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Purpose: To investigate the association between low-carbohydrate diet scores (LCDs) and the risk of type 2 diabetes in rural China. Methods: A total of 38,100 adults were included in the Henan Rural Cohort Study. Macronutrient intake was assessed via a validated food-frequency questionnaire to create low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) scores. Multivariate logistic regression models and subgroup analysis were performed to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Results: After multivariable adjustment, participants with a high total low-carbohydrate diet score have a high risk of T2D (extreme-quartile OR= 1.23, 95% CI: 1.04–1.41; P= 0.007), whereas plant-based LCD score is not related to T2D risk. Among individuals with a BMI < 24 (extreme-quartile OR= 1.22, 95% CI: 1.01–1.47; P< 0.001) or high levels of physical activity (extreme-quartile OR= 1.42, 95% CI: 1.17–1.72; P< 0.001), the animal-based LCD score is positively correlated with the risk of T2D. Conclusion: Among Chinese rural populations, high-fat-low carbohydrate diet is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. High intake of animal protein and fat also increases T2D risk in those who are overweight or have high physical activity.

Background: With the launch of the COVID-19 vaccines, the vaccination rate has become a hot issue of concern. However, the evidence for the relationship between college students’ attitudes toward vaccines and anxiety and depressive symptoms has been limited. Methods: In total, 140,259 college students were recruited using a cluster sampling method in Zhengzhou, Xinxiang, Xinyang city of Henan Province, China, May 21-27, 2021. Anxiety symptoms were determined by the Generalized Anxiety Disorder tool (GAD-7) and depressive symptoms were determined by the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Multiple logistic regression was performed to estimate the association between students’ attitudes toward the vaccines and anxiety and depressive symptoms. Results: The results indicate that 22.45% of students are unclear whether the vaccine can protect them from infection and 45.57% are unclear whether the vaccine is safe and has no side effects. In addition, after adjusting, the model showed that students who think vaccines can protect them and are safe had 0.128 (95%CI 0.110–0.150; Ptrend< 0.001) times lower risk of anxiety compared to their counterparts who think vaccines can neither protect them nor are safe. Similar ORs were found in depression (aOR = 0.157; 95%CI 0.137–0.180). Conclusion: This large-scale study has shown an association between symptoms of anxiety and depression and reluctance to obtain vaccination.

Pyrethroids (PYRs), a widely used class of insecticides, may pose a serious risk to human health. Our study aims to investigate the relationship between six PYRs and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) as well as type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and further explore the role of inflammatory indicators in their relationship. This study was conducted using a case–control design on 2701 individuals from the Henan Rural Cohort Study and measured six PYRs in plasma using gas chromatography–triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. By using generalized linear models, we investigated the potential relationships between six PYR exposures and the risk of IFG and T2DM. Inflammatory indicators were evaluated as mediators of the association between PYRs and T2DM using mediation analyses. After multiple variables were adjusted, per 1 unit increase in ln-cypermethrin and ln-deltamethrin was related to a 12.1% (odd ratio (OR 1.121, 95% confidence interval CI 1.059, 1.187) and an 8.1% (OR 1.081, 95% CI 1.033, 1.132) increased IFG risk, respectively. And there were statistically significant relationships between six PYRs and an increased risk of T2DM. Additionally, PYRs exposure significantly increased fasting plasma glucose, glycated hemoglobin, and HOMA2-IR levels, while they had inconsistent effects on fasting insulin and HOMA2-β levels. Furthermore, the relationship between cyfluthrin and T2DM is partly mediated by neutrophils (NE) and basophils (BASO), and the explainable percentages were 12.09% and 6.21%, respectively. The study showed that PYRs exposure is statistically significantly associated with the risk of developing IFG and T2DM in rural Chinese populations. In addition, NE and BASO partly mediated the association of cyfluthrin with T2DM.

