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ABSTRACTIntroductionDespite the growing number of highly efficacious biologics and chemical drugs for ulcerative colitis (UC), steroid-free disease control is still difficult to achieve in subgroups of patients due to refractoriness, adverse events, primary or secondary failure. New treatments are therefore still required in order to optimize clinical management of patients with UC.Areas coveredThe efficacy and safety of both currently available and newly developed small molecules have been summarized. The PubMed database and clinicaltrials.gov were considered in order to search for phase 2b and 3 trials on new chemical drugs for UC. The study drugs reviewed included Janus kinases (JAK) and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor (S1Pr) inhibitors, α4 integrin antagonist, and micro-RNA-124 upregulators.Expert OpinionRapidity of onset, low immunogenicity, and safety are the main characteristics of small molecules currently available or under evaluation for treatment patients with UC. Among the currently available chemical drugs, the selective JAK and the S1Pr inhibitors are characterized by a good safety profile combined with the ability to induce clinical remission in UC. A relatively low frequency of endoscopic improvement and healing currently appears associated with their use, being higher in UC patients treated with S1Pr inhibitor Etrasimod. Overall, additional new safe and effective drugs are still required in order to optimize disease control in a larger majority of UC patients.

Chronic stress can lead to prolonged adrenal gland secretion of cortisol, resulting in human ailments such as anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, immunosuppression, and cardiomyopathy. Real time monitoring of chronic increases in cortisol and intervening therapies to minimize the physiological effects of stress would be beneficial to prevent these endocrine related illnesses. Gut microbiota have shown the ability to secrete, respond, and even regulate endocrine hormones. One such microbe, Clostridium scindens, responds transcriptionally to cortisol. We engineered these cortisol responsive genetic elements from C. scindensinto an enteric probiotic, E. coliNissle 1917, to drive the expression of a fluorescent reporter allowing for the designing, testing, and building of a robust and physiologically relevant novel cortisol probiotic sensor. This smart probiotic was further engineered to be more sensitive and to respond to elevated cortisol by expressing tryptophan decarboxylase, thereby bestowing the ability to generate tryptamine and serotonin. Here we show that upon cortisol treatment the smart probiotic produces measurable amounts of tryptamine. Accumulated levels of these neuromodulators should improve mood, anxiety, and depression and drive down cortisol levels. Importantly, this work can serve as a model for the engineering of a sense-and-respond probiotic to modulate the gut-brain axis.

AbstractThis article presents a comparative analysis of three Late Roman sites located at the northern outskirts of the Kharga Oasis in Egypt's Western Desert: Umm al-Dabadib, Ayn al-Labakha, and the Gib/Sumayra Complex. These were part of the district of the Oasis Magna, which included the oases of Dakhla and Kharga. An analysis of their layout, including both shape and extent, is followed by an evaluation of their absolute and relative positions. These data are then compared to the administrative and historical contexts within which the three sites flourished. Both administrative and economic aspects are considered, as well as the presence of the army. The complex picture that emerges suggests that these three sites played several roles at the same time and were part of a large-scale strategic design that encompassed not only the Kharga Oasis but the entire Western Desert.

The paper presents the effects of the storm‐time prompt penetration electric fields (PPEF) and traveling atmospheric disturbances (TADs) on the total electron content (TEC), foF2 and hmF2 in the American sector (north and south) during the geomagnetic storm on 23–24 April 2023. The data show a poleward shift of the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly (EIA) crests to 18°N and 20°S in the evening of 23 April (attributed to eastward PPEF) and the EIA crests remaining almost in the same latitudes after the PPEF reversed westward. The thermospheric neutral wind velocity, foF2, hmF2, and TEC variations show that TADs from the northern and southern high latitudes propagating equatorward and crossing the equator after midnight on 23 April. The meridional keograms of ΔTEC show the TAD structures in the north/south propagated with phase velocity 470/485 m/s, wave length 4,095/4,016 km and period 2.42/2.30 hr, respectively. The interactions of the TADs also appear to modify the wind velocities in low latitudes. The eastward PPEF and equatorward TADs also favored the development of a clear/not so clear F3 layer in northern/southern regions of the equator. The thermosphere‐ionosphere‐magnetosphere system is largely affected during events of geomagnetic storms. Its dynamics, mainly in the ionized environment, may impact modern lives by degradations in the satellite signals affecting, for example, all applications involving Global Navigation Satellite System. The thermosphere and ionosphere responses to the large geomagnetic storm of 23–24 April 2023 are analyzed here and the main discoveries are the unexpected spatial plasma density distribution over Boa Vista (MLat ≈ 8°N) due to resulting effects of a disturbed eastward electric field and traveling atmospheric disturbance (TAD). The interactions/interferences of TADs were able to explain the unexpected moment of the peak in thermospheric neutral wind speed measurements over the equatorial station, as well as all variations in ionospheric parameters (foF2, hmF2, and total electron content) recorded in pairs by seven Digisondes and GNSS receivers spread across Brazil. Interactions of traveling atmospheric disturbances (TADs) cause unexpected thermospheric neutral wind speeds in the American equatorial and low‐latitude sectorsThe effects resulting from a disturbed electric field and TADs were able to produce anomalous electron density distribution at low latitudesThe variations in the ionospheric observational measurements recorded around 4 UT in Brazil on 24 April 2023 were explained by the passages of TADs Interactions of traveling atmospheric disturbances (TADs) cause unexpected thermospheric neutral wind speeds in the American equatorial and low‐latitude sectors The effects resulting from a disturbed electric field and TADs were able to produce anomalous electron density distribution at low latitudes The variations in the ionospheric observational measurements recorded around 4 UT in Brazil on 24 April 2023 were explained by the passages of TADs

