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Prefabricated buildings are assembled from factory prefabricated parts, components, and materials transported to the construction site. Its construction process is often called “building blocks”, and the focus is on “prefabrication” and “assembly”. This paper aims to study how to analyze and study the intelligent construction of prefabricated buildings based on the P-ISOMAP algorithm, and describe the information visualization. This paper presents the problem of information visualization, which is based on the P-ISOMAP algorithm and BIM technology. Therefore, the concepts and related algorithms of the two are expounded, and the case design and analysis of the information visualization of the intelligent construction of prefabricated buildings are carried out. The experimental results show that in the questionnaire survey, 87.61% hope to visualize architectural-related information, 82.30% of structural information, and 91.15% of model display, all of which are very high. The information visualization of intelligent construction meets the needs of the masses. In addition to guiding the assembly of prefabricated components, informatization is also convenient for manufacturing and quality management. According to the data generated by real-time monitoring during the construction process, the construction period and the construction material plan are controlled. In the completion stage, these data can be directly exported to complete the completion report for completion acceptance.

Solar water evaporator derived from biomass is mainly depended on its natural structure. Sunflower stalk is composed of the outermost dermal tissue, vascular tissue, and pith tissue, which are responsible for protecting the internal tissues, transport, and storage substance, respectively. The three evaporator types based on carbonized sunflower stalks were fabricated by remaining, removing part or whole stem pith, and accordingly denoted as carbonized sunflower stalk (CSS), centerless carbonized sunflower stalk (C-CSS) and hollow carbonized sunflower stalk (H-CSS). Their evaporation performances and water transport behaviors were investigated in detail. According to the results of the evaporation rate and energy conversion efficiency, the optimal carbonization temperature is 700 ℃, and the optimal height is 16 cm for CSS, and 6.0 cm for C-CSS and H-CSS. Under one solar irradiation, the CSS exhibits the fastest water evaporation rate (11.62 kg m−2h−1) and the best energy conversion efficiency (344.69%), which is better than that of previous biomass-based evaporators. Comparing these evaporators with the identical height (6.0 cm), the H-CSS exhibits the fastest water evaporator rate (8.65 kg m−2h−1) and the best energy conversion efficiency (252.93%), which means an enhancement of 49.13% compared to CSS. We corroborated the enhanced evaporation phenomenon by viewing the water transform phenomenon within these evaporators through infrared thermal imaginer. The proposed water evaporators show the potential application for high concentration brine, seawater, organic water, and acid/alkaline wastewater, respectively. This study provides a full consideration for the design and fabrication biomass-based solar water evaporator.

To cope with the challenges of climate change, Chinese transportation industry has been working to promote green transportation development. Brazil and China are both developing countries and also the "BRIC Countries". Considering their energy strategies and energy advantages, Brazil and China have made beneficial attempts in transport energy-saving emission reduction and achieved success. The experience of Brazil transportation energy conservation and emission reduction will provide positive and beneficial reference for promoting green recycling and low carbon transport construction in China.

Elevation changes create gradients in abiotic factors, which in turn affect soil erosion and carbon cycling. However, how elevation changes control soil ecological processes through temperature and the mechanism that affects the carbon cycle remain unclear. Therefore, we have studied the distribution of temperature, bulk density (BD), soil pH, mean weight diameter (MWD), clay, and diversity of soil fungal community diversity, and discussed the critical factors affecting soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen (N) in a typical karst mountainous area. The results showed that the dominant phyla were Ascomycota(42.28%), Mortierellomycota(20.6%), Basidiomycota(17.83%), and Rozellomycota(11.82%). The elevation distributions of MWD, fungal diversity, the rate of SOC and N stocks change per temperature index, and SOC and N stocks all exhibited unimodal patterns. Additionally, temperature, fungal diversity, MWD, BD, and clay were the dominant factors explaining the variability of SOC and N, and SOC and N had a positive relationship with pH, BD, MWD, clay‐silt content, warmth index, and Sobs and Shannon diversity. Analyses showed that the warmth index regulated soil aggregates through fungal diversity and combined with BD to affect carbon sequestration, which was controlled by clay, the C:N ratio, and pH during the process. These conclusions have important implications for improving the SOC sequestration capacity in karst mountainous areas. Climate change leads to the melting of glaciers and the rise of sea levels, which has a great impact on the land and various ecological services that humans depend on. The altitude gradient is an ideal area for studying response of C cycle to climate change due to the dramatic changes in many environmental factors such as temperature. This study found that mid‐elevation is the most significant climate change gradient that affected soil organic carbon in karst mountains of southwest China, which is mainly controlled by temperature, soil structure, and fungal diversity. The composition of fungal communities is consistent with the distribution of arid farmlands at global scale, and is closely related to the soil nutrients and stress tolerance and competitive abilities of the fungal. Temperature can affect soil structure by regulating fungal communities, and this process is mainly affected by clay, C:N ratio, and pH. As nitrogen deposition aggravates the imbalance of soil acidity and C:N ratio, it exacerbates the impact of climate change on C sequestration and soil structure. Therefore, we hope to further explore the coupling mechanism of C, nitrogen and erosion, hoping to provide a theoretical basis for increasing C sinks and preventing rocky desertification. Mid‐elevation is the key research object of carbon and nitrogen cycle and the soil ecological process in karst mountainous areasTemperature, fungal diversity, soil aggregates, bulk density, pH, and clay content were dominant factors that explain the variability of soil organic carbonTemperature regulates soil aggregates through fungal diversity and combines with bulk density to affect carbon sequestration Mid‐elevation is the key research object of carbon and nitrogen cycle and the soil ecological process in karst mountainous areas Temperature, fungal diversity, soil aggregates, bulk density, pH, and clay content were dominant factors that explain the variability of soil organic carbon Temperature regulates soil aggregates through fungal diversity and combines with bulk density to affect carbon sequestration

