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Abstract:This article examines illusions of an intact home front during and after Korea's participation in the Vietnam War, with reference to the film Yeongja's Heydays (1975) and a women's magazine feature article on a Vietnam War veteran's wife. These illusions facilitate the framing of both middle- and low-class women within a popular cultural archetype passed down from the film Madame Freedom (1956). The "Vietnam Boom" yielded materialistic gains on the home front under the Park Chung Hee regime. Contrasting this abrupt affluence, media representations continually reproduced the "dangerous woman" image to legitimize gender and class hierarchies. Two themes emerged: sexual objectification of lower-class women and containment of middle-class women's economic authority and empowerment. I argue that subordinating women in cultural texts obliterates the Vietnam War trauma and renders women a convenient scapegoat for Korea's volatile socioeconomic problems. Both narratives further imply another stereotype, namely that of deception and betrayal among women. Transforming naïve, chaste Yeongja first into a rebellious, self-destructive, disabled prostitute then into an ideal housewife offers Changsu, the other protagonist in the film, a vicarious proxy for healing his war wounds. This is a key difference between the film and the original novel on which it was based. Meanwhile, the adultery and economic loss of the Vietnam War veteran's wife are portrayed as the promiscuity and economic inability of a materialistic housewife, underscoring men's moral integrity and hard work.

To identify adolescents' substance use and its association to sleep disturbances.

The author presents a personal narrative of her experiences of living as a North Korean refugee with topics dealing with lack of freedom in the country, fear of North Korean police and brainwashing by the government, and lack of basic human rights.

In this article, we consider a singularly perturbed nonlinear reaction-diffusion equation whose solutions display thin boundary layers near the boundary of the domain. We fully analyse the singular behaviours of the solutions at any given order with respect to the small parameter ε, with suitable asymptotic expansions consisting of the outer solutions and of the boundary layer correctors. The systematic treatment of the nonlinear reaction terms at any given order is novel along the singular perturbation analysis. We believe that the analysis can be suitably extended to other nonlinear problems.

Multiple health behavior change (MHBC) approaches are understudied. The purpose of this study is to provide strategic MHBC research direction. This cross-sectional study contacted participants through the Society of Behavioral Medicine email listservs and rated the importance of 24 MHBC research topics (1 = not at all important, 5 = extremely important) separately for general and underserved populations. Participants (n= 76) were 79 % female; 76 % White, 10 % Asian, 8 % African American, 5 % Hispanic, and 1 % Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander. Top MHBC research priorities were predictors of behavior change and the sustainability, long-term effects, and dissemination/translation of interventions for both populations. Recruitment and retention of participants (t(68) = 2.17, p= 0.000), multi-behavioral indices (t(68) = 3.54, p= 0.001), and measurement burden (t(67) = 5.04, p= 0.001) were important for the underserved. Results identified the same top research priorities across populations. For the underserved, research should emphasize recruitment, retention, and measurement burden.

Background:To address the shortage of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)-prepared nursing faculty, universities in the United States offer direct-entry Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN)-to-PhD nursing programs. Little research has been conducted to explore students’ perceptions of these programs and to formally evaluate the successes and opportunities for growth of this academic track.Method:Focusing on the perceptions and experiential reflection of BSN-to-PhD education, a survey with open-ended questions was distributed among voluntary participants who are current BSN-to-PhD students or recent graduates (within 5 years) from various universities in the United States. Textual data were analyzed using a qualitative descriptive approach with thematic analysis.Results:This article elaborates on opportunities, challenges, and suggestions related to this educational route, as recognized by 21 participants from seven universities.Conclusion:The study findings may facilitate discussion among nurse educators to revise programs to be congruent with the needs of current students while paving the way for future scholars. [The study findings may facilitate discussion among nurse educators to revise programs to be congruent with the needs of current students while paving the way for future scholars. [J Nurs Educ. 2015;54(10):542–549.]

Exercise is commonly recommended to women after breast cancer surgery, yet it is difficult for patients and health professionals to adopt safe and beneficial types and modes of exercise. Thus studies on exercise interventions targeting women with breast cancer treatment were systematically reviewed.