Vaginoplasty in Male to Female (M to F) transgenders is a challenging procedure, often accompanied by numerous complications. Nowadays the most commonly used technique involves inverted penile and scrotal flaps. In this paper the data of 47 M to F patients who have undergone sex affirmation surgery at the Department of Urology of the University of Trieste, Italy since 2014, using our modified vaginoplasty technique with the “Y” shaped urethral flap, have been retrospectively reviewed. Moreover, a non structured review of the literature with regards to short and long-term complications of vaginoplasty has been provided. All patients followed a standardized neo-vaginal dilation protocol. At follow up 2 patients were lost. At 12 months 88.9% of patients (40/45) were able to reach climax, 75.6% (34/45) were having neo-vaginal intercourses and median neo-vaginal depth was 11 cm (IQR 9–13.25): no statistically significant decrease in depth was found at follow up. Only one patient was dissatisfied with aesthetic appearance at 12 months. Our technique provided excellent cosmetic and functional results without severe complications (Clavien–Dindo ≥ 3). The review of the literature has highlighted the need to standardize a postoperative follow up protocol with particular regard to postoperative dilatation regimen. Further, larger randomized clinical trials are pending to draw definitive conclusions.

Recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a significant burden to the health care system, with little insight into underlying mechanisms. Urinary proteomes of children with recurrent infections and vesicoureteral reflux show differential expression of proteins involved in inflammation, acute phase response (APR), modulation of extracellular matrix (ECM), and carbohydrate metabolism. These altered proteins may represent candidate biomarkers to characterize susceptibility of infection and renal damage towards improving medical care for patients.

Objective:To review the available literature that provides evidence for the absence of statin interactions with tacrolimus compared with cyclosporine. Data Sources:A literature search of PubMed was performed (1990 to June 2019) using the following search terms: calcineurin inhibitors, tacrolimus, cyclosporine, statins, atorvastatin, simvastatin, and drug interactions. Clinical practice guidelines, article bibliographies, drug interaction database references, and product monographs were also reviewed. Study Selection and Data Extraction:Relevant English-language studies describing the mechanism of interaction, the magnitude of pharmacokinetic alterations, and safety were evaluated. In vitro data and studies conducted in adult humans were considered. Data Synthesis:Studies demonstrate pharmacokinetic differences between cyclosporine and tacrolimus, particularly with regard to inhibition of 2 hepatic transporters: P-glycoprotein and organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP). Compared with cyclosporine, tacrolimus does not affect these transporters, does not enhance statin exposure, and does not increase statin-associated safety events. Relevance to Patient Care and Clinical Practice:Clinical practice guidelines allude to the need to reduce statin doses in the setting of tacrolimus. Some providers have adopted this practice, and doing so may prevent transplant recipients from attaining cardiovascular benefit, especially when increased or high-intensity doses are required. The pharmacokinetic differences between tacrolimus and cyclosporine highlight different interaction potential with statins. Conclusions:Clinicians need to be aware that tacrolimus and cyclosporine are not the same with regard to causing drug interactions with statins. Tacrolimus can be used with statins without the need for dose adjustments because of lack of an interaction.

Immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization are the two standard methods for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) assessment. However, they have severe limitations to assess quantitatively intratumoral heterogeneity (ITH) when multiple subclones of tumor cells co-exist. We develop here a high-content, quantitative analysis of breast cancer tissues based on microfluidic experimentation and image processing, to characterize both HER2 protein overexpression and HER2gene amplification at the cellular level. The technique consists of performing sequential steps on the same tissue slide: an immunofluorescence (IF) assay using a microfluidic protocol, an elution step for removing the IF staining agents, a standard FISH staining protocol, followed by automated quantitative cell-by-cell image processing. Moreover, ITH is accurately detected in both cluster and mosaic form using an analysis of spatial association and a mathematical model that allows discriminating true heterogeneity from artifacts due to the use of thin tissue sections. This study paves the way to evaluate ITH with high accuracy and content while requiring standard staining methods.

Through a description of the case of Maria, who entered analysis at the age of 5 because she was severely detached from reality and suffered from a profound apathy, I describe steps in the construction of the perception of time that could help facilitated her emotional growth. The subjective experience of self-in-time—an outcome of an emotional relationship with an object who cares—is an important aspect in building our perception of psychic reality. In severely disturbed, inaccessible children who are deeply retreated into a world of timelessness, the experience of self-in-time is often absent or distorted creating considerable difficulties for the evolution of the psychoanalytical treatment.

The spectral line profile of the atomic oxygen O1D2—3P2transition near 6300 Å in the airglow has been used for more than 50 years to extract neutral wind and temperature information from the F‐region ionosphere. A new spectral model and recent samples of this airglow emission in the presence of the nearby lambda‐doubled OH Meinel (9‐3) P2(2.5) emission lines underscores earlier cautions that OH can significantly distort the OI line center position and line width observed using a single‐etalon Fabry‐Perot interferometer (FPI). The consequence of these profile distortions in terms of the emission profile line width and Doppler position is a strong function of the selected etalon plate spacing. Single‐etalon Fabry‐Perot interferometers placed in the field for thermospheric measurements have widely varying etalon spacings, so that systematic wind biases caused by the OH line positions differ between instruments, complicating comparisons between sites. Based on the best current determinations of the OH and O1D line positions, the ideal gap for a single‐etalon FPI wind measurements places the OH emissions in the wings of the O1D spectral line profile. Optical systems that can accommodate prefilters with square passbands less than ∼3 Å in the optical beam can effectively block the OH contamination. When that is not possible, a method to fit for OH contamination and remove it in the spectral background of an active Fabry‐Perot system is evaluated. The bulk motion of neutral gas in the ionosphere, neutral winds, redistributes plasma creating regional ionospheric density variations and currents, which further structure ionospheric density and transport. For this reason, measurements of the neutral winds in the thermosphere are important for physics‐based modeling of the ionosphere. This work revisits spectral contamination effects in a common thermospheric wind measurement technique by a nearby emission arising from the OH molecule in the upper mesosphere. Recognition of the contamination and its mitigation are essential for comparisons between and among a globally distributed array of ground‐based wind measuring sites. OH airglow is an insidious spectral contaminant for single‐etalon Fabry‐Perot interferometers, distorting the Doppler shape of the thermospheric O1D emissionThe consequences of OH contamination for thermospheric wind and temperature measurements vary widely between current Fabry‐Perot interferometer designsFabry‐Perots minimize systematic 6300 Å Doppler wind errors by using an etalon spacing of 0.8676 cm plus integral multiples of 0.0826 cm OH airglow is an insidious spectral contaminant for single‐etalon Fabry‐Perot interferometers, distorting the Doppler shape of the thermospheric O1D emission The consequences of OH contamination for thermospheric wind and temperature measurements vary widely between current Fabry‐Perot interferometer designs Fabry‐Perots minimize systematic 6300 Å Doppler wind errors by using an etalon spacing of 0.8676 cm plus integral multiples of 0.0826 cm

While interference colors have been known for a long time, conventional color filters have large spatial dimensions and cannot be used to create compact pixelized color pictures. Here we report a simple yet elegant interference-based method of creating microscopic structural color pixels using a single-mask process using standard UV photolithography on an all-dielectric substrate. The technology makes use of the varied aperture-controlled physical deposition rate of low-temperature silicon dioxide inside a hollow cavity to create a thin-film stack with the controlled bottom layer thickness. The stack defines which wavelengths of the reflected light interfere constructively, and thus the cavities act as micrometer-scale pixels of a predefined color. Combinations of such pixels produce vibrant colorful pictures visible to the naked eye. Being fully CMOS-compatible, wafer-scale, and not requiring costly electron-beam lithography, such a method paves the way toward large scale applications of structural colors in commercial products.

