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Neuronal networks often express coherent oscillatory activity. These rhythms can pro­vide a temporal reference for the activity of single neurons and allow the formation of spatiotemporal activity patterns with a de­fined phase relationship of action potentials. In a single brain nucleus, oscillations at dif­ferent frequencies might be simultaneous­ly generated, but isolated rhythms might also be characteristic for specific functional brain states. During the last two decades the mam­malian hippocampus has become an impor­tant model system for the study of neuronal network oscillations. In this brain area, cel­lular mechanisms underlying neuronal syn­chronization have been described, but also models were developed to explain the con­tribution of oscillations in encoding, con­solidation, and recall of memories. Neuro­nal rhythmic activities provide an impor­tant field of analysis bringing together cel­lular mechanisms and systemic functions of the brain. Here, we use a particularly fast type of neuronal oscillation, hippocampal “rip­ples”, as an example to outline current knowl­edge and open questions related with this re­search field.

To report that antibodies to synaptic proteins may occur in association with slow, progressive cognitive decline.

Corrosion experiments on a number of rare earth di-silicates containing Y, Yb and Lu have been conducted in flowing air with 30 vol.% H2O at 1500°C. Nominally the corrosion rate is slower by a factor 5 to 10 compared to silica. However, alumina impurity incorporation has a profound influence on the process of corrosion as it masks not only the gravimetric results but also changes the surface phase assemblages to contain rare earth garnets and liquid phases. It is presumed that silica loss occurs under those conditions via the liquid phase and does not necessarily follow the same kinetics as direct silicate corrosion. Furthermore, atmospheric silicon hydroxide saturation effects contribute to the corrosion process. Currently all determined corrosion rates of rare earth silicates are viewed as system specific only.

The effects of soil applications of nitrogen on the quality of fresh and dried fruit from 12-year-old apricot Prunus armeniaca cultivar Moorpark trees growing on an orthic Tenosol in the Riverland region of South Australia were studied over 3 years. The experiment was set up in a randomised complete block design with 6 annual rates of nitrogen (0, 250, 500, 750, 1000 and 1250 g/tree.year) applied in the form of ammonium nitrate. Application was split into 30% at budburst, 30% six weeks after budburst and 40% after harvest. Firmness of fruit was significantly reduced as the rate of applied nitrogen increased. The flesh of individual fruits ripened more evenly when 0 or 250 g nitrogen/tree.year was applied, compared with rates in the range 500?1250 g nitrogen/tree.year. Application of nitrogen significantly increased the pH of fruit. The total soluble solids level of fruit from trees that received 0 or 250 g nitrogen/tree.year, was significantly lower than from trees that received 750 or 1250, but not 1000 g nitrogen/tree.year. Application of nitrogen did not significantly affect the concentration of sulfur dioxide in fresh fruit measured after sulfuring, but the concentration of sulfur dioxide in fruit at the completion of drying was significantly increased. The application of nitrogen did not affect the drying ratio of fruit. Nitrogen application increased the rate of darkening of dried apricots in storage in each of the three years. Relationships were found between time taken for dried apricots to darken to an unacceptable level and nitrogen concentration in harvested fruit. It is suggested that to assist in the management of darkening of dried apricots in storage, annual nitrogen application rates on an orthic Tenosol need to be below 500 g/tree.year and ideally below 250 g/tree.year.

