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ABSTRACTWe describe a community-wide outbreak of measles due to a D4 genotype virus that took place in the Region of Madrid, Spain, between February 2011 and August 2012, along with the control measures adopted. The following variables were collected: date of birth, sex, symptoms, complications, hospital admission, laboratory test results, link with another cases, home address, places of work or study, travel during the incubation period, ethnic group, and Mumps-Measles-Rubella (MMR) vaccination status. Incidences were calculated by 100,000 inhabitants. A total of 789 cases were identified. Of all cases, 36.0% belonged to Roma community, among which 68.7% were 16 months to 19 y old. Non-Roma cases were predominantly patients from 6 to 15 months (28.1%) and 20 to 39 y (52.3%). Most cases were unvaccinated. We found out that 3.0% of cases were healthcare workers. The first vaccination dose was brought forward to 12 months, active recruitment of unvaccinated children from 12 months to 4 y of age was performed and the vaccination of healthcare workers and of members of the Roma community was reinforced. High vaccination coverage must be reached with 2 doses of MMR vaccine, aimed at specific groups, such as young adults, Roma population and healthcare workers.

Welded C-Mn steel structures are generally subjected to a post weld heat treatment (PWHT), consisting in a 100 minute isothermal holding at 600°C, whose major role is to reduce the residual stresses in the heat affected zone. Nevertheless, an associated decrease of the material sensitivity to Dynamic Strain Aging (DSA) seems to be observed. Since this DSA phenomenon, generally induces a large increase in the ultimate tensile strength and a ductility loss in the 100-300°C temperature range, with a view to practical design, it is important to accurately characterize the beneficial effect of PWHT on DSA. In order to study this influence of PWHT on the DSA in welded joints, tensile tests as well as internal friction tests were performed on C-Mn steels and manual metal arc welded joints, in the as-welded state or after PWHT. After PWHT, the decrease of both the Snoek and the Cold Work Peak heights, which are observed on the internal friction spectrum, can be clearly associated to the lowering of the sensitivity to DSA measured by tensile tests.

C-Mn steels and associated welds are susceptible to Dynamic Strain Ageing (DSA). In this case, fracture toughness shows a minimum when the temperature increases from 20°C to 300°C. After a literature review, the results of J - R tearing resistance tests, characterized by crack initiation resistance J$_{0,2}$and tearing modulus dJ/da relative to a base metal (A48 French standard steel) and Manual Metal Arc deposited metals are presented and discussed. The decrease of both crack initiation resistance J$_{0,2}$and tearing modulus dJ/da is related to the DSA sensitivity of the material. A simplified engineering method based on the evolution of the Ultimate Tensile Strength versus temperature and a method of J$_{0,2}$determination according to a local approach model of ductile fracture are proposed to predict the maximal drop in tearing resistance exhibited by the materials around 200°C as a function of ageing sensitivity of the product.

C-Mn steels and their welds are sensitive to the dynamic strain ageing (DSA) phenomenon. The DSA sensitivity of different weld zones is not well known. Therefore, the influence of microstructure in the heat affected zones, the effect of post weld heat treatment and the effect of the chemical composition (manganese content) of the deposited metal were studied by correlation between tensile tests and internal friction tests (mechanical spectroscopy).

The intestine has a high glycolytic activity, but its metabolic role could be altered in diabetes mellitus. The aim of the present work was to investigate in vivo the glucose retained and the lactate produced by the intestine of normal and diabetic rats and in vitro the effect of different arterial glucose concentrations on glucose utilization and lactate, alanine, and pyruvate production in normal and diabetic rats when the glucose is supplied to the intestine exclusively via the vascular route. In vivo, the normal and diabetic rats retained similar percentages of the arterially supplied glucose (14.7±3.2 and 12.6±2.4, respectively). In vitro, when the preparations were perfused under hyperglycemic conditions, the glucose consumed, as a fraction of the quantity infused, was significantly lower (P<0.05) in the diabetic (247.0±22.8 µmol/mmol infused glucose) than in normal (315.0±16.3 µmol/mmol infused glucose) rats. The lactate produced was significantly higher in diabetic than in normal rats whether the preparations were perfused under isoglycemic (P<0.01; 1916.4±124.0 vs 1284±67.7 µmol/mmol consumed glucose) or hyperglycemic (P<0.05; 1356.4±199.7 vs 898.0±87.3 µmol/mmol consumed glucose) conditions. There was significantly (P<0.05) greater alanine release from the diabetic (123.7±21.8 µmol/mmol consumed glucose) than from the normal (40.7±10.3 µmol/mmol consumed glucose) rat preparations perfused under isoglycemic conditions.