Up until 2009, 2541 nature reserves had been established in China. However, the process of developing this system of nature reserves was not quite smooth. Various kinds of information related to nature reserves, such as annual growth, the type of nature reserves established, motives behind building a nature reserve, legal instructions and the constitution of government sectors, were collected and analyzed in order to highlight the characteristics of the development of our nature reserve system. As a result, we identify three phases and their characteristics, i.e., the initial phase from 1956 to 1978, the establishment phase from 1979 to 1996 and the management standardization phase from 1997 to 2009, could be clearly identified. It is suggested that since the establishment of this comprehensive structural framework in China, the system should be entering a new developing phase. We recommend that more attentions should be paid on how to guarantee effective management and how nature reserves are able to maintain their value and fulfill their objectives in the future.

Mn-doped alumina red pigment was prepared with Mn(NO3)2·6H2O and Al(NO3)3·9H2O as main raw materials by Low-temperature Combustion-Calcination process. The Mn-doped alumina red pigment was tested by XRD, SEM and CIE L*a*b* colour parameter measurement. The results showed that the reaction of Mn(NO3)2·6H2O, Al(NO3)3·9H2O and CH3COONH4 with the theoretical ratio could be ignited and self-propagating at 500 °C. One kind pigment with excellent chromatic performance had been gained at the ratio about 1:40 between Mn(NO3)2·6H2O and Al(NO3)3·9H2O. The crystallite of the precursor obtained by Low-temperature Combustion synthesis (LCS) is imperfectly developed and the aggregation of particles is serious. The crystallite of the powder grows up more perfectly after calcined at 1000 °C for 4 hour with a corundum-like structure. The average particle size of the pigment is approximately 5 μm.

Green tapes were prepared by aqueous tape-casting method with binders of polyvinyl alcohol, styrene-acrylate emulsion and the mixed binders, respectively. Effects of solid content and binders on viscosity of the slurry were investigated by digital rotary viscosimeter. Results show that solid content should be lower than 60wt % with the binder of PVA; solid content could achieve the maximum 73wt% by tape-casting using emulsion as binder. Furthermore, slurry with solid content up to 75wt % had been successfully prepared by tape-casting using mixed binders. Mixed binders are promising additives to produce high solid content green tapes with smooth surface, adequate strength and very good flexibility.

SaPIN2a, a plant proteinase inhibitor from nightshade (Solanum americanum), was located to the enucleate sieve elements (SEs) of phloem. The expressed SaPIN2a in transgenic lettuce showed inhibition of plant endogenous trypsin- and chymotrypsin-like activities, suggesting that SaPIN2a can regulate proteolysis in plant cells. To further investigate the physiological role of SaPIN2a, we produced transgenic nightshade and lettuce plants overexpressing SaPIN2a from the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Overexpression of SaPIN2a in transgenic plants was demonstrated by northern blot and western blot analysis. SaPIN2a-overexpressing transgenic nightshade plants showed significantly lower height than wild-type plants. Transmission electron microscopy analysis showed that chloroplast-like organelles with thylakoids, which are not present in enucleate SEs of wild-type plants, were present in the enucleate SEs of SaPIN2a-overexpressing transgenic plants. This finding is discussed in terms of the possible role played by SaPIN2a in the regulation of proteolysis in SEs.

