracycline, and nalidixic acid. Among 27 isolates, 14 isolates (51.8%) were nalidixic acid resistant (MIC, ≥128 mg/ml) and had reduced susceptibility to various quinolones (MIC, 0.125 to 2 μg/ml). When quinolone resistance-determining regions in the gyrAand gyrBgenes of these isolates were sequenced, 13 isolates had Asp87→Tyr mutations and 1 isolate had Asp87→Gly mutation in the quinolone resistance-determining region of gyrA,whereas no mutation was found in gyrB.Genes for qnrA, qnrB,and qnrSwere not detected by PCR with specific primers. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of genomic DNA digested with XbaI showed two patterns suggesting a clonal spread of SalmonellaTyphimurium in swine in Korea.

The effect of Al content on the microstructural characteristics, tensile and creep properties of Mg-xAl-Zn alloy was investigated. The molten Mg-(3~11)Al-Zn alloys of 700°C were poured into the permanent mould designed to prepare the specimens used in this study. Tensile and creep tests were carried out for each Mg-Al based alloys. Results show that creep resistance decreased while tensile strength improved with increasing Al contents. Microstructural study revealed that morphology and distribution of non equilibrium Mg17Al12 phase is main factor determining the tensile and creep properties of as cast Mg-xAl-Zn alloys. The final purpose of this study is to construct the database of already used Mg-Al based alloy and to develop the heat resistant magnesium alloys to apply transportation systems such as automobile.

The effects of tin (Sn) and strontium (Sr) additions on the microstructure and creep properties of Mg-5Al-2Si (AS52) alloys were investigated. Results showed that the addition of Sn did not affect the morphology of secondary phase Mg2Si particles but induced the fine and uniform precipitation of thermally stable Mg2Sn at the grain boundary in the AS52 alloys. However, the morphology modification of the secondary phase Mg2Si particles from Chinese script shape to refined polygonal shape was greatly affected by the addition of Sr. Tensile strength and creep resistance were improved and tensile elongation was also increased in the modified alloy with addition of both Sr and Sn. Sn is the effective element for precipitating thermally stable Mg2Sn finely and uniformly at the grain boundary and Sr is the effective element for refining microstructure. Therefore both Sn and Sr are effective for modifying the microstructure and improving the creep properties of AS52 alloys.

We demonstrate endovascular stent deployment for the treatment of atherosclerotic basilar artery occlusion with acute thrombosis. Application of a microstent without previous balloon dilatation resulted in vessel reopening and good clinical improvement. Emergency primary stent application can be technically feasible and improve the outcome in acute basilar artery occlusion and clinical status.

The injurious effects of reactive oxygen species on osteoblasts and the potential protective role played by green tea polyphenols (GtPP) were investigated using primarily cultured rat calvarial osteoblasts. Oxidative stress was induced in cultured osteoblasts, either by adding 100 mmol/L H2O2or by the action of 40 U/L xanthine oxidase (XO) in the presence of xanthine (250 μmol/L). After incubation, the cellular viability, function and morphology were evaluated. Both treatments produced a significant reduction in osteoblast viability, as assessed by a two-colored fluorescence staining method combined with flow cytometric analysis and MTT assay. A significant reduction in the alkaline phosphatase activity was observed after H2O2addition, whereas XO did not have the same effect. On the microscopic observations, the morphological changes and intracellular ultrastructural damages were remarkably induced by both treatments. The H2O2-induced alterations were prevented by pre-incubating the osteoblasts with 200 μg/ml GtPP for 1 h. When the oxidative stress was induced by XO, the cellular viability and morphology was also maintained at the same polyphenol concentration. These results demonstrate that GtPP can act as a biological antioxidant in a cell culture experimental model and protect cells from oxidative stress-induced toxicity.