The spectra emitted by Al and Si laser-produced plasmas were recorded in the region of 18–350 Å. The bandlike structures observed near the Al xi and Si xii 2p–3d transitions at 52 and 44 Å, respectively, are identified as Be-like dielectronic satellite transitions in A1 and Si. The plasmas were produced with the Omega laser system at the Laboratory for Laser Energetics at the University of Rochester. Typical laser pulse lengths were 650 ps at a laser wavelength of 351 nm, with an intensity of 5–9 × 10^14 W/cm^2. The spherical targets employed in these experiments consisted of solid-glass spheres coated with a 2-μm layer of Al and an outer layer of parylene 0–8 μm thick, illuminated by 24 laser beams equipped with distributed phase plates (DPP’s) to improve the uniformity of illumination. The dielectronic transitions associated with the observed bands belong to the transition arrays 1s^22pnl–1s^23dnl, where n is the principal quantum number (greater than 2) and l is the azimuthal quantum number of the spectator electron. The observation of Be-like dielectronic transitions suggests that this emission occurs from a lower temperature (Te ≲ 100 eV) and higher density (Ne ≳ 8 × 10^21 cm^−3) plasma region. The influence of DPP’s on the emission of these dielectronic satellites is discussed.

Collisionally pumped soft-x-ray lasers now operate over a wavelength range extending from 4 to 40 nm. With the recent advances in the development of multilayer mirrors and beam splitters in the soft-x-ray regime, we can utilize the unique properties of x-ray lasers to study large, rapidly evolving laser-driven plasmas with high electron densities. Using a neonlike yttrium x-ray laser, which operates at a wavelength of 15.5 nm, we have performed a series of radiography, moiré deflectometry, and interferometry experiments to characterize plasmas relevant to inertial confinement fusion. We describe experiments using a soft-x-ray laser interferometer, operated in the Mach–Zehnder configuration, to study CH plasmas. The two-dimensional density profiles obtained from the interferograms allow us to validate and benchmark our numerical models used to study the physics of laser–plasma interactions.

The development of multilayer mirror technology capable of operating in the range of 3–30 nm and the construction of thin membranes with excellent uniformity and strength have made it possible to design and implement a Mach–Zehnder interferometer operating at 15.5 nm. We have tested this interferometer by using a soft x-ray laser as a source, and we show its use in probing high-density plasmas.

Nonresonance spectral lines of Mg xii and Mg xi emitted by magnesium laser-produced plasmas have been observed in the extreme-vacuum-ultraviolet region and their transitions classified. As many as eight beams of the Omega laser system of the Laboratory for Laser Energetics at the University of Rochester were linearly focused onto magnesium-coated flat targets to produce linear plasma radiation sources from 3 to 6 mm long. The spectra were photographed end-on with a grazing-incidence spectrograph. The identified Mg xii lines are classified as 2s–3p, 2p–3d, 2s–4p, 2p–4d, and 3d–4f transitions. The identified Mg xi lines are classified as 1s2s–1s3p, 1s2p–1s3d, 1s2p–1s4d, 1s3p–1s4d, and 1s3d–1s4f. Ionization differentiation is based on comparing the present data with other magnesium spectra emitted from plasmas produced by different sources or differing in the ionization conditions. Transition classification is based on comparing the experimental wavelengths with the calculated values and studying the correlation between observed line intensities and the calculated oscillator strengths.

We have performed high-resolution, extreme-ultraviolet spectroscopic measurements of both spherically expanding plasmas and planar-expanding plasmas, produced by using the Omega laser system in spherical illumination geometry and line-focus geometry. Direct comparison of spectral lines from these two types of plasma shows enhanced broadening of emission lines from the sperical plasmas. This broadening is attributed to Doppler shifts from large ion expansion velocities. A hydrodynamic code for laser-produced plasmas is used together with an atomic postprocessor to calculate output-line intensity profiles. Simulated line profiles are compared with experimental line profiles and show good agreement.

We point out that existing Ne-like X-ray lasers have sufficient brightness to be used as pump sources in resonant pump-fluorescence experiments, and we discuss some of the potential benefits and limitations of such experiments. In preliminary experiments, we have measured the line overlap of the Ne-like yttrium X-ray laser near 155 Å with 4f-3d transitions in H-like Na and He-like Mg. These experiments used a high-resolution grating spectrometer, and calibrated the wavelength of the yttrium laser by comparison against lines of known wavelength. The results indicate that the wavelength of the yttrium laser is 154.985 ± 0.025 Å, a factor of 2–4 improvement in precision over previous calibrations. We find that the yttrium laser is ˜ 100 mÅ to the long-wavelength side of both the He-like Mg line and the H-like Na line, so that neither resonance is perfect; however, Stark broadening could improve the overlap in the latter scheme, and bulk Doppler shifting could improve both resonances. We also find a good resonance between the yttrium laser and an un-identified transition which we tentatively attribute to copper.