We studied the transport of hydronium, chloride, and water in an ice film at 140–180 K, a temperature range that encompasses the onset of ice sublimation, crystallization, and roughening transition of the ice film. The ice film was grown in vacuum to have the structure of a bottom H2O layer, an upper D2O layer, and hydronium and chloride ions embedded at the H2O/D2O interface, with a total sample thickness ≥100 BL. The transport of hydronium and chloride ions from the interface layer to the ice surface was monitored as a function of the sample temperature using a low energy sputtering (LES) method. The transport of water molecules and their H/D exchange reactions were monitored using a Cs+reactive ion scattering (RIS) method. Temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) experiments measured the desorption of water and hydrogen chloride from the surface. The study revealed that hydroniums and chlorides accumulate at the ice surface at an elevated temperature due to their thermodynamic affinity for the surface. The ion transports may occur via isotropic diffusion in the interior region of the ice. Near the ice surface, thermodynamic forces accelerate the directional migration of ions toward the surface. The accumulation of hydroniums and chlorides at the surface facilitates the recombinative thermal desorption of hydrogen chloride gas. These observations support the idea that the heterogeneous reactions of hydroniums and chlorides in ice particles in the atmosphere, such as the chlorine activation reactions in polar stratospheric clouds, occur preferentially at the surface of ice rather than in the bulk phase.

Variation in the estimates of the number of genes encoded by the human genome (28,000–120,000) attests to the difficulty of systematically identifying human genes. Sequencing of human chromosome 22 (Chr22) provided the first comprehensive, unbiased view of an entire human chromosome, and intensive analysis of this sequence identified 545 genes and 134 pseudogenes that had similarity or identity to known proteins and/or ESTs and which were listed in the gene annotation (http://www.sanger.ac.uk/HGP/Chr22). This analysis yielded an estimate of approximately 36,000 functional expressed genes in the human genome (and 9000 pseudogenes). However, a key uncertainty in this estimate was that hundreds of additional genes beyond those annotated in the Chr22 sequence are predicted by the gene prediction program Genscan, an unknown number of which might represent additional expressed genes. To determine what fraction of these “predicted novel genes” (PNGs) represents expressed human genes, we used a sensitive RT-PCR assay to detect predicted transcripts in 17 tissues and one cell line. Our results indicate that at least 5000–9000 additional human genes which lack similarity to known genes or proteins exist in the human genome, increasing baseline gene estimates to ∼41,000–45,000.

PurposeTo evaluate the possible role of cytokines interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-1 alpha and IL-6 in patients with urolithiasis.Materials and MethodsFifty-six patients currently with stone disease, 63 patients with bacterial cystitis, and 66 normal individuals were evaluated for urinary IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta and IL-6. Clean catch urine samples were obtained and evaluated for cytokine levels using enzyme immunoassays for the respective cytokines. Statistical analysis of the results was carried out using the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Newman-Keuls test and chi-squared test.ResultsThe patients with stone disease had significant elevations in IL-6 (p value< 10-7) relative to normal subjects. The levels of IL-6 in stone patients were lower than those of patients with bacterial cystitis. Neither IL-1 beta not IL-1 alpha was elevated in stone patients relative to normals. By contrast, bacterial cystitis patients showed significant elevations in all three cytokines relative to normal subjects. Chi-squared analysis confirmed that stone patients had elevated IL-6 without elevation in either IL-1 alpha or IL-1 beta relative to normal subjects.ConclusionsStone patients show significant elevations in IL-6 without marked increases in either IL-1 beta or alpha relative to normal subjects. This elevation in IL-6 is not from infection as is seen in bacterial cystitis subjects. The elevation in IL-6 may be useful in the understanding of the pathogenesis of urolithiasis or as a potential marker for stone disease and we are currently investigating these possibilities.

Abstract: Objectives: to determine IL-1α and IL-1β levels in patients with bacterial cystitis, microscopic hematuria, and gravid females relative to a control group of normal subjects. Methods: enzyme immunoassays were used to measure concomitantly urinary IL-1α and IL-1β in clean catch urine samples from normal subjects (n=31) and study patients (n=46). All normal subjects and patients underwent urinalysis, urine culture, and urine creatinine level determination. Since the IL-1α assay was developed for serum, the utility of the assay for urine specimens was unknown. The key parameters of urine collection, processing and sample storage for IL-1α were evaluated in detail. Results: mean values ± SEM (pg/mg) for IL-1α/Cr and IL-1β/Cr were control group (0.25 ± 0.10 and 0.17 ± 0.06), bacterial cystitis (9.97 ± 1.15 and 42.45 ± 1.86), and microscopic hematuria (2.81 ± 0.65 and 2.82 ± 0.70). Differences in cytokine levels between the control group and patients with either bacterial cystitis or microscopic hematuria were statistically significant for both IL-1α/Cr (P<0.026; P<0.007, respectively) and IL-1β/Cr (P<0.0004; P<0.014, respectively). IL-1β/Cr correlates better with pyuria than IL-1α/Cr (P=0.02 vs P=0.44). In gravid females, only IL-1α was significantly elevated relative to non-pregnant females (IL-1β elevation approached statistical significance). Gravid females with positive urine cultures could not be distinguished from those with negative cultures based on either interleukin (P>0.05). Conclusions: Significant elevations of IL-1α and IL-1β occur in patients with bacterial cystitis and microscopic hematuria. Correlation between pyuria and cytokine elevation was stronger for IL-1β than for IL-1α. Changes in IL-1α may reflect changes in the bladder epithelium rather than in the inflammatory leukocytes. The ability of IL-1α and IL-1β to serve as markers for bacterial cystitis in gravid females is diminished due to high basal levels during pregnancy.