An efficacy test of GC-100X, a noncorrosive alkaline ionic fluid (pH 12) composed of free radicals and supplemented with xylitol, was carried out against six major foodborne pathogens—Staphylococcus aureusFRI 913, Salmonella entericaserovar Enteritidis ATCC 13076, S. entericaserovar Typhimurium DT104 Korean isolate, Vibrio parahaemolyticusATCC 17803, Escherichia coliO157:H7 ATCC 43894, and Pseudomonas aeruginosaKCTC 1637—at three different temperatures (4, 25, and 36°C) with or without organic load (2% yeast extract). Results revealed a more than 4-log10(CFU/ml) reduction (1.0 × 104CFU/ml reduction) against all pathogens reacted at 37°C for 3 h in the absence of organic material. GC-100X solution diluted with an equal volume of distilled or standard hard water (300 ppm CaCO3) showed effective bactericidal activity, particularly against gram-negative bacteria. Washing efficacy of GC-100X solution was compared against E. coliO157:H7 on cherry tomato surfaces with those of a commercially used detergent and chlorine water (100 ppm). Viable cell counts of E. coliO157:H7 that had penetrated to the cores of tomatoes after sanitizing treatment revealed that GC-100X stock and its 5% diluted solutions had similar washing effects to 100-ppm chlorine water and were more effective than the other kitchen detergent. These results indicate that GC-100X has good bactericidal and sanitizing activities and is useful as a new sanitizer for food safety and kitchen hygiene.

Single- and multi-layer (Ce1 − xZrx)O2films (0 ≤ x≤ 0.84) on Si (100) and polycrystalline Ni substrates were prepared using RF and DC magnetron co-sputtering. XRD of φ scan analysis showed that all (Ce1 − xZrx)O2films were biaxially oriented with the c-axis perpendicular to the plane of the film. During sputtering, DC power to the Zr target was fixed at 200 W, while RF power to the Ce target was set at 30 W, 50 W, or 100 W. As-deposited ZrO2film was amorphous and was crystallized by post-annealing. However, as-deposited (Ce1 − xZrx)O2films were crystalline even when grown at room temperature and the structures of films were cubic or tetragonal depending on the Ce ion incorporation. It was found that multilayered CeO2/(Ce1 − xZrx)O2/CeO2films could be deposited with a continuous compositional gradient in a sputtering batch. This layered CeO2/CZO/CeO2structure can maintain its original texture after 800°C annealing and is therefore suitable for subsequent YBCO film growth. Furthermore, Ni diffusion is effectively blocked by the buffer layers just like the YSZ currently used in coated conductor fabrication.

Abstract.: The reliability-based design optimization (RBDO) can be described by the design potential concept in a unified system space, where the probabilistic constraint is identified by the design potential surface of the reliability target that is obtained analytically from the first-order reliability method (FORM). This paper extends the design potential concept to treat nonsmooth probabilistic constraints and extreme case design in RBDO. In addition, refinement of the design potential surface, which yields better optimum design, can be obtained using more accurate second-order reliability method (SORM). By integrating performance probability analysis into the iterative design optimization process, the design potential concept leads to a very effective design potential method (DPM) for robust system parameter design. It can also be applied effectively to extreme case design (ECD) by directly representing a probabilistic constraint in terms of the system performance function.

AbstractA rodlike polymer with various side chain lengths was prepared in a good quality of films. The polymer films were rubbed, and used in constructing liquid-crystal (LC) cells which were filled with a nematic LC containing a dichroic dye. For the LC cells, the ability of polymers to align LCs was evaluated, and compared to that of semi-rigid polymer containing the same type of side chains as the rodlike polymer had.

In this paper, a continuum-based shape design sensitivity formulation is presented for a hyper-elastic structure with multibody frictional contact. A nearly incompressible constraint is treated using the pressure projection method that projects a hydrostatic pressure into a lower order space to avoid a volumetric locking. The variational formulation for multibody frictional contact is developed using a penalty method that regularizes the solution of the variational inequality. The material derivative of continuum mechanics is utilized to develop the continuum-based shape design sensitivity analysis for the hyper-elastic constitutive relation and penalized contact formulation. The sensitivity equation is solved at each converged load step using the same tangent stiffness of response analysis due to the path dependency of the sensitivity of the frictional contact problem. A very accurate and efficient sensitivity results are shown through shape optimization of a windshield wiper.

