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Tall cell (TCV) and diffuse sclerosing (DSV) variants are aggressive variants of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). We compared the risk of recurrent/persistent disease in patients with TCV, DSV and classical PTC (cPTC) and evaluated the prognostic accuracy of initial vs. ongoing risk stratification. A consecutive series of DSV (n= 54), TCV (n= 72) and cPTC (n= 184) patients was retrospectively analyzed. TCV and DSV patients were first risk stratified for recurrent/persistent disease without considering the histotype as a risk factor and subsequently, 6–24 months after initial treatment, re-classified on the basis of the response to therapy (ongoing risk stratification). Extrathyroidal extension was more frequent in DSV than in TCV and cPTC patients (p< 0.05); moreover, only DSV tumors had a higher rate of recurrent/persistent disease when compared to cPTC treated with the same protocol (total thyroidectomy followed by 131I treatment) (p< 0.01). After initial treatment, 54.2% of TCV and 20.4% of DSV patients were classified at low risk, while at ongoing risk stratification, the excellent response (low risk) was higher for both TCV (77.8%) and DSV (50.0%) patients relative to initial stratification (both p< 0.01). Using ongoing risk classification, positive predictive value (PPV) for persistent/recurrent disease was higher relative to initial risk stratification for both TCV (PPV = 93.8 vs. 39.4%) and DSV (PPV = 63.0 vs. 34.9%), p< 0.05 for both. In our series DSV, but not TCV patients, had poorer outcome than cPTC treated with the same protocol. Moreover, the ongoing risk stratification predicted outcome better than the initial classification in both TCV and DSV patients.

After thyroidectomy for thyroid cancer, patients often withdraw L-T4 for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes, showing signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism. A slighter hypothyroidism (reducing L-T4 to one-half) has been proposed to limit these inconveniences. We evaluated half-dose L-T4 protocol, in comparison to conventional L-T4 withdrawal, in terms of effectiveness and improvement of clinical and biochemical disorders. We randomized 55 thyroid cancer patients into two groups: 29 patients underwent 5 weeks of half-dose of previous L-T4 treatment (HD group); 26 patients replaced L-T4 with L-T3 for 3 weeks followed by 2 weeks of withdrawal (TW group). Clinical features (Zulewsky clinical score) and biochemical parameters (lipids, liver, and muscle enzymes) were evaluated in all patients at baseline and after 5 weeks. Total cholesterol, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase increased at 5 weeks in both groups, but significantly more in TW, but no difference was found by clinical score. Patients who achieved the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) target value (25 µU/ml) were 92.3 % in TW group and 48.3 % in HD group (p< 0.001). In the HD group, only basal TSH statistically correlated with the achievement of the TSH target. Receiver operating characteristic curves indicated that a basal TSH ≥0.52 μU/ml is required to reach an adequate TSH level. Half-dose L-T4 protocol, compared to conventional L-T4 withdrawal, is associated with less biochemical disorders but no significant clinical advantage. Therefore, the half-dose protocol reaches an adequate TSH target in 48.3 % of patients and is not effective unless basal serum TSH is ≥0.52 μU/ml.

Background:Fine needle cytology aspirates (FNA) classified as THY4 are a heterogeneous group suspicious for malignancy [papillary thyroid cancer (PTC)], which is confirmed in 50–80% of cases after surgery. Aim:To better stratify THY4 FNA specimens for the relative risk of malignancy. Methods:We retrospectively analyzed 78 thyroid nodules classified as THY4 because of the presence of atypical cells, hypercellular trabeculae and/or intranuclear inclusions (ICI), in the absence of papillae. Two subgroups were identified: group 1 (38 nodules), showing ICI with (no.=17) or without (no.=21) trabeculae and cellular atypia, and group 2 (40 nodules), showing trabeculae and atypia but without ICI. Results:PTC was detected at histology in 56/78 of the patients (71.8%). Malignancy occurred in 36/38 (94.7%) of the patients in group 1 and in 20/40 (50.0%) of the patients in group 2. Therefore, the positive predictive value (PPV) for PTC was 97.3% in the ICI+ specimens (group 1), with a sensitivity of 64.3% and specificity of 95.2%. When only ICI was present, without atypia and trabeculae, the PPV and specificity were similar (95.0 and 95.2%, respectively), but the sensitivity was decreased (48.7%). In specimens without ICI (group 2), the PPV was only 50.0%; however, combined with young age (<40 yr) and male gender, it reached a value similar to that of group1. Conclusions:In ICI+ specimens compared to ICI-, the risk of PTC is nearly doubled, since PPV increases from 50.0% to 97.3%. This observation suggests that surgery should be considered mandatory in all lesions classified THY4 at FNA, although the relevant difference in terms of cancer risk between ICI- vsICI+ nodules might be an useful information for both the clinician and the patient.

Oral administration of radioactive iodine (131I) is a well-known and effective procedure for the treatment of hyperthyroidism. However, the optimal dose is still a matter of debate, as is the frequency of recurrence and hypothyroidism. The aim of our study was to evaluate the 1-yr outcome of a calculated dose of 131I activity in the treatment of hyperthyroidism, following the guidelines published jointly by the Italian Society of Endocrinology and the Italian Society of Nuclear Medicine. We studied 84 patients affected with hyperthyroidism (55 with Graves’ disease and 29 with toxic adenoma), who were treated with a dose of 131I activity obtained by using the formula from the guidelines. In all patients serum free T4, free T3, and TSH were measured before, and 2, 6, and 12 months after radiometabolic therapy. A thyroid scan and thyroid uptake with 131I were also performed before treatment, and a thyroid ultrasound scan was obtained before and 1 yr after treatment. One year after treatment, 22 out of 55 patients with Graves’ diseases (40.0%) had persistence/recurrence of hyperthyroidism, whereas only 1 patient of the 29 with toxic adenoma (3.4%) was still in a hyperthyroid state. The frequency of hypothyroidism in patients responsive to therapy was higher in subjects with Graves’ disease (45.5%), than in those with toxic adenoma (17.3%, p=0.02). Overall size reduction of the target lesion was 56.2±23.1%. In conclusion, the dose calculation suggested by the guidelines represents an effective method for treating thyroid toxic adenoma. In subjects with Graves’ disease, we propose using a pre-determined 131I activity, which is higher than that derived from the guidelines. Such an approach would reduce the incidence of recurrent/persistent hyperthyroidism. On the other hand, an increase in post-131I hypothyroidism should not be regarded as a negative effect in these patients, since hypothyroidism is easily corrected, and the risk of worsening ophthalmopathy is reduced.