We have examined the effects of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) as an inducer or modulator of necrosis and/or apoptosis in B cell lines. TNF-α does not induce either necrosis or apoptosis in EBV-positive or -negative cell lines, regardless of the culture conditions of the cells or the presence or absence of cytokines. By contrast anti-IgM induces apoptosis in two EBV-negative cell lines (Ramos and ST486) but not in EBV-positive cell lines. Since TNF receptor and CD40 belong to the TNF receptor superfamily and anti-CD40 is a known inhibitor of apoptosis, we tested for TNF-α’s effects on the inhibition of apoptosis induced by anti-IgM. Our results indicate that TNF-α inhibits apoptosis induced by anti-IgM in Ramos cells but not in ST486. The effects are dose and time dependent; the degree of apoptosis achieved and the selectivity of the effect among cell lines are strikingly similar for both TNF-α and anti-CD40. Furthermore when both agents are tested together no additivity in the inhibition is observed. The inhibition of apoptosis is a direct effect of TNF-α and not a permissive effect of another cytokine, since it is observed in defined medium. Although anti-IgM induces both TNF-α secretion and TNF receptors in Ramos cells, the concentration of secreted TNF-α is too low to affect apoptosis. Inhibition does not involve perturbation of the cell cycle distribution of Ramos cells. Furthermore rapid induction of c-fosand the decrease in c-mycobserved after anti-IgM treatment are both unaltered by TNF-α. Our results suggest that TNF-α is an inhibitor of apoptosis in Ramos cells, that its overall pattern of inhibition is similar to that of anti-CD40, and that both agents act at some point distal to the alteration of c-fosand c-mycby anti-IgM.

A variety of drugs have been used to treat B-lymphocyte neoplasms, including both cell cycle-specific (CCS) and non-cell-cycle-specific drugs. Although the therapy for such cancers is complex and can include both types of drugs, the efficacy of these drugs in inducing cell death remains unclear. In this paper we have concentrated on specific CCS drugs and have examined their ability to induce programmed cell death (apoptosis) in Burkitt's lymphoma cell lines derived from patients. The CCS drugs chosen were hydroxyurea and aphidicolin (active in late G1, early S phase), the topoisomerase poisons camptothecin and etoposide (S, early G2phase) and vincristine and Taxol (late G2, M phase). These choices allow comparison of two drugs with differing modes of action for each of the various phases of the cell cycle. Our results indicate that the variation in apoptosis between drugs that act at the same phase of the cell cycle is negligible. Both S/G2and G2/M blockers are very potent at inducing apoptosis whereas G1/S blockers are ineffective in the induction of apoptosis. In addition, marked kinetic variations in the rate of apoptosis induction were observed, etoposide and camptothecin being more rapid in their action than the other agents. The order of effectiveness in inducing apoptosis on a kinetic basis was S/G2agents ⪢ G2/M agents ⪢ G1/S agents. In this study we have also found that growth inhibition was induced by all the CCS agents chosen and by anti-IgM in various Burkitt's lymphoma lines. Furthermore c-mycwas down-regulated under similar conditions. Since apoptosis was only selectively induced by some of the CCS agents, it implies c-mycexpression is associated with growth regulation and c-myc down-regulation is an insufficient condition for the induction of apoptosis. In addition, cotreatments using the CCS and other agents revealed the following: Cotreatment using two CCS drugs which act at the same stage in the cell cycle showed either no change or only additivity to the effects seen with either agent alone. However, cotreatment with CCS drugs showed that an inhibitory effect is found between G1/S and G2/M drugs or S/G2and G2/M drugs. No effect was found between G1/S and S/G2drugs. Anti-IgM, which by itself was capable of inducing apoptosis, was observed to augment apoptosis induced by very low concentrations of G2/M-acting drugs but it has little effect on G1/S or the S/G2drugs. The inhibitory effect of anti-CD40 or TNF-α on anti-IgM-induced apoptosis did not carry over to an effect on apoptosis induction by the CCS agents. Thus specific combinations of agents may lead to either enhancement, inhibition, or no interactive effect on apoptosis.