The regenerated Antheraea pernyisilk fibroin films prepared from calcium nitrate solution were treated with 80% aqueous methanol. The thermal and dynamic thermomechanical behaviors of the films were investigated through TGA, DSC and DMTA. IR spectroscopy was used for the conformational changes with methanol treatments. The treatment time of aqueous methanol highly influenced the thermal behavior of regenerated films. As the methanol treatment time increased up to 60min, the thermal decomposition behavior did not differ significantly compared with untreated films while the endo/exotransition was gradually decreased, with the exotherm finally disappearing. The dynamic mechanical thermal behavior was also affected by the treatment time of aqueous methanol. The onset temperature of storage modulus drop or damping peak shifted to a higher temperature due to the increase in crystallinity induced by the methanol treatment. The thermal transition was strongly dependent on the formation of β-sheet crystal conformation of the regenerated films upon methanol treatment.

AbstractPhotoreactive polyimides, which contain cinnamoyl and 4-fluorocinnamoyl moieties as side groups, were synthesized, providing a good quality of films. For these polymers in thin films, the photoreactivity and photoreaction-induced polymer alignment were examined by polarized and unpolarized uv-exposures and uv-visible spectroscopy. And, their rubbing processability was investigated. The alignment and pretilt of LCs on the film were dependent upon all the process parameters (polarization, exposure dose, and exposing method of uv light and rubbing density) as well as the fluoro substituent.

AbstractSemi-flexible copolyimides with various alkyl chain lengths (BTDA-ODA/CnMPD PIs) were newly synthesized in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone from benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride, 4,4′-oxydiphenylene diamine, and 3,5-diaminobenzoyl n-alkanoates. The films were rubbed with varying rubbing densities, and on the rubbed surface the alignment behavior of a nematic liquid-crystal (LC) was examined. LCs were always aligned along the rubbing direction either homogeneously or homeotropically, depending on the side chain length as well as the rubbing density. The results inform that flexible n-alkyl side groups in the copolyimide play a critical role to align LCs on the surface, and their role is strongly dependent on its length. In addition, thermal, optical, and dielectric properties were investigated.

AbstractRodlike poly(p-phenylene pyromellitimide)s with various side chains (Cm-PMDA-PDA Pis) were newly prepared in a good quality of films. The polyimide films were rubbed, and used in constructing liquid-crystal (LC) cells which were filled with a nematic LC containing a dichroic dye. For the LC cell, both pretilt angle and alignment director of LCs were dependent strongly on the side chain length as well as the rubbing density. On the polymer film, both homogeneous and homeotropic LC alignments were achievable by either changing the side chain length or varying rubbing density. Unlike polymers reported previously as a LC alignment layer material, the Cm-PMDA-PDA PI induced LCs to pretilt with a negative angle rather than a positive angle: this is a unique property characteristic of the Cm-PMDA-PDA PIs. In addition, film properties were measured.

The use of nisin to control the lactobacilli responsible for the over‐ripening of kimchi, traditional Korean fermented vegetables, was studied. Of the 40 strains of lactic acid bacteria studied, most were sensitive to nisin at a concentration of 100 IU ml−1, while two strains appeared to be resistant. In MRS broth containing nisin at concentrations of 100–300 IU ml−1, the growth of sensitive strains of Lactobacillus plantarumwas delayed for 2–3 d at 20 °C. When nisin was added to kimchi at a concentration of 100 IU ml−1, the growth of Lactobacillusspp. was inhibited more than the growth of Leuconostocspp. Scanning electron micrograph observations confirmed the results, demonstrating the predominance of cocci in kimchi containing nisin. These results suggest that at recommended levels, nisin can be used to preserve kimchi by inhibiting lactobacilli more effectively than other lactic acid bacteria involved in kimchi fermentation.

Pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy (PPPD) preserves the secretion of gastrointestinal (GI) hormones from the distal stomach and duodenum, whereas after pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) they are no longer secreted. It has been suggested that some GI hormones exert a trophic effect on the pancreas, although this effect has not been documented in man. It was postulated that the ablation of GI hormones, such as gastrin and cholecystokinin (CCK), by PD is an important cause of postoperative pancreatic atrophy and, since PPPD preserves the secretion of these hormones, it would be more effective than PD for the maintenance of postoperative pancreatic function. Our study aimed to determine whether pylorus preservation after PD affects the volume of the remnant pancreas in long-term survivors and whether any such effect is related to the continued secretion of GI hormones following preservation of the pylorus.

AbstractThe electrochemical copolymerization process of polypyrrole (PPy) in the PSPMS precursor film has been discussed. Constant potential electrolysis and SEM experiments showed that pyrrolyl groups in the precursor were oxidized to form grafting centers and PPy grew through the film.

A perception sensor for a mobile robot based on a reconfigurable and flexible parallel architecture is developed. Low-level image processing is implemented by using reprogrammable FPGA technology, and high-level image processing is performed by a dedicated reconfigurable parallel architecture based on digital signal processor TMS320C40. Hierarchical LINDA permits user-friendly parallel programming and real-time application. To show that our perception system can adapt to any application, we undertake the parallelization of a 3D scene-reconstruction algorithm using a geometric method, to meet the application response time (10 Hz).

A continuum-based design sensitivity analysis (DSA) method is presented for configuration design of nonlinear structural systems using Mindlin plate and Tim-oshenko beam theories. Both displacement and critical load performance measures are considered. Configuration design variables are characterized by shape and orientation changes of structural components. The material derivative that is used to develop the continuum-based shape DSA method is extended to account for effects of configuration design variation. The piecewise linear design velocity field, i.e., C0-regular, is used to support configuration design changes for a broad class of built-up structures with beams and plates. To allow use of the C0-design velocity field, mathematical models of beam and plate bending must be second-order partial differential equations, so that only first-order derivatives appear in the integrand of the energy equation and, thus, in the integrand of the configuration design sensitivity expression. Since the Mindlin plate and Timoshenko beam theories use displacement and rotation to describe structural response, mathematical models of beam and plate bending are reduced to second-order partial differential equations. The isoparametric finite element formulations are used for numerical evaluation of continuum design sensitivity expressions.

The disposition of the aldose reductase inhibitor AL01576 was studied in rats following intravenous and oral dosing. Single 4mg/kg intravenous bolus and oral doses of [14C] AL01576 were administered and levels of radioactivity in blood, excreta, and various tissues were determined over a 168-h period. The decline of radioactivity in blood was quite similar for the two routes of administration, with an apparent half-life of ~30 h. At 120 to 144 h, a second, slower elimination phase began that was not fully characterized in the 168-h duration of the study. The HPLC analysis of plasma samples revealed intact AL01576 as the only compound in plasma. The mean plasma parent and radioactivity concentrations are in agreement; suggesting the absence of or an insignificant amount of metabolite in the plasma. The urinary and fecal excretion rate data showed a kinetic pattern similar to that of blood radioactivity. Fecal excretion was the primary route of elimination following both intravenous and oral dosing, accounting for 59% of the administered intravenous dose and 61% of the oral dose. Urinary excretion accounted for 32% of the intravenous dose and 29% of the oral dose. Negligible amounts of radioactivity were recovered as expired 14CO2. Experiments with bile-duct cannulated rats confirmed that the major route of elimination of the drug is biliary excretion. The pattern of distribution of [14C] AL01576 in tissues was quite similar following the two routes of administration. Tissue radioactivity concentration peaked at 4 h (the first sampling time) following both routes of administration in all tissues except the Gl tract. The highest radioactivity concentrations at 4 and 24 h were in the Gl tract, kidney, adrenals, and liver. At 168 h, the highest concentrations of radioactivity were found in the testes, kidneys, lungs, and adrenals, although the recovery from these four tissues combined represented <0.5% of the administered dose. After intravenous dosing, the recovery of radioactivity in the selected tissues (blood, liver, kidney, lung, brain, heart, spleen, testes, muscle, eyes, adrenals, skin, fat, and Gl tract) measured was 82, 75, 13, and 4% of the administered dose at 4, 24, 72, and 168 h, respectively. Overall, the data suggest that AL01576 is readily absorbed when administered orally, is distributed throughout the body tissues, is excreted predominantly by the feces through biliary excretion, and has a low systemic clearance and a long biologic half-life.