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Purpose: Dinner–bedtime interval was reported to be associated with general obesity. However, the association between dinner–bedtime interval and abdominal obesity is still unclear. This study was conducted to investigate the association of dinner–bedtime interval and abdominal obesity. Methods: A total of 7600 participants from Henan rural cohort study were included in this study. A standard questionnaire was used to obtain the time of dinner and sleep by the way of face-to-face interview. Sleep quality of each participant was evaluated by Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Logistic regression and restricted cubic spline were used to assess the association between dinner–bedtime interval and abdominal obesity. Line regression was used to estimate the association between dinner–bedtime interval and lipid metabolism indexes. The mediation effect of sleep quality on the relationship between dinner–bedtime interval and abdominal obesity was evaluated. Results: In male, increased dinner–bedtime interval was associated with abdominal obesity risk (Adjusted OR: 1.084, 95% CI 1.009–1.164). Compared with participants with dinner–bedtime interval ≤ 2 h, those dinner–bedtime interval > 2 h had an elevated risk of abdominal obesity (Adjusted OR: 1.199, 95% CI 1.009–1.425). In addition, a positive linear dose–response relationship was detected between dinner–bedtime interval and abdominal obesity. Moreover, total cholesterol concentration increased by 0.047 mmol/L for each 1-h increase in dinner–bedtime interval (P= 0.019). In addition, sleep quality mediated 11.45% of the relationship between dinner–bedtime interval and abdominal obesity (adjusted mediation effect: − 0.010, 95% CI − 0.019 to − 0.003). But in female, these associations were not significant. Conclusion: It is suggested that increased dinner–bedtime interval was related to a higher risk of abdominal obesity in rural China and this association was differed by sex. Level of evidence: Level V: cross-sectional descriptive study.

Based on social exchange theory, this study provides a mediation-moderation model to examine how employees’ perception of ethical leadership may inspire employee loyalty through psychologically related resources. A total of 234 hotel employees in Southeast China were recruited as the research respondents. The results show that there is a significantly positive correlation between ethical leadership and employee loyalty. Psychological ownership and organizational justice are two mediating mechanisms in the linkage. Furthermore, power distance orientation moderates the effect of ethical leadership on these psychological processes. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed accordingly.

Professional hosts who operate more than one listing or in a full-time manner on peer-to-peer (P2P) accommodation sharing platforms are growing. This study investigates (1) the effect of customer evaluation on property performance through online traveler reviews, (2) the difference of property performance between host types, and (3) how the effect of customer evaluation on property performance varies by host types. A large-scale, longitudinal dataset of the entire State of California is used for econometric analyses. A property managed by a multi-listing host makes 27.8% more revenue per available night (RevPAN) than a property managed by a single-listing host in a month. In contrast, a property managed by a full-time host makes 23.8% less RevPAN than its counterpart managed by a part-time host. While customer evaluation positively affects listing performance, its effect is divergent between professional hosts, weaker for a multi-listing host but magnified for a full-time host.

The aims of this study were to explore the relationship of age at menarche with the incidence of hypertension in postmenopausal women and to examine whether the degree of obesity, as measured by body mass index (BMI), mediates the relationship. A total of 15361 postmenopausal women from the Henan Rural Cohort Study were included in this study. Subjects provided information on the age of menarche. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Mediation analysis was used to examine whether the association between age at menarche and hypertension was mediated by BMI, and calculate the proportion to which BMI contributed to this association. The means of the participant’s age at menarche and age at recruitment were 16.1 and 61.5 years, respectively. Each 1-year increment in age at menarche was associated with a 3.0% decrease in the risk of hypertension. Compared with the middle quintile (16 years), those who were in the late menarche quintile (≥18 years) had a lower risk of hypertension (OR, 0.876; 95% CI, 0.788–0.975; P= 0.015) after adjusting for age at recruitment, menopausal age, parity, and other potential confounders. The OR (95% CI) of a significant indirect effect of BMI on the age at menarche–hypertension association was 0.977 (0.973–0.981; P= 0.0020). Women with a history of late menarche had a lower risk of hypertension. BMI mediated the effect of age at menarche on hypertension.

Vitamin D deficiency was associated with obesity. But their causal relationship is still controversial. CYP27B1plays a direct role in circulating the concentration of 25(OH)D, which can be used to investigate causal relationships. In this study, allele T of rs10877012 and allele T of rs4646536 in CYP27B1were family-based linked with both vitamin D deficiency and obesity. In addition, both rs10877012 and rs4646536 were associated with serum 25(OH)D3levels between siblings but not BMI. Therefore, vitamin D deficiency may be a causal factor of obesity. Maintaining sufficient vitamin D is beneficial to obesity prevention.