At present there are no reliable statistics on the relative prevalences of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in Spain. In a report of the first three years' experience in an STD diagnostic centre between 1977 and 1979 a total of 879 patients (534 men adn 345 women) were seen. They mainly consisted of university students and the mean age was 22 years in 1977 and 23 years in the following two years. All the patients were examined for syphilis and all women for gonorrhoea and trichomoniasis. Investigations for Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Candida albicans, and Herpesvirus hominis infections were carried out according to the presenting symptoms. Non-specific genital infections occurred most commonly (25.7%); chlamydia were isolated from 30% of the patients with non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU). The second commonest infection was candidosis (13.5%). Gonorrhoea, which was found in 10.6% of the patients, was diagnosed more frequently in men (13.5%) than in women (6%). No strains of beta-lactamase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae were detected and all were sensitive to penicillin. Syphilis was diagnosed in 4.4% of patients (2% women and 5% men). Condylomata acuminata were diagnosed in 2.8% of patients and more frequently in men (4%). Herpes genitalis and venereophobia were uncommon (1.9% and 1.2% respectively) and were diagnosed only in men. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

La neurofibromatose de type 1 (NF1) est une maladie génétique d’expressivité variable. Chez les jeunes adultes atteints de NF1, les hommes ont plus de neurofibromes sous-cutanés (NFSC) que les femmes, suggérant un effet de l’imprégnation androgénique sur ce phénotype. Ce n’est en revanche pas le cas pour les neurofibromes cutanés (NFC). Nous avons étudié dans une population d’hommes atteints de NF1 l’influence de polymorphismes du gène AR, situé sur le chromosome X et codant le récepteur aux androgènes (RA). En effet, des études antérieures ont montré que ces variants génétiques peuvent moduler le risque et la sévérité des maladies androgénodépendantes. C’est le cas notamment de la répétition de triplets CAG dans la phase codante du gène AR, pour laquelle la présence d’un allèle court (<20 répétitions) a été associée à un risque accru de cancer de la prostate, tandis que la présence d’un allèle long (>24) semble associée à un risque accru de cancer du testicule.

New spectral lines of Al xii, emitted by aluminum laser-produced plasmas, have been identified in the extreme-ultraviolet region and their transitions classified. As many as eight beams of the Omega laser system of the Laboratory for Laser Energetics at the University of Rochester were linearly focused onto aluminum-coated flat targets to produce linear plasma radiation sources from 3 to 6 mm long. The spectra were photographed edge-on, using a grazing-incidence spectrograph. The new lines are classified as 2s−3p, 2p−3d, 2p−4d, 3p−4d, and 3d−4f transitions. Ionization differentiation is based on comparing the present data with aluminum spectra obtained with other sources under different ionization conditions, while line identification is based on comparison with calculated wavelengths and oscillator strengths.

We investigated the fringe visibility produced by a Mach–Zehnder interferometer illuminated by a collisionally pumped yttrium x-ray laser operating at 15.5 nm. Fringe visibility varied as a function both of relative path delay and of relative spatial overlap of the beams. This visibility information was extracted quantitatively from several interferograms and analyzed to produce a characterization of the temporal coherence, yielding a gain-narrowed linewidth of 1.3 pm for the 15.5-nm laser transition and spatial coherence consistent with an effective source size of ≈220 μm ± 50% at the x-ray laser output.

New spectral emission lines of Ti XXI and Ti XIX have been observed and classified from a laser-produced plasma. The wavelength region for these lines is from 12 to 15 Å.

Neon-like niobium X-ray lasers have been studied using both slab and thin-foil target geometries. Niobium foils of various lengths were irradiated from both sides with two beams of the frequency-doubled Nova laser system using a line focus. We looked for gain by measuring spectrally integrated line intensities at different plasma lengths. Gain was observed in four neon-like niobium lines corresponding to 3s-3p transitions. The line profile of theJ = 0-1 line (? = 145.9 Å) shows splitting due to the hyperfine effect. Improved contrast in the hyperfine structure is observed as the plasma length is increased. Hyperfine splitting may be relevant to other 3s-3p transitions in neon-like niobium as well as other neon-like X-ray laser systems.

We report lasing for the first time in nickel on the neon-like J=0?1, 3p?3s transition at 231 Å as well as several weaker transitions including the J=2»1 lines at 298 Å and 304 Å. Amplification is seen only when the prepulse technique of using a low intensity prepulse before the main optical drive pulse is used to illuminate the nickel target. The prepulse technique is also shown to produce lasing in copper and dramatically improve the output of the germanium laser.

As the temperature increases, the on-state current of an AlGaN/GaN heterojunction transistor is degraded. The effective channel temperature also depends on how the different bulk materials dissipate the heat. In this work, we comparatively investigate the on-state Tbehavior for devices which active layers are virtually identical, but are molecular beam epitaxial grown on three different substrates, namely, silicon, sapphire and free standing GaN. The transistor on free standing GaN is the most stable with the elevated T, while the device on Sapphire is the worst. The Tbehavior is analyzed in terms of the estimated (using a dc method that evaluates the id,satnegative differential resistance) substrate thermal impedances being ×1.6 and ×2.7 lower compared to Si and sapphire, respectively.