The extinct volcano of Roccamonfina covers a 380 square Km area, partly occupied by a species-rich natural reserve that is currently endangered due to increasing urbanization and human activity. With the aim to integrate the current knowledge on the lichens of this area, sampling was conducted on 25 sites at different altitudes and with different degrees of human disturbance. Data were submitted to multivariate analysis, including morpho-functional attributes. Overall, 195 taxa were identified, including 13 epiphytic species needing protection. Crustose and foliose lichens were the most frequent (50% and 37%, respectively), followed by fruticose (10%) and squamulose species (3%). Most species reproduce sexually by ascospores (67%), the remaining part vegetatively by lichenised propagules. The number of species per station was found to increase with altitude, though a relative decrease was detected at the highest elevations. Both the number and the quality of species confirmed the high naturalistic value of the Roccamonfina complex. Altitude and disturbance were identified as the most relevant drivers of lichen diversity, both being related with the conservation and continuity of the most ancient chestnut stands, a fact that should be considered for future conservation policies.

Translations of summaryDoes the concept of evil deserve special formulation in the realm of psychoanalytic thought? In agreement with authors such as Meltzer (1992) and De Masi (2003) and through selected moments from a boy's long analysis, I will propose a definition of evil as a state of mind, characterized by disregard for the human quality of the object and the destruction of meaning and meaningfulness of life in and for others. Evil drains, perverts and strips symbols of intentions and goals, leaving them empty of emotional significance. In my patient, the state of mind that he called evil exerted a seductive appeal and was accompanied by a sadistic excitement that he elevated into a state of sexualized well‐being, which progressively perverted and destroyed emotional meaning, contributing to his confusion and desperation. Confronting this pathological configuration and describing the situation that I felt existed within his mind and between us, and rearticulating emotional meaning where it had been perverted, cannibalized or left empty, was the principal – and at times only – clinical instrument available to lead him out of his descent into nothingness.

In this paper, we present a technique for dimensionality reduction in hyperspectral imaging during the data collection process. A four-channel hyperspectral imager using liquid crystal Fabry–Perot etalons has been built and used to verify this method for four applications: auroral imaging, plant study, landscape classification, and anomaly detection. This imager is capable of making measurements simultaneously in four wavelength ranges while being tunable within those ranges, and thus can be used to measure narrow contiguous bands in four spectral domains. In this paper, we describe the design, concept of operation, and deployment of this instrument. The results from preliminary testing of this instrument are discussed and are promising and demonstrate this instrument as a good candidate for hyperspectral imaging.

Based on several collections from Italy, a detailed description (including also macrophotographs, microphotographs, and drawings) of the morphological characters of the poorly known Pluteus variabilicolor, originally described from Hungary, is provided. The analysis of the ITS sequences placed this species within the P leoninusclade of sect. Hispidoderma, in spite of the presence of clavate elements in the pileipellis. According to the molecular comparison of the type collections, Pluteus castri, a species recently described on the basis of material collected in Japan and Central Russia, is reduced to a synonym of P. variabilicolor.

Results are presented on a search for neutrino emission from a sample of six microquasars, based on the data collected by the ANTARES neutrino telescope between 2007 and 2010. By means of appropriate time cuts, the neutrino search has been restricted to the periods when the acceleration of relativistic jets was taking place at the microquasars under study. The time cuts have been chosen using the information from the X-ray telescopes RXTE/ASM and Swift/BAT, and, in one case, the gamma-ray telescope Fermi/LAT. No statistically significant excess has been observed, thus upper limits on the neutrino fluences have been derived and compared to the predictions by models. Constraints have been put on the ratio of proton to electron luminosity in the jets.

This work presents a new search for magnetic monopoles using data taken with the ANTARES neutrino telescope over a period of 10 years (January 2008 to December 2017). Compared to previous ANTARES searches, this analysis uses a run-by-run simulation strategy, with a larger exposure as well as a new simulation of magnetic monopoles taking into account the Kasama, Yang and Goldhaber model for their interaction cross-section with matter. No signal compatible with the passage of relativistic magnetic monopoles is observed, and upper limits on the flux of magnetic monopoles with β=v/c≥0.55, are presented. For ultra-relativistic magnetic monopoles the flux limit is ∼7×10−18 cm−2s−1sr−1.