Anti-IgM treatment of Burkitt's lymphoma cells is followed by either growth arrest or induction of apoptosis. In this study we have explored the role of c-mycin these events. Our results in Ramos cells indicate the following. (a) The decline in c-mycmRNA occurs at about 4 h; inhibition of about 80% being observed. (b) The stability of c-mycmessage is involved since the half-life of c-mycmRNA is decreased from about 30 min in untreated cells to about 15 min following treatment with anti-IgM. In the presence of cycloheximide, a protein synthesis inhibitor, the half-life is increased to about 50 min and was unaltered by treatment with anti-IgM. (c) By contrast, nuclear run-on experiments indicated no change in transcription rates for c-mycmessage due to treatment with anti-IgM. (d) A decrease in c-myccauses apoptosis since specific repression of c-mycwith antisense oligonucleotides decreases the levels of c-Myc, inhibits growth rate, decreases viability, and induces apoptosis. (e) Anti-CD40 inhibition of apoptosis occurs without alteration in anti-IgM-induced down-regulation of c-mycmRNA, suggesting that it acts distally to c-mycdown-regulation. Other cell lines were also investigated. In Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive cell lines (Daudi, Raji, and Namalwa), anti-IgM treatment for 24 h results in growth inhibition without induction of apoptosis. In EBV-negative cell lines (ST486 and CA46, as well as Ramos), a more heterogeneous pattern of responses to anti-IgM are observed. Ramos and ST486 cells both show growth inhibition and apoptosis upon anti-IgM treatment; CA46 cells shown only growth inhibition but not apoptosis. Anti-IgM causes a decline in c-mycmRNA levels in all of these lines, as well as in c-Myc protein level in the two lines investigated, Daudi and Ramos, regardless of apoptosis. Addition of antisense c-mycoligonucleotides to the cells reduced growth in both Daudi and Ramos cells lines, however it resulted in substantial apoptosis only in Ramos cells.

Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) is a key enzyme involved in polyamine production and is thought to regulate growth and apoptosis in multiple cell systems. A potential link between ODC and growth may involve the action of an oncogenec-mycwhich is thought to transcriptionally regulate ODC. We have examined the involvement of ODC in anti-IgM-induced growth inhibition and apoptosis in Burkitt's lymphoma cells. Inhibitors of ODC such as difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) completely blocked ODC activity, resulting in growth inhibition but not apoptosis. Addition of putrescine, the product of ODC enzymatic action, to Ramos cells had only a minor effect on growth, did not cause apoptosis, did not augment or block anti-IgM-mediated growth inhibition and apoptosis, but did reverse DFMO-mediated growth inhibition. Anti-IgM treatment of Ramos cells, which markedly decreasedc-mycmRNA and protein, caused a paradoxical increase in ODC mRNA level as well as ODC enzymatic activity and increased cellular levels of putrescine. DFMO and putrescine did not alterc-mycmRNA levels directly, nor did they have any affects on anti-IgM-mediated down-regulation ofc-mycmRNA. TNF-α, which inhibited anti-IgM-mediated apoptosis, did not inhibit either anti-IgM or DFMO-mediated inhibition of growth. These agents were without effect on ODC activity itself or on the anti-IgM-mediated increase in ODC activity. From these studies we conclude that ODC inhibition affects growth but is unrelated to the induction of apoptosis. Both anti-IgM-mediated inhibition of growth and induction of apoptosis are independent of ODC. Thus two distinct pathways for growth regulation are present: one in which ODC and polyamines are important and the other cell surface receptor-mediated (sIg) which is independent of ODC and polyamines.

We have examined urinary cytokine levels to define the inflammatory response in patients with bacterial cystitis or microhematuria relative to normal subjects. Cytokines examined include interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), IL-1 alpha, tumor necrosis factor (TNF alpha), IL-6 and IL-4. Unique features of this study include a) a simultaneous study of several relevant cytokines b) a study of the inflammatory response at both low and high counts of bacterial infection and c) an assessment of whether microhematuria without bacterial cystitis or pyuria is associated with cytokine elevation compared to normals.

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptide was isolated from supernatant of trichloroacetic acid treated pig plasma using gel filtration chromatography and reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography. Protein sequencing showed that the peptide is a pentapeptide of Gly-Val-His-Gly-Val with 2 μM as IC50value.