Objective: Patients undergoing double and triple valve procedures represent a complex group and early outcomes have shown high mortality in some series (6.9% for first time surgeries: Society of Cardiothoracic Surgeons in Great Britain and Ireland Database 2008). Method: We studied early clinical outcomes in patients undergoing double and triple valve surgery in Prince of Wales Hospital from 1/2006 to 12/2010. Patients’ demographics, automatically generated risk scores, intra and post-operative variables were recorded and collected prospectively. Result: In the study period, 1557 patients underwent cardiac surgery in our institution and 188 patients (12.2%) required double or triple valve surgery. 55% were female and the mean age was 57 (range 20-81). Preoperative logistic EuroSCORE was mean 5.96. Fifteen patients (7.9%) had undergone previous cardiac surgery. 4.3% of patients had associated coronary artery disease and required addition of coronary bypass procedure. Ninety patients presented with Class III/IV NYHA symptoms (47.8%) and 22 (11.7%) had evidence of severe ongoing heart failure. Nineteen patients (10.1%) required urgent or emergency surgery. 2.7% had evidence of pre-operative renal impairment and 4.8% had associated obstructive airways disease. Five patients (2.7%) presented with previous permanent neurological deficit, 7 patients (3.7%) had previously had a neurological event with full recovery and 22.9% had evidence of only fair or poor left ventricular ejection fraction. Mortality was 4.8% (9 patients) for the overall group and for elective operations mortality was 3.6% (6 patients). Reoperation for bleeding was 5.3% overall and 4 patients (2.1%) developed a new post-operative stroke. Three patients (1.6%) required new post-operative dialysis on a temporary basis. Conclusion: Patient requiring double and triple valve surgeries represent a heterogeneous and complex group of patients. They are a significant portion of patients undergoing valve surgery in our Institution. Outcomes in comparison to pre-operative risk scores and International Databases are satisfactory.

A statistical power estimation method is proposed where estimation time and accuracy can be balanced by assigning smaller (higher) errors to the nodes with higher (lower) power dissipation. To determine the errors, a quadratic programming based problem is formulated. Experimental results show a drastic reduction in the number of simulation patterns, compared to previous methods.

Analysis of drugs in hair is often used as a routine method to obtain detailed information about drug ingestion. However, few studies have been conducted on desposition of synthetic cannabinoids including cyclopropylindoles (UR-144 and XLR-11) and their metabolites in hair. UR-144 and XLR-11 have been widely abused and controlled in South Korea recently. Identification of metabolites in hair can be an important proof of synthetic cannabinoids use because it can exclude the possibility of passive smoke exposure. In this study, we described a quantitative method of UR-144 and XLR-11 and their metabolites(UR-144 N-5- hydroxypentyl, UR-144 N-pentanoic acid and XLR-11 4-hydroxypentyl) in hair by liquid chromatography with ESI-MS/MS.