The physical interaction between nanoscale objects and liquid interfaces can create unique optical properties, enhancing the signatures of the objects with subwavelength features. Here we show that the evaporation on a wetting substrate of a polymer solution containing submicrometer or nanoscale particles creates liquid microlenses that arise from the local deformations of the continuous wetting film. These microlenses have properties similar to axicon lenses that are known to create beams with a long depth of focus. This enhanced depth of focus allows detection of single nanoparticles using a low-magnification microscope objective lens, achieving a relatively wide field-of-view, while also lifting the constraints on precise focusing onto the object plane. Hence, by creating these liquid axicon lenses through spatial deformations of a continuous thin wetting film, we transfer the challenge of imaging individual nanoparticles to detecting the light focused by these lenses. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate the detection and sizing of single nanoparticles (100 and 200 nm), CpGV granuloviruses, as well as Staphylococcus epidermidisbacteria over a wide field-of-view of 5.10 × 3.75 mm2using a 5× objective lens with a numerical aperture of 0.15. In addition to conventional lens-based microscopy, this continuous wetting-film-based approach is also applicable to lens-free computational on-chip imaging, which can be used to detect single nanoparticles over a large field-of-view of >20–30 mm2. These results could be especially useful for high-throughput field analysis of nanoscale objects using compact and cost-effective microscope designs.

This is the summary of the talks presented in the “Branch III: Oscillations at High Energies” working group at NOW 2010. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new chances offered by elementary particles as probes of the internal structure of our planet are briefly reviewed, by paying particular attention to the case of high energy neutrinos. In particular, the new results concerning the shadow of mountainson vτflux at Pierre Auger Observatory is briefly discussed, and moreover the possibility to use the tail of atmospheric neutrinos to probe the core/mantle transition region is just sketched.

Neutrino Earth radiography seems to provide an alternative tool to study the very deep geological structures. Even if the level of precision of such measurements might not be very high, nevertheless the information which can be obtained are absolutely independent and complementary to the more conventional seismic studies.

Neutrino and muon radiography seems to provide a method complementary to the more conventional seismic studies for getting information on the very deep geological structures. Here we describe the status of the simulations of neutrino and muon interaction in matter.

The MU-RAY project has the challenging aim of performing muon radiography of the summit cone of Mt. Vesuvius. The muon telescopes developed for this purpose will be available for the radiography of other volcanoes, in particular Stromboli. The scientific goals, the strategy for their implementation and the baseline detector design are discussed in detail. A tentative time schedule for the project is drawn.

The measurements performed in Japan have shown that muon radiography is an “imaging technique” capable of providing information of the internal structure of volcanoes with a resolution and richness of details beyond the reach of conventional, non-imaging techniques. The measurements have been performed using electronic detectors or nuclear emulsions. The latter have shown excellent muon tracking capabilities and space resolution, but are lacking of the capability of electronic detectors to provide data in real time. In this paper, we examine the possibility of developing an electronic detector giving a resolution comparable to that of nuclear emulsions and with a larger area than used so far, in order to see deeper structures inside volcanoes in spite of the strong muon absorption in the rock. We specifically discuss the very challenging application of muon radiography to Mt. Vesuvius, driven by the strong social interest coming from the enormous potential danger which it represents. Applications to other volcanoes can be envisaged.

This paper discusses the present status of the CNGS neutrino beam construction and of the two proposed experiments at the Gran Sasso ICARUS and OPERA. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Summary: A binary blend of poly (L-lactide) (PLLA) and poly(ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL) of composition 70:30 by weight was prepared using a twin screw miniextruder and investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Ternary 70:30:2 blends were also obtained by adding either a diblock copolymer of PLLA and poly(oxyethylene) (PEO) or a triblock PLLA-PCL-PLLA copolymer as a third component. Optical microscopy revealed that the domain size of dispersed PCL domains is reduced by one order of magnitude in the presence of both copolymers. SEM confirmed the strong reduction in particle size upon the addition of the copolymers, with an indication of an enhanced emulsifying effect in the case of the PLLA-PEO copolymer. These results are analyzed on the basis of solubility parameters of the blend components. Optical micrograph of M3EG2 blend melt quenched at 125 °C.

