Search

Abstract.Meta-accuracy and perceptions of reciprocity can be measured by covariances between latent variables in two social relations models examining perception and meta-perception. We propose a single unified model called the Perception-Meta-Perception Social Relations Model (PM-SRM). This model simultaneously estimates all possible parameters to provide a more complete understanding of the relationships between perception and meta-perception. We describe the components of the PM-SRM and present two pedagogical examples with code, openly available on https://osf.io/4ag5m. Using a new package in R (xxM), we estimated the model using multilevel structural equation modeling which provides an approachable and flexible framework for evaluating the PM-SRM. Further, we discuss possible expansions to the PM-SRM which can explore novel and exciting hypotheses.

Twice-exceptionality (2e), broadly defined as the co-occurrence of a gift or talent and a disability, has been a part of the educational lexicon since the 1990s, although its empirical backing is limited. We conducted a comprehensive review of the empirical literature on 2e and created a simulation study of 2e. For the latter, we constructed population distribution functions that represent indicators of ability using a range of correlations and identification criteria guided by the reviewed literature. We observed the theoretical occurrence of 2e, even at its most relaxed definitions, to be much rarer than prevailing literature implies (probability = 0.148). As correlations and factor loadings increase, the prevalence estimates of 2e drop considerably. Our results demonstrated the need for a more informed, standardized, and quantifiable approach to the identification of individuals with 2e.

Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text.

School engagement is an important predictor of graduation. One strategy to enhance student engagement is mentoring. Check & Connect is a structured mentoring program that has resulted in favorable outcomes for many students, including those with emotional and behavioral disorders. Effectiveness, however, depends on the quality of the mentor–mentee relationship. Although research has examined factors that increase relationship effectiveness, findings have been inconsistent. We explored the perceptions and correspondence of 166 high school students (i.e., mentees) with social, emotional, and/or behavioral challenges and their mentors about the mentoring relationship and variables that contribute to relationship quality. Results indicated that mentors and mentees rated the relationship favorably and their ratings correlated moderately. Mentor and mentee variables examined (gender, ethnicity/race, age) were not significant predictors of relationship quality; however, specific topics discussed during mentoring sessions for mentors (family, friends) and mentees (school, future plans) were significantly related to their perceptions of relationship quality.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithms to classify melanoma are dependent on their training data, which limits generalizability. The objective of this study was to compare the performance of an AI model trained on a standard adult-predominant dermoscopic dataset before and after the addition of additional pediatric training images. The performance will be compared using held out adult and pediatric test sets of images. We trained 2 models: one (Model A) on an adult-predominant dataset (37,662 images from the International Skin Imaging Collaboration (ISIC)), and one (Model A+P) on an additional 1536 pediatric images. We compared performance between the two models on adult and pediatric held out test images separately using area under the receiver-operating-characteristic curve (AUROC). We then used Gradient-weighted Class Activation Maps and background skin masking to understand the contributions of the lesion versus background skin to algorithm decision making. Adding images from a pediatric population with different epidemiological and visual patterns to current reference standard datasets improved algorithm performance on pediatric images without diminishing performance on adult images. This suggests a way dermatologic AI models can be made more generalizable. The presence of background skin was important to the pediatric-specific improvement seen between models.

AbstractIntroduction:The Childhood Obesity Research Demonstration (CORD) project links public health and primary care interventions in three projects described in detail in accompanying articles in this issue of Childhood Obesity. This article describes a comprehensive evaluation plan to determine the extent to which the CORD model is associated with changes in behavior, body weight, BMI, quality of life, and healthcare satisfaction in children 2–12 years of age.Design/Methods:The CORD Evaluation Center (EC-CORD) will analyze the pooled data from three independent demonstration projects that each integrate public health and primary care childhood obesity interventions. An extensive set of common measures at the family, facility, and community levels were defined by consensus among the CORD projects and EC-CORD. Process evaluation will assess reach, dose delivered, and fidelity of intervention components. Impact evaluation will use a mixed linear models approach to account for heterogeneity among project-site populations and interventions. Sustainability evaluation will assess the potential for replicability, continuation of benefits beyond the funding period, institutionalization of the intervention activities, and community capacity to support ongoing program delivery. Finally, cost analyses will assess how much benefit can potentially be gained per dollar invested in programs based on the CORD model.Conclusions:The keys to combining and analyzing data across multiple projects include the CORD model framework and common measures for the behavioral and health outcomes along with important covariates at the individual, setting, and community levels. The overall objective of the comprehensive evaluation will develop evidence-based recommendations for replicating and disseminating community-wide, integrated public health and primary care programs based on the CORD model.

