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An analysis on the void fraction measurement for binary phase gas-liquid dielectric materials inside an Electrical Capacitance Tomography (ECT) sensor has been performed on the tomogram images by using different thresholding techniques. The analysis is pertinent to improve the accuracy of the application of thresholding technique for void fraction measurements in pipelines and reactors since the currently available information is limited in terms of accuracy. This preliminary investigation was performed to evaluate the accuracy of three different thresholding algorithms: Otsu’s, Niblack’s and Kuo’s Method based on the void fraction measurement for a binary phase oil-air system. The experimental and image processing analysis enables one to determine the optimal threshold method by selecting the threshold algorithm which produces the highest accuracy and consistency in the void fraction measurement as compared to the actual value.

Lignin nanoparticles (nanolignin, NL) are sustainable, green material which can be derived from industrial and agricultural waste. NL has enhanced properties compared to standard lignin due to a larger surface to volume ratio. Hence, it's suitable for a wide range of applications including drug delivery, stabilising agent, substitute for silver nanoparticles and reinforcement material. This study analyses the commercial feasibility of NL production from high pressure homogenization. The production process was simulated based on the basic laboratory results using commercial simulation software, SuperPro Designer. Manufacturing cost and minimum selling price for NL was estimated to be 5.1 USD/kg and 6.1 USD/kg for a continuous plant with 15t/day production rate. The sensitivity of three factors; Lignin concentration to the homogenizer, production rate and lignin price on process economics was analysed and results shown lignin concentration has a severe impact on manufacturing cost and selling price. The production cost reduces to 2.46 USD/kg when the lignin concentration increases to 6%.