The sensitivity of the present CNGS beam to the sub-dominant ν_μ ↔ ν_e oscillations in the region indicated by the atmospheric neutrino experiments is investigated. In particular, we present a revised analysis of the OPERA detector and discuss the sensitivity to θ₁₃ of ICARUS and OPERA combined. We show that the CNGS beam optimized for ν_τ appearance will improve significantly (about a factor of 5) the current limit of CHOOZ and explore most of the region sin² 2θ₁₃ ≃ &calO;(10⁻²).

Neutrino- and anti-neutrino-induced single charm production is particularly relevant to the study of the strange-quark parton distribution function and the threshold effect in the cross-section, associated with heavy quark production. Over the past 30 years, many experiments have been carried out using complementary techniques: calorimetry, bubble chambers and nuclear emulsions. In this note, we review these data and combine them statistically to extract a world averaged single-charm production cross section for both neutrino and anti-neutrino.

Immiscible binary blends of poly(l,l-lactide) (PLLA), and poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), with 90/10, 80/20 and 70/30wt% compositions, as well as ternary PLLA/PCL blends containing 0.5–5wt% of a triblock PLLA/PCL/PLLA copolymer, were obtained by melt mixing using a twin screw extruder. Optical microscopy investigation of binary blends revealed the immiscibility of the components. The thermal behaviour of the blends was investigated by DSC and DMTA and compared with that of pure PLLA. The PLLA crystallization rate was enhanced in the presence of PCL domains. Morphological analysis of the cryofractured and etched–smoothed surfaces was carried out by SEM on both binary and ternary blends. A dimensional analysis of the PCL domains in binary and ternary blends was also performed in order to evaluate the influence of the presence of the triblock copolymer on the dispersion mode of PCL in the PLLA matrix.

In a survey of a representative sample of workers taken at each of four different plastics manufacturers, 122 completed self-administered questionnaires were obtained. Twenty-six respondents (21.3%) met the case definition for having a work-related skin disorder during the preceding year. Sixteen (61.5%) cases indicated that their skin problems were present for 11 or more days, and 50% reported that their normal daily activities were at least somewhat affected. Risk of disease was elevated for workers who reported skin contact with formaldehyde (OR = 3.30; 95% CI = 1.02–10.69) or with polyvinylchlorides (PVCs) or their prescursors (OR = 4.08; CI = 1.19–14.06), used barrier creams (OR = 4.51; CI = 1.22–16.68), were female (OR = 5.42; CI = 0.97–30.22), were 35 or younger (OR = 4.65; CI = 1.53–14.19), and for each use of hand cleaner at work (OR = 1.22; CI = 1.05–1.41). These findings should be considered when designing programs to reduce the incidence of skin disease among workers in the plastics industry. Am. J. Ind. Med. 31:545–550, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

In the framework of the CHORUS experiment for the search of vμ↔ vτoscillations at CERN, we have built the high resolution calorimeter, intended for the measurement of the energy of hadronic showers produced in neutrino interactions. The calorimeter consists of three parts. The first two are made of lead and plastic scintillating fibers in the volume ratio 4 : 1, such as to achieve compensation. The third is a sandwich of lead plates and scintillator strips in the same volume ratio. The techniques used for the construction of the calorimeter are described, as well as its performance in shower and muon detection. We used electron, pion and muon beams in the energy range 2–100 GeV for this purpose.

The WA95/CHORUS experiment at CERN is a dedicated vμ−vτoscillation search experiment. Using the wide band neutrino beam of the CERN-SPS accelerator, with an exposure of 2.4 × 1019protons on the target, this experiment will explore the domain of small mixing angles down to sin22θμτ≈ 3 × 10−4for mass differences Δm2> 1 eV2, more than one order of magnitude better than the current limits. The conceptual design of the CHORUS experiment and data on the detector performances are reported.

The growth of tumours in guinea-pigs was observed for 20 weeks after placing them on various doses of vitamin C. Complete tumour regression occurred in 55% of those animals receiving 0-3 mg/kg/day ascorbic acid, whereas animals given 10 mg/kg/day showed tumour inhibition but no regression. In contrast, tumours in animals maintained on 1 g/kg/day ascorbic acid grew without sign of retardation. When increased amounts of ascorbic acid were restored to the diet of scorbutic tumour-bearing animals, tumours which had not regressed responded with enhanced growth. Likewise, animals previously maintained on 10 mg/kg ascorbic acid responded in turn to the additional vitamin with enhanced tumour growth. In contrast, all tumour-bearing animals maintained on 1 g/kh ascorbic acid died within 3 weeks when this dose was replaced with 0-3 mg/kg.