The results of cytogenetics are one of the most important prognostic factors in the prognosis of AML. Three different post remission therapies were given with the IPG based on the MRC definitions using the cytogenetics results. The inclusion criteria included age<65, PS<3 with reasonable organ functions, cardiac ejection fraction>50%, bilirubin<2.0mg/dl, creatinine<2mg/dl in de novo AML and secondary AML. The aims of this prospective intention to treat analysis were to compare the CR, recovery kinetics, DFS and OS in IPG based on cytogenetics with 3 different consolidation treatment modalities described as follows. Three plus seven(Idarubicin 12mg/m2, D1-D3; Ara-C 100mg/m2, D1–D7) were given to de novo AML and secondary AML. HDAC followed by three times of post remission therapy or auto PBPCT followed by two times of post remission therapy was given to IPG. If an HLA-identical sibling were available, then allo BMT was tried after 1st post-remission therapy. The median age of the cohort(Total 194) is 42.5(±17.6) (HDAC(n:89) : 47.6, auto PBPCT(n:51) : 46.6, and allo BMT(n:54) : 30.5). The median days for ANC >500/μl and platelet>20k/μl during induction were 22 days and 21 days respectively. Grade 3~4 toxicities were found in 34.1%, 27.7% and 47.2% during HDAC, auto PBPCT and allo BMT, respetively(p<0.05). The relapse rate and the toxic death rate were 25.8%, 27.5% and 29.6%(p=0.24) and 9.1%, 5.5% and 16.6%(p<0.05) in HDAC, auto PBPCT and allo BMT, respectively. So far, this trial seems to be tolerable in terms of toxicities, during induction and post remission therapies. Among IPG, the auto PBPCT arm had a tendency of superior median survival over the HDAC or allo BMT in terms of OS and LFS without statistical differences(HDAC:17m and 8m, auto-PBPCT:18m and 12m, allograft:15m and 8m). This intention to treat trial, which started in Jan, 2000, has proceeded until now in order to have better statistical power for the subset analysis.

The result of cytogenetics is one of the most important prognostic factors on the prognosis of AML. HDAC, auto PBPCT and allogeneic BMT after 1 or 2 times of post remission therapy based on 4 prognostic groups(APL: Acute promyelocytic leukemia, GPG: Good prognosis group, IPG: Intermediate prognosis group, PPG: Poor prognosis group by MRC definition) were underwent based on cytogenetics data. We studied CR, relapse, toxic death, DFS and OS. Inclusion criteria were age<65, PS<3 with reasonable organ functions in de novo AML, secondary AML and RAEB-T. The aims of this prospective intention to treat analysis was to compare the CR, recovery kinetics, DFS and OS by giving different therapies of intensity in the different prognostic groups based on cytogentics data. Three plus seven(Idarubicin 12mg/m2(D1–D3), Ara-C 100mg/m2(D1–D7)) were given to de novo AML, secondary AML and RAEB-T. Intermediate dose(8gm/m2) of Ara-C was given followed by HDAC or auto PBPCT to the patients with GPG(t(8:21) & inv(16)). Three times of post remission therapy including HDAC, or auto PBPCT were given to the patients with IPG or PPG(−5, −7, del 5q, complex). If HLA-identical sibling was available, then allo BMT was underwent after 1st post-remission therapy. In cases of APL, three times of post-remission therapy with idarubicin alone were given. ATRA was given to APL group during remission induction therapy and after post-remission maintenance period for 2 years. Up to Mar., 2005, 422 patients(18 centers) were enrolled. Median follow-up was 48months. Among them, 92.3% was de novo AML, and APL, GPG, IPG and PPG were 10.0%, 21.6%, 51.4%, and 14.7% respectively. Overall CR after 1st induction(3+7) were 69.9%(APL: 87.2%, GPG: 84.7%, IPG: 63.8%, PPG: 55.66%, P<0.01). Relapse rate was 12.8%(APL), 40.5%(GPG), 40.5%(IPG) and 45.6%(PPG) respectively(P<0.01). Toxicities profiles including mucositis, hepatic, cardiac and bleeding episodes were similar on 3 different therapy modalities(HDAC, auto PBPCT and allo BMT). In conclusions, this trial seems to be tolerable in terms of toxicities after induction and during post remission therapies. Among GPG, there were no significant statistical differences on OS and LFS in all the therapy modalities(ie, HDAC, Auto, Allo). In IPG, auto arm had a tendency of superior OS and LFS comparing to HDA & allo arm. In PPG, there was significant surperior LFS in allo arm. There were no statistical differences on OS in all the therapy modalities in PPG. This intention to treattrial, which had started in Jan, 2000, has been going on until now. Through this risk based trial using cytogenetics, we might be able to find optimal post-remission therapies for different risk groups with less toxicities.