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Klebsiella pneumoniaeis a common hospital-acquired pathogen, causing urinary tract infections, nosocomial pneumoniae, and intra-abdominal infections. K.pneumoniaeis also a potential community acquired pathogen. The aims of this study are to determine epidemiology of ESBL-producing K.pneumoniaeand Koxytocain Iran during different seasons, to determine the prevalence of blaTEM, SHV and CTX-M responsible for ESBL production among ESBL-producing K.pneumoniaeand Koxytocain the different wards and hospitals in Iraa Klebsiellaspp producing ESBLs were identified by phenotypic and genotyping methods. The findings in this study revealed that 36.5%, 51.7% and 45.6% of K.pneumoniaewere producing ESBLs in Ham, Milad and Emam Reza hospitals, respectively. The results revealed blaSHV was responsible for ESBLs production. The analysis showed significant difference of ESBLs production by K.pneumoniaein winter (53%) in comparison to the other seasons P≤ 0.01. The results also showed a significant difference in blaSHV that was the dominant gene responsible for ESBL production P≤ 0.049 but no significant difference was observed between blaTEM and blaSHV. The results showed that the highest ESBL production was found in Koxytocaisolated from patients in Emam Reza Hospital and the lowest frequency of ESBL production was found among Koxytocain Ham hospital. BlaSHV was found as dominant gene responsible for ESBLs production by K.pneumoniaeand Koxytoca, followed by blaCTX-M.

Summary Randomly ampli.ed polymorphic DNA (RAPD) with four different decamer oligonucleotide primers was performed on 50 clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates obtained from di.erent hospitals in Malaysia. All the four primers generated polymorphisms in all 50 isolates of S. aureus studied, revealing DNA markers with sizes ranging from 100 to 7000 bp. The dendrogram generated from the RAPD analysis revealed two major groups (Groups I-II) with three clusters each in one group. S. aureus strains isolated from the same hospital were found to be genetically closely related and most of them were placed in the same cluster. In addition RAPD di.erentiated between MRSA and non-MRSA based on the clustering, where all MRSA and non-MRSA were placed in their respective clusters. The RAPD analysis showed that there could be four to .ve clones of S. aureus spreading around Malaysia, of which two clones may be MRSA. The overall genetic distances ranged from 0.088235 to 0.954545 among the isolates. This technique was found to be a simple and e.ective method for epidemiological investigation. Because of these e.cient features, this technique may have more general application for the study of S. aureus infections in hospitals and the community.