Search

Friction stir welding (FSW) is a solid-state joining process with a wide range of applications in the E-mobility, automotive, aerospace and energy industries. However, FSW is subjected to specific challenges including comparatively high process forces and high requirements on the clamping technique as well as tool wear resulting from the tool-workpiece interaction and thermo-mechanical stresses. Geometric-related tool wear can cause premature tool failure, process instabilities or weld seam irregularities. Therefore, tool wear in general, wear limits and tool life are essential factors for the efficient and sustainable implementation of friction stir welding. Against this background, this study analysed areas of significant tool wear on the shoulder and probe as a function of process temperature, weld seam length and weld seam quality. This provided functional correlations for determining limiting conditions on maximum tolerable tool wear. Geometrical deviations of the tool, induced by wear, were detected experimentally at different measuring points on the probe and shoulder and varying weld seam length. The investigations were carried out using a force-controlled robotized welding setup in which AA-6060-T66 sheets with a thickness of 5 mm were joined by weld seams up to 500 m in length. To identify the maximum tolerable tool wear, the weld seam properties were determined by visual and metallographic inspections and by tensile tests at 50-m intervals on the weld seam. It was shown that a 50% reduction in rotational speed (lower temperatures) resulted in less wear and thus in an increase of tool life of up to 150%. In addition, it was shown that the shoulder, like the probe, was also subject to significant wear. These results can be incorporated into FSW maintenance schedules to maximize tool life and minimize scrap rates.

In the laser-based powder bed fusion process (L-PBF), the used powder is exposed to a multitude of mechanical and atmospheric parameters along the entire process chain, beginning with the production of the powder, over transportation, storage and processing and ending with the recycling of the material. The chemical composition and shape of individual powder particles, for example, as well as the characteristic properties of the entire powdered material change depending on the duration and intensity of the effects of, among other things, the atmosphere, temperature, humidity and external forces. Once the influencing variables and their effects are known, the changes in the powder can be counteracted in a targeted manner. In this way, it is possible to restore or maintain the powder properties relevant to the L-PBF process, making the overall process more robust and reliable. This paper discusses the results of investigations on significant influencing factors that cause a change in the powder material during L-PBF, representing the cost-intensive titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V. The results can be used to derive powder handling and management recommendations that can ensure powder quality throughout the service life.

Reactive multilayer systems are nanostructures of great interest for various technological applications because of their high energy release rate during the self‐propagating reaction of their components. Therefore, many efforts are aimed at controlling the propagation velocity of these reactions. Herein, reactive multilayer systems of Al/Ni in the shape of free‐standing foils with a wavelike surface morphology prepared by using sacrificial substrates with well‐aligned waves are presented and the propagation of the reaction along different directions of the reproduced waves is analyzed. During the ignition test, the propagation front is recorded with a high‐speed camera, and the maximum temperature is measured using a pyrometer. The propagation of the reaction is favored in the direction of the waves, which points out the influence of the anisotropy generated by this morphology and how it affects the propagation dynamics and the resulting microstructure. Furthermore, compared to their counterparts fabricated on flat substrates, these reactive multilayers with wavelike morphology exhibit a remarkable reduction in the propagation velocity of the reaction of about 50%, without significantly affecting the maximum temperature registered during the reaction. Reactive multilayer systems are produced by using substrates with an anisotropic surface topography; as a result, the reactive system presents a wavy morphology that affects the dynamics of the self‐propagation process. The propagation of the flame will be favored in the direction of the waves, showing an atypical propagation front.