Association between vitamin D receptor(VDR) genetic polymorphism and obesity was observed in several case-control studies. This study hypothesized that these associations could be verified in family-based study. We aimed at investigating the associations between VDRSNPs and obesity (BMI ≥ 28 kg/m2) by case-control study with 688 subjects and family-based study with 419 pedigrees. The results of case-control study suggested that rs3847987 (AC vs CC, Adjusted OR: 1.938, 95% CI: 1.359–2.763, P= 0.000405) was associated with obesity. Allele C of rs3847987 was risk factors for obesity (P= 0.006). Furthermore, association of rs3847987 with BMI was verified in family-based study (Z= 2.077, P= 0.037811). In addition, sibling with AC genotype of rs3847987 had significant higher BMI than CC genotype in the same family (P= 0.03). Therefore, it could be concluded that VDRgenetic polymorphism (rs3847987) may be associated with obesity.

Given the growing momentum of the sharing economy and the importance of trust in its peer-to-peer sector, this study theoretically develops and empirically investigates trust constructs, their antecedents, and perceived risk related to repurchase intention in the home-sharing economy. Our results reveal that antecedents of trust-in-hosts encompass experience-, calculative-, cognition-, and personality-based trust, whereas perceived security, perceived privacy, perceived website quality, and social presence are antecedents of trust-in-platform. Trust-in-hosts and trust-in-platform are distinct trust constructs that independently and positively affect travelers’ repurchase intentions. In addition, perceived risk positively moderates the effects of these two trust constructs on repurchase intention. The platform and vendor must foster consumer trust to promote a trustworthy home-sharing business.

The aim of the present study was to examine the prevalence, awareness, treatment, control, and potentially influencing factors of high blood pressure (HBP) in Chinese rural adults based on a cross-sectional study. Using data from the Rural Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle (RuralDiab) study, a total of 30,834 participants aged 18–74 years were enrolled for the epidemiological study. The multivariate logistic regression model including all selected potentially influencing factors was carried out for the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Overall, a total of 9872 individuals were diagnosed as HBP (32.02%) with substantial imparity between men and women (32.87% vs. 30.58%), and the corresponding age-standardized prevalence of HBP were 19.50% (20.94% in men and 18.85% in women). Among the HBP patients, 6654 were aware of the diagnosis (67.40%), 5391 were taking medication (54.61%), and 2572 had their blood pressure controlled (26.05%).The corresponding age-adjusted awareness, treatment, and control of HBP were 59.35%, 45.91%, and 23.87%, respectively, and the corresponding rates were higher in women than those in men. The age-specific prevalence and management rates of HBP displayed increased trends with aging in both sexes(Ptrend< 0.05). Aging, low level of education, unhealthy lifestyle, positive family history of hypertension, overweight, obesity, diabetes, and dyslipidemia were associated with the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of HBP. In conclusion, uncontrolled HBP was common with high prevalence in Chinese rural residents. Strengthening the primary prevention through lifestyle modifications is necessary for reducing the disease burden and improving the management rates of HBP.

Developmental exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) has been indicated to pose long-lasting effects on brain development and behaviors in adulthood. Previous studies have also shown that BPA may disrupt the epigenetic programming of genes in the brain. Here, we focused on investigating the effects of perinatal exposure to low-dose BPA on learning/memory function and emotional regulation, as well as the associated molecular events. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were treated with control corn oil or BPA (40 μg kg−1per day) throughout gestation and lactation. Morris water maze (MWM) and elevated plus maze (EPM) were used to evaluate learning/memory and anxiety-like behaviors at postnatal day (PND) 60 and 85 respectively. The expression level of mRNA for estrogen receptors (ER), ERα and ERβ, in the hippocampus and the serum corticosterone level were determined, as well as the DNA methylation status of the ERα gene promoter. Perinatal exposure to BPA prolonged the escape latency independent of gender, and decreased the percentage of time spent in the target quadrant when examined in the MWM task. While no substantial alteration was observed in the EPM test, the serum corticosterone level was altered in a gender-specific manner. BPA also decreased the expression of mRNA for ERα in the hippocampus, along with elevated DNA methylation of the ERα gene promoter. These results suggest that perinatal exposure to BPA impairs learning/memory function and elevated DNA methylation of the ERα gene in the hippocampus may be involved.

