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Imaging in the second near-infrared II (NIR-II) window, a kind of biomedical imaging technology with characteristics of high sensitivity, high resolution, and real-time imaging, is commonly used in the diagnosis of brain diseases. Compared with the conventional visible light (400–750 nm) and NIR-I (750–900 nm) imaging, the NIR-II has a longer wavelength of 1000–1700 nm. Notably, the superiorities of NIR-II can minimize the light scattering and autofluorescence of biological tissue with the depth of brain tissue penetration up to 7.4 mm. Herein, we summarized the main principles of NIR-II in animal models of traumatic brain injury, cerebrovascular visualization, brain tumor, inflammation, and stroke. Simultaneously, we encapsulated the in vivoprocess of NIR-II probes and their in vivoand in vitrotoxic effects. We further dissected its limitations and following optimization measures.

Microglia are the main immune cells in the brain playing a critical role in neuroinflammation, and numerous pieces of evidence have proved that energy metabolism is closely associated with inflammation in activated microglia. Salidroside (Sal) isolated from Tibetan medicine Rhodiola crenulatecan inhibit microglial hypoxia inflammation (HI). However, whether the inhibition is due to the intervening energy metabolic process in microglia is not clear. In this work, the hypoxic microenvironment of BV2 microglial cells was simulated using deferoxamine (DFO) in vitroand the change of cell metabolites (lactate, succinate, malate, and fumarate) was real-time online investigated based on a cell microfluidic chip-mass spectrometry (CM-MS) system. Meanwhile, for confirming the metabolic mechanism of BV2 cells under hypoxia, the level of HI-related factors (LDH, ROS, HIF-1α, NF-κB p65, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) was detected by molecular biotechnology. Integration of the detected results revealed that DFO-induced BV2 cell HI was associated with the process of energy metabolism, in which cell energy metabolism changed from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis. Furthermore, administration of Sal treatment could effectively invert this change, and two metabolites of Sal were identified: tyrosol and 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid. In general, we illustrated a new mechanism of Sal for reducing BV2 cell HI injury and presented a novel analysis strategy that opened a way for real-time online monitoring of the energy metabolic mechanism of the effect of drugs on cells and further provided a superior strategy to screen natural drug candidates for HI-related brain disease treatment.

This report presents the first tumor-homing peptide-based NIR-II probe CH1055-F3to diagnose transplantable and spontaneous breast tumors by the active targeting.

Abstract: Objective: To retrospectively analyze clinical data of patients from our hospital who underwent radical surgery for esophageal carcinoma and for adenocarcinoma of the gastric cardia, as well as to investigate prognostic factors affecting the long-term survival of the patients. Methods: Data from the patients eligible for our study, admitted to the 4th Hospital of Hebei Medical University from January 1996 to December 2004, were randomized, and 12 distinctive clinicopathologic factors influencing the survival rate of those who underwent radical surgery for esophageal carcinoma or carcinoma of the gastric cardia were collected. Univariate and multivariate analysis of these individual variables were performed using the Cox proportional hazard model. Results: It was shown by univariate analysis that age, tumor size, pathologic type, lymph node status, TNM staging, depth of infiltration and encroachment into local organs, etc., were the factors that markedly influenced the prognosis of patients (P < 0.01). Multivariate analysis showed that pathologic type, number of the lymph node metastases, involvement of local organs, and TNM staging were independent prognostic factors (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The independent factors influencing the prognosis of patients with esophageal cancer and carcinoma of the gastric cardia include pathologic type, number of lymph node metastases, involvement of local organs and TNM staging. The main prognostic factors affecting the patient’s survival are patient age, tumor size and depth of infiltration. In addition, patients with involvement of the local organs have a worse prognosis, and they should be closely followed up.