It has been suggested that the helix–loop–helix protein Id-1 plays an important role in tumourigenesis in certain types of human cancer. Previously, we reported that Id-1 was up-regulated during sex hormone-induced prostate carcinogenesis in a Noble rat model (Ouyang et al. (2001) Carcinogenesis, 22, 965–973). In the present study, we investigated the direct effect of Id-1 expression on human prostate cancer cell proliferation by transfecting an Id-1 expression vector into a prostate cancer cell line LNCaP. Ten stable transfectant clones were isolated and the ectopic Id-1 expression resulted in both increased DNA synthesis rate and the percentage of S phase cells. To study the possible mechanisms involved in the Id-1 induced prostate cancer cell growth, we examined the expression of several factors responsible for G1 to S phase progression. We found that Id-1 expression induced phosphorylation of RB and down-regulation of p16INK4a but not p21Waf1or p27Kip1. Our results indicate that the Id-1 induced inactivation of p16INK4a/pRB pathway may be responsible for the increased cell proliferation in prostate cancer cells. Given the fact that both Id-1 over-expression and inactivation of p16INK4a/pRB are common events in prostate cancer, our results provide a possible mechanism on the molecular basis of prostate carcinogenesis.

It has been suggested that the helix-loop-helix protein Id-1 plays an important role in tumourigenesis in certain types of human cancer. Previously, we reported that Id-1 was up-regulated during sex hormone-induced prostate carcinogenesis in a Noble rat model (Ouyang et al. (2001) Carcinogenesis, 22, 965-973). In the present study, we investigated the direct effect of Id-1 expression on human prostate cancer cell proliferation by transfecting an Id-1 expression vector into a prostate cancer cell line LNCaP. Ten stable transfectant clones were isolated and the ectopic Id-1 expression resulted in both increased DNA synthesis rate and the percentage of S phase cells. To study the possible mechanisms involved in the Id-1 induced prostate cancer cell growth, we examined the expression of several factors responsible for G(1) to S phase progression. We found that Id-1 expression induced phosphorylation of RB and down-regulation of p16(INK4a) but not p21(Waf1)or p27(Kip1). Our results indicate that the Id-1 induced inactivation of p16(INK4a)/pRB pathway may be responsible for the increased cell proliferation in prostate cancer cells. Given the fact that both Id-1 over-expression and inactivation of p16(INK4a)/pRB are common events in prostate cancer, our results provide a possible mechanism on the molecular basis of prostate carcinogenesis.

Although proteinase inhibitor proteins are known to confer insect resistance in transgenic plants, their endogenous roles remain undefined. Here, we describe the expression of a proteinase inhibitor II (PIN2) protein from Solanum americanumin phloem of stems, roots and leaves suggesting a novel endogenous role for PIN2 in phloem. The phloem consists of parenchyma cells, sieve elements (SE), and companion cells (CC) which are in close association with SE. We isolated two cDNAs encoding PIN2, SaPIN2aand SaPIN2b, from a S. americanumcDNA library using a tomato PIN2cDNA as hybridization probe. SaPIN2a shows 73.6% identity to SaPIN2b. Southern blot analysis confirmed that two genes occur in S. americanum. Northern blot analysis showed that both are wound-inducible and are expressed in flowers. Unlike SaPIN2band other previously characterized plant PIN2 proteins, SaPIN2ais abundantly expressed in stems. In situhybridization studies on stem sections showed that SaPIN2amRNA is expressed in CC and some SE, likely the immature developing SE, of external and internal phloem. Western blot analysis using SaPIN2a-specific antibodies showed SaPIN2a accumulation in stems, leaf midribs and fruits. Immunohistochemical localization, using these antibodies, revealed SaPIN2a expression in external and internal phloem of stem. Immunoelectron microscopy of stem, root and leaf sections further localized SaPIN2a to the CC and predominantly to the SE, particularly the parietal cytoplasm adjacent to the cell wall, the lumen and the sieve-area pores. These results suggest that, other than a possible role in plant defense, SaPIN2a could be involved in regulating proteolysis in the SE.

Purpose:To study the frequency and angiographic findings of arteriovenous shunts (AVS) associated with adult cavernous hemangiomas of the liver (CHL) on hepatic artery digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and optimize the imaging technique of DSA to improve its diagnostic efficacy. Methods:We retrospectively analyzed 43 intraarterial DSA procedures performed on 30 adults with CHL. Of the 30 patients 22 were found to have an AVS. Transcatheter arterial embolization with Lipiodol (L-TAE) was performed on 21 of these and radiographs were taken immediately after embolization to observe the distribution of the injected iodized oil. The results were compared with those of the AVS found on DSA images. Results:AVS were identified by DSA in 22 (73.3%) of 30 patients. All AVS were located in the peritumoral liver tissue and had a parallel track appearance, or early filling of small draining veins during the arterial phase of DSA. Radiographs taken immediately after L-TAE in 21 of the 22 cases with AVS showed iodized oil filling a few portal branches or draining veins as a result of incompletely occluded shunts in 11 patients. In 10 patients there was complete occlusion and no filling of any vein, or only the originating end of draining veins filled with iodized oil. No evidence of AVS was found in the other eight patients in this series, and in six of these the DSA was not considered diagnostic. Conclusion:The present study indicates that AVS are frequently seen in adults with CHL. DSA with high-quality images is helpful in identifying small AVS of CHL. The formation of an AVS in CHL may be closely related to the pathological changes in the peritumoral liver tissue.