This study investigated the efficacy of a package of accommodations for poor readers in Grade 7. Students with and without word reading disabilities were randomly assigned to take an experimental version of a high-stakes reading comprehension test in 1 of 3 formats: (a) standard administration, (b) read aloud accommodations with 1-day administration, or (c) read aloud accommodations with 2-day administration. The significant condition effect and nonsignificant group by condition interaction suggested that accommodations helped both poor and average readers. However, the accommodation effect in average readers stemmed from low performance in the nonaccommodated experimental condition that was not apparent when the same students previously took the state-administered test. The 2-day administration was more effective than the 1-day administration.

Let Mn denote the algebra of all nxn complex matrices. For a given qεC with ∣Q∣≤1, we define and denote the q-numerical range of AεMn byWq(A)={x*Ay:x,yεCn,x*x-y*y=1,x*y=q}The q-numerical radius is then given by rq(A)=sup{∣z∣:zεWq(A)}. When q=1,Wq(A) and rq(A) reduce to the classical numerical range of A and the classical numerical radius of A, respectively. when q≠0, another interesting quantity associated with Wq(A) is the inner q-numerical radius defined by r˜q(A)=inf{∣z∣:zεWq(A)}In this paper, we describe some basic properties of Wq(A), extending known results on the classical numerical range. We also study the properties of rq considered as a norm (seminorm if q=0) on Mn.Finally, we characterize those linear operators L on Mn that leave Wq,rq of r˜q invariant. Extension of some of our results to the infinite dimensional case is discussed, and open problems are mentioned.

For a given nonzero [image omitted] , define the C-Spectrum of an n×n complex matrix A by Pc(A)={ct Pλ(A): P a permutation matrix}, where [image omitted]  n is a vector of the eigenvalues of A. The outer and inner c- spectral radii are then given by [image omitted]  respectively. When c=(1,0,…,0)t, Pc(A) and ρc(A) reduce to the spectrum and the spectral radius of A, respectively. We characterize the linera operators on the space of n× n complex matrices that preserve the c-spectrum, the outer c-spectral radius or the inner c-spectral radius.

ObjectiveTo investigate the use of repurposed and adjuvant drugs in patients admitted to hospital with covid-19 across three continents.DesignMultinational network cohort study.SettingHospital electronic health records from the United States, Spain, and China, and nationwide claims data from South Korea.Participants303 264 patients admitted to hospital with covid-19 from January 2020 to December 2020.Main outcome measuresPrescriptions or dispensations of any drug on or 30 days after the date of hospital admission for covid-19.ResultsOf the 303 264 patients included, 290 131 were from the US, 7599 from South Korea, 5230 from Spain, and 304 from China. 3455 drugs were identified. Common repurposed drugs were hydroxychloroquine (used in from <5 (<2%) patients in China to 2165 (85.1%) in Spain), azithromycin (from 15 (4.9%) in China to 1473 (57.9%) in Spain), combined lopinavir and ritonavir (from 156 (<2%) in the VA-OMOP US to 2,652 (34.9%) in South Korea and 1285 (50.5%) in Spain), and umifenovir (0% in the US, South Korea, and Spain and 238 (78.3%) in China). Use of adjunctive drugs varied greatly, with the five most used treatments being enoxaparin, fluoroquinolones, ceftriaxone, vitamin D, and corticosteroids. Hydroxychloroquine use increased rapidly from March to April 2020 but declined steeply in May to June and remained low for the rest of the year. The use of dexamethasone and corticosteroids increased steadily during 2020.ConclusionsMultiple drugs were used in the first few months of the covid-19 pandemic, with substantial geographical and temporal variation. Hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, lopinavir-ritonavir, and umifenovir (in China only) were the most prescribed repurposed drugs. Antithrombotics, antibiotics, H2 receptor antagonists, and corticosteroids were often used as adjunctive treatments. Research is needed on the comparative risk and benefit of these treatments in the management of covid-19.