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Objective.To evaluate the relative bioavailability of T4sodium and liothyronine sodium (T3), administered in single doses as oral solution (drops) and tablet forms, according to two separate study protocols. Methods.Twenty-four healthy, male volunteers were included in both studies. Two test drugs containing T4or T3(T4-lbsa and T3-lbsa, respectively) were compared to two reference drugs, ie Eutirox 100 and Ti-tre tablets, respectively. A single oral dose of 100 μg (1 ml or 1 tablet) of T4and 20μg (1 ml or 1 tablet) of T3were administered with an open, randomized, crossover design. T4and T3serum concentrations were determined by a validated immunoassay inelectro-chemo-luminescence method. Results.Study 1: after administration of T4-lbsa oral solution, Cmax was 14.26± 0.61 μg/dl, AUC0−twas 282.70 ±14.29 μg/dl/h, Tmax was 2.71 ± 0.25 h. After administration of Eutirox 100 tablets, Cmax was 14.34± 0.59 μg/dl, AUC0−twas 279.42± 9.59 μg/dl/h and Tmax was 2.65± 0.23 h. The 90% confidence interval ratios between test/reference drugs were 1.01 for AUC0−tand 0.99 for Cmax. Study 2: after administration of T3-lbsa oral solution, Cmax was 3.19± 0.25 ng/ml, AUC0−twas 44.79± 2.15 ng/ml/h and Tmax was 2.31 ± 0.25 h. After administration of Ti-tre tablets, Cmax was 3.16± 0.23 ng/ml, AUC0−twas 45.19± 2.19 ng/ml/h and Tmax was 2.44± 0.34 h. The 90% confidence interval ratios between test /reference drugs were 0.99 for AUC0−tand 1.01 for Cmax. Conclusions.The bioavailability of the two oral solutions (T4-lbsa and T3-lbsa oral solutions) and the corresponding tablet forms (Eutirox 100 and Ti-tre tablets) were confirmed and they can be considered bioequivalent and therapeutically interchangeable.

Pain and anxiety are integral parts of burn dressing care. Descriptions of pain and anxiety from the patients' perspectives enhance our understanding of their experiences. This descriptive study measured relationships between self-reported pain and anxiety. Twenty-four patients who had an uncomplicated flame or scald wound reported scores immediately before, immediately after, and ½ hour after dressing changes. Results indicated that pain and anxiety increased until day 4. Pain correlated with anxiety. Self-report scores showed that pain and anxiety are perceived by patients in a similar manner. Self-report scores are of great value because they indicate the degree of relief achieved with medication. Through the descriptive study, we found that the pain score immediately after dressing changes was greater than 3 on all study days. This finding indicates a need to further examine the way pain is managed with dressing changes.

We give a detailed analysis of the rate of convergence of the pthpower minimum of an affine subspace of Rnas p→ ∞.

A linear relationship between equieffective concentrations of agonist in the presence and absence of partial agonist was examined statistically. These experimental concentrations permit the estimation of the apparent dissociation constant Kp with a weighted fit. The form of the weights was proposed theoretically and substantiated by simulated experiments. Constants Kp for (+/-)-p-chloroisoproterenol were estimated from the antagonism by three concentrations of (+/-)-p-chloroisoproterenol of the positive chronotropic effects of (-)-isoproterenol on kitten (Kp = 1.75 X 10(-7) M) and guinea-pig (Kp = 1.84 X 10(-7) M) right atria. The Kp values were similar regardless of the concentrations of (+/-)-p-chloroisoproterenol used; they were also similar to a Kp of 1.95 X 10(-7) M) estimated BY Kaumann and Birnbaumer (J. Biol. Chem. 249: 7874-7885, 1974) for the (+/-)-p-chloroisoproterenol-receptor complex coupled to the adenylyl cyclase in cell-free membrane particles of kitten heart. The proposed statistical procedure appears to be useful for systems with sigmoid log concentration-effect curves in which concentrations of the dependent variable are obtained from interpolation.

The concept of strict approximation over subspaces of an euclidean space, introduced by John R. Rice, is extended to closed convex sets. It is proved that the best p-approximants converge as p→∞ to the strict approximant not generally but when the closed convex set satisfies certain approximative property. Finally, a similar problem is considered in the space c0of real sequences tending to 0.