This study examined learning outcomes for students who were enrolled in an introductory cooking course that used online taped videos. The study sample was composed of 206 students enrolled in online taped video classes and 184 enrolled in traditional live classes. The students in both groups received the same teaching instructions except for the demonstration delivery methods. A 2-way mixed design was used to test for significant differences in student performance between 2 instructional delivery methods (i.e., online taped video and live class demonstration) for both individual and team tasks. The results indicated that both delivery methods produced similar student performance levels when individual and team tasks were considered together. However, students taught by the online delivery method had better group performance than students taught by the traditional method. The findings suggest that the online delivery method should be utilized in culinary arts education; however, efforts to enhance group synergy could enhance group performance in educational environments that use this delivery method.

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to determine the discrepancies, if any, in the competencies being taught in the classroom for hospitality tourism students versus what lodging and food and beverage professionals believe are the most important competencies to be taught. Personal interviews were conducted with both educators of, and industry professionals working in, lodging management, and the food and beverage industry. The results, incorporated into a competency domain model, indicate that there are small gaps between professionals and educators in both industries. This discovery suggests that lines of communication are not fully open between educators and professionals.

Background: There are few studies on the hyperuricemia (HUA) and moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity (PA) and also hardly regarding sitting time (ST). The purpose of this study was to examine the independent and interactive association of PA and ST with HUA. Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was performed on 38,855 participants (aged 18–79) enrolled from the Henan Rural Cohort Study at baseline (2015 to 2017). PA and ST levels were assessed by using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). HUA was defined as a serum uric acid level of > 7.0 mg/dL for males and > 6.0 mg/dL for females. Multivariable logistic regression and linear regression models were applied to examine the independent association between PA or ST and HUA and serum uric acid level. Interaction plots were used to visualize the interaction effects of PA and ST on HUA. Results: PA level was inversely related with serum uric acid level (β− 0.15, 95% confidence interval (CI) − 0.22, − 0.07), but ST was positively related with uric acid level (β2.12, 95% CI 1.90, 2.34). Metabolic equivalent (MET-hour/day) was associated with decreased prevalence of HUA (odds ratio (OR) 0.97, 95% CI 0.96, 0.99), while per hour increased for ST was associated with increased HUA (OR 1.05, 95% CI 1.04, 1.06). The interaction of PA and ST was significant (P&lt; 0.001). Conclusion: Exposure to higher ST was independently related to increased prevalence of HUA, while vigorous PA with a decreased HUA prevalence. Meanwhile, higher daily ST might attenuate the protective effect of PA on HUA. Trial registration: The Henan Rural Cohort Study has been registered at Chinese Clinical Trial Register (Registration number: ChiCTR-OOC-15006699).

ABSTRACTThis research examines pre-2005 restaurant valuation literature in an effort to identify unexplored areas in this emerging field. Although much has been written regarding valuation in general, there has been very little appraisal literature focusing specifically on restaurants. Of the research that has been conducted, there has been some controversy about whether the appropriate value of a restaurant is a market value or a going concern value. We also explore the continuing usage of “rules of thumb” in restaurant valuation. Although these rules are often based in theory as well as practice, their breadth can severely limit their usefulness. Accordingly, we examine the prevalence of rule-of-thumb usage in the literature and hope that this may motivate academic researchers to find evidence of the relative accuracy of these informal tools.

Long-stay tourism is a diverse and lesser-known form of tourism that, despite its increasing scale and impact, has only recently become a focus of research. Long-stay destination attributes have typically been examined in the context of international retirement migration; however, little is known about long-stay tourist behavior in domestic rural destinations. Over the past decade, long-stay tourism has been increasingly considered a potential tool for rural communities seeking social and economic revitalization. Drawing upon the stimulus–organism–response model and residential mobility theory, this paper proposes and tests a model to understand the psychological needs of long-stay tourists and the relationships of these needs with visitors’ destination attributes and preferences. Using data collected from residents of three first-tier cities in China (Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou), results reveal five destination selection themes: familiarity, comfort, rurality, wellness, and publicity. The findings also unveil the salience of each dimension through conjoint analysis. This study enriches and extends the literature on long-stay tourism and tourists, especially within Chinese rural destinations.

Depression and anxiety are top contributors to non-fatal health loss globally. Several studies have indicated the association between residential greenness and mental health.