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Sexual differentiation and maintenance of masculinity in crustaceans has been suggested as being regulated by a single androgenic gland (AG) insulin-like peptide (IAG). However, downstream elements involved in the signaling cascade remain unknown. Here we identified and characterized a gene encoding an insulin-like receptor in the prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii(Mr-IR), the first such gene detected in a decapod crustacean. In mining for IRs and other insulin signaling-related genes, we constructed a comprehensive M. rosenbergiitranscriptomic library from multiple sources. In parallel we sequenced the complete Mr-IRcDNA, confirmed in the wide transcriptomic library. Mr-IRexpression was detected in most tissues in both males and females, including the AG and gonads. To study Mr-IRfunction, we performed long-term RNA interference (RNAi) silencing in young male prawns. Although having no effect on growth, Mr-IRsilencing advanced the appearance of a male-specific secondary trait. The most noted effects of Mr-IRsilencing were hypertrophy of the AG and the associated increased production of Mr-IAG, with an unusual abundance of immature sperm cells being seen in the distal sperm duct. A ligand blot assay using de novo recombinant Mr-IAG confirmed the existence of a ligand-receptor interaction. Whereas these results suggest a role for Mr-IR in the regulation of the AG, we did not see any sexual shift after silencing of Mr-IR,as occurred when the ligand-encoding Mr-IAGgene was silenced. This suggests that sexual differentiation in crustaceans involve more than a single Mr-IAG receptor, emphasizing the complexity of sexual differentiation and maintenance.

PurposeTo investigate the correlation between clinical characteristics, radiologic features, treatment modalities, and treatment outcome of glandular odontogenic cyst, and to suggest a treatment protocol based on these results.Patients and methodsThe study included a total of 56 cases, 49 from the literature and 7 new cases. Demographic data, locularity and radiographic extension, cortical plate integrity, treatment modalities, follow-up, and recurrence were analyzed.ResultsThere were 34 male and 22 female patients aged 14 to 74 years (mean, 48 years). The mandible was involved in 41 cases (73.2%) and the maxilla in 15 (26.8%), predominantly in the anterior region; 53.6% of the lesions were unilocular and 46.4% multilocular. Large lesions were found in 78.5% of cases. Cortical integrity was compromised in 53.6% (cortical perforation in 39.3% and thinning or erosion of the cortical plate in 14.3%). Recurrence occurred at a rate of 29.2%, within 0.5 to 7 years (mean, 2.9 years). Mean follow-up was also 2.9 years. Two patients had 3 recurrences each. Recurrence was associated with minor surgery such as enucleation or curettage; none of the patients treated by peripheral ostectomy, marginal resection, or partial jaw resection had a recurrence. Compared with the patients without recurrence, the recurrence group had a higher frequency of multilocularity than the nonrecurrent group (64.3% vs 41.2%) and of compromised cortical integrity (71.4% vs 47.1%).ConclusionGlandular odontogenic cyst is an aggressive lesion. Treatment by enucleation or curettage alone is associated with a high recurrence rate. Small unilocular lesions can be treated by enucleation. In large uni- or multilocular lesions, an initial biopsy is recommended. Surgical treatment of large lesions should include enucleation with peripheral ostectomy for unilocular cases and marginal resection or partial jaw resection in multilocular cases. Marsupialization followed by second phase surgery is an option for lesions approaching vital structures. Follow-up should continue for at least 3 years (up to 7 years in cases with features associated with increased risk).

The Einstein universe is a simple model describing a static cosmological spacetime, having a constant radius and a constant curvature, and, as is well known, it does not describe our universe. We propose a model which is an extension of Einstein's. Our metric, havingR × S3 topology, describes a nonisotropic homogeneous closed (finite) universe of Bianchi type IX. This metric is similar to that of Taub, but is simpler. Unlike the Taub solution (which is a cosmological extension of the NUT solution), however, the universe described by our metric contains matter. Like the Taub metric, our metric has two positive constants (t, T). The gravitational red shift calculated from our metric is given. Similarly to the Schwarzschild metric, which has a “singularity” atr = 2m, this metric has the same kind of “singularity” att = 2t. The maximal extension of the coordinates in our metric is fairly analogous to that of the Schwarzschild metric.

The Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome is extremely rare in children. The case of an 11-year-old girl presenting meningeal signs with liquor pleocytosis, bilateral swelling of optic discs, uveitis and detachments has been documented by means of monochromatic fundus photographs obtained before and during corticosteroid treatment.

Summary A case is described of pituitary apoplexy and consequent blindness during carotid angiography. The possibility of haemorrhage from the fragile pathological vessels of the tumour due to an increase in pressure in the carotid system during angiography is discussed.

We show that the change of the laser energy induces a frequency shift and broadening of the GeGe resonant Raman line in Ge5Si5/Si QWs. This is explained by the existence of interfacial terraces, a conclusion supported by the study of QWs of different multiplicities: (i) The GeSi line broadens with QW multiplicity suggesting a wider distribution of terraces with increasing number of QWs. (ii) The GeGe vibration is confined and does not propagate into the Si barrier, its line width and frequency depends on the QW width and therefore on the QWs multiplicity. (iii) The number of QWs affects the confined electronic states.

TO THE EDITOR. —Optic neuropathy has been described in viral diseases such as measles, mumps, chicken pox, rubella, influenza, after influenza vaccination, poliomyelitis, coxsackie virus infection, psittacosis, herpes zoster, infectious mononucleosis, pertussis, and disseminated encephalomyelitis that may accompany viral illness.1,2 The possibility of optic neuropathy associated with the viral epidemic keratoconjunctivitis is less known. In this context we found in the literature only the article by Benko and Sipos,3 who, in the winter of 1963, observed three cases of optic neuritis among 200 cases of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis which they studied. Since then, we are not aware of another publication of a similar complication of this viral disease. REPORT OF A CASE. —A 41-year-old man developed steroid-induced cataracts and was successfully operated on in January 1985, two years after a kidney transplant and daily treatment with 150 mg of azathioprine sodium and 15 mg of prednisone. As a