Abstract: The concept of strict approximation over subspaces of an euclidean space, introduced by John R. Rice, is extended to closed convex sets. It is proved that the best p-approximants converge as p→∞ to the strict approximant not generally but when the closed convex set satisfies certain approximative property. Finally, a similar problem is considered in the space c0 of real sequences tending to 0.

We report the generation of sub-100-ps pulse trains near the 2.06 μm wavelength in an actively mode-locked diode-pumped Tm-Ho:BaYF laser operating at room temperature. Transform-limited, 97-ps Gaussian pulses at a 100-MHz repetition rate with an average power in excess of 20mW and with a carrier wavelength tunable by ~50 nm near 2.066 μm are demonstrated.

We report the generation of sub-100-ps pulse trains near the 2.06-μm wavelength in an actively mode-locked diode-pumped Tm–Ho:BaYF laser operating at room temperature. Transform-limited, 97-ps Gaussian pulses at a 100-MHz repetition rate with an average power in excess of 20 mW and with a carrier wavelength tunable by ~50 nm near 2.066 μm are demonstrated.

A new class of linearly chirped fiber Bragg gratings, suitable for all-fiber optical multiplication and reshaping of picosecond pulse trains, is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. Repetition-rate multiplication, based on the temporal Talbot effect, is achieved by accurate control of the grating chirp, and a suitable design of the index-modulation depth profile allows for simultaneous square-pulse shaping. A 50-ps squarelike optical pulse train at 10-GHz repetition rate is obtained, starting from a 2.5-GHz Gaussian pulse train emitted by a mode-locked Er-Yb laser.

We demonstrate absolute frequency stabilization of a widely tunable Tm:Ho:YAG laser by locking the oscillator to the P12 absorption line of the H^79Br molecule at 2097.222 nm, using the fringe side-locking technique. We perform time and spectral analysis of open- and closed-loop error signals to evaluate the frequency noise. In closed-loop operation a long-term frequency stability of better than 2 MHz with rms frequency fluctuations of ∼112 kHz is obtained over an observation time of 10^3 s.

Pulse-train multiplication based on the temporal Talbot effect in a linearly chirped fiber Bragg grating has been experimentally demonstrated. A 40-GHz repetition-rate, nearly transform-limited 10-ps duration optical pulse train at 1.533 µm has been obtained from a 2.5-GHz mode-locked Er–Yb:glass laser by use of a 100-cm-long linearly chirped apodized fiber grating.

An optoelectronic feedback loop that can be used to effectively reduce the intensity noise of a 2.1 µm Tm-Ho:YAG laser has been designed. The feedback circuit is based on a variable-gain biquadratic bandpass filter with adjustable central frequency and quality factor, providing a high loop gain around the relaxation oscillation frequency of the laser and a closed-loop phase margin larger than 50°. The relaxation oscillation peak in the intensity noise spectrum was completely suppressed in closed-loop operation, and a noise reduction of up to 24 dB was obtained.

The stability of pulse trains at 2.5 Gbit/s generated by Er-Yb:glass laser transmitters operated in frequency modulation and frequency modelocking regimes is comparatively analysed. Bit error rate measurements show a stability enhancement against cavity length detuning by a factor of ~7 when the laser is operated under asynchronous frequency modulation.

A simple technique, based on a double optoelectronic feedback loop, is proposed and demonstrated to suppress intensity noise in high bit rate pulse trains generated by a frequency-modulated Er-Yb:glass laser. Relaxation oscillation and frequency detuning noise components are reduced by 18.3 and 33 dB, respectively, achieving residual amplitude fluctuations of < 0.9%.

Pain and anxiety are integral parts of burn dressing care. Descriptions of pain and anxiety from the patients' perspectives enhance our understanding of their experiences. This descriptive study measured relationships between selfreported pain and anxiety. Twentyfour patients who had an uncomplicated flame or scald wound reported scores immediately before, immediately after, and ½ hour after dressing changes. Results indicated that pain and anxiety increased until day 4. Pain correlated with anxiety. Selfreport scores showed that pain and anxiety are perceived by patients in a similar manner. Selfreport scores are of great value because they indicate the degree of relief achieved with medication. Through the descriptive study, we found that the pain score immediately after dressing changes was greater than 3 on all study days. This finding indicates a need to further examine the way pain is managed with dressing changes. J Burn Care Rehabil 20002115761