The effect of soil-applied nitrogen on the growth and yield of 12-year-old apricot Prunus armeniaca cultivar Moorpark trees growing on an orthic Tenosol in the Riverland region of South Australia was studied over 3 years. The experiment was set up in a randomised complete block design with 6 annual rates of nitrogen (0, 250, 500, 750, 1000 and 1250 g/tree.year) applied in the form of ammonium nitrate. Application was split into 30% at budburst, 30% 6 weeks after budburst and 40% after harvest. Growth in trunk circumference was significantly greater at 750 and 1000 g/tree.year than at the other rates of nitrogen. In years 1 and 2, the weight of water shoot growth removed at pruning was significantly higher at nitrogen rates of 750?1250 g/tree.year than from trees that received no nitrogen. It is suggested that for Moorpark apricots growing on an orthic Tenosol, applying nitrogen at rates of 750 g/tree.year and above produces levels of water shoot growth that are undesirable for tree management. Nitrogen application resulted in darker and more vivid green leaves as measured with a Minolta Chroma Meter. Concentration of nitrogen in mid-shoot leaves was increased with increase in applied nitrogen. Fruit size was significantly increased by applied nitrogen in year 1, but fruit size was not significantly affected in years 2 and 3. Nitrogen application increased fruit set in the second and third year. Yield of fresh fruit was not significantly affected in the first year, but was in subsequent years with the maximum yield obtained at a rate of 1000 g/tree.year of nitrogen in both years. Yield of dried fruit followed similar trends to that of fresh fruit. Fruit maturation was delayed by 4 to 8 days by nitrogen application. After 3 years, applying nitrogen at 1250 g/tree.year the pH of soil in the top 15 cm was 4.7 compared with 6.7 where no nitrogen was applied.

Electrochemical thiocyanation of the dodecahydro-7,8-dicarba-nido-undecaborate and 7,8-dimethyldecahydro-7,8-dicarba-nido-undecaborate monoanions afforded thiocyanate derivatives of these compounds, which were isolated as alkylammonium salts. The structures of the synthesized compounds were determined by the data from IR, 1H and 11B NMR, and 11B-11B NMR COSY spectroscopy.

A convenient electrochemical method for the synthesis of 8,8′-dihalogen derivatives of bis(1,2-dicarbollyl)cobalt(III) anion [8,8′X2-3,3′-Co(1,2-C2B9H10)]−(X = Cl, Br, I) was developed. The method includes the electrolysis of a solution of alkaline metal halide and tetramethylammonium salt of bis(1,2-dicarbollyl)cobalt(III) in methanol at 50 °C in a one-compartment electrochemical cell with a nickel cathode and platinum anode.

Relationships between darkening of dried apricots in storage and nutrient concentrations in mid-shoot leaves and fresh fruit collected at harvest were studied. Commercial orchards were sampled for 3 growing seasons throughout the irrigation districts of Berri, Loxton and Renmark in South Australia. Darkening of dried apricots was assessed as the time taken for the optical absorbance of 50% ethanolic extracts of the dried fruit to reach 0.3, hereafter referred to as weeks to OD 0.3. Linear or quadratic relationships were found between weeks to OD 0.3 and (i) nitrogen, calcium, magnesium, sodium, chloride, sulfur, boron and copper concentrations in both leaves and fresh fruit; (ii) potassium and iron concentrations in leaves; and (iii) phosphorus and manganese concentrations infresh fruit. However, for nutrients other than nitrogen, relationships were not found consistently in each of the 3 growing seasons. Further, although statistically significant, the relationships were of little predictive value, with coefficients of determination (r 2 ) as low as 0.03. Coefficients of determination for the relationships between weeks to OD 0.3 and nitrogen concentrations in fresh fruit, were 0.73 in 1992–93, 0.20 in 1993–94, 0.51 in 1994–95 and 0.61 for the 3 seasons’ data combined (1993–95). It is suggested that nitrogen concentration in fruit at harvest is a useful tool to predict the darkening of dried apricots during storage.

The complex salts [(o-C2B9H11)2M3+]2M'2+·4bipy, where M = Fe, Co, or Ni, M' = Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Mn (M ≠ M'), and bipy is 2,2'-bipyridyl, were synthesized. The salts with M = Ni decompose to give 3-(2,2'-bipyridyl)-3,1,2-nickelacarborane, when refluxed in alcohol, and to give 2-(2,2'-bipyridyl)-2,1,7-nickel acarborane, when refluxed in dodecane (216°C).

Isothermal calorimetric titrations (ITC), circular dichroism (CD), and UV spectroscopy have been employed to investigate and quantify binding of the enantiomers of N-3,5-dinitrobenzoyl-leucine (DNB-Leu) and nonchiral N-3,5-dinitrobenzoyl-glycine (DNB-Gly), denoted as selectands (SAs) to the following chiral selectors (SOs):  quinine (QN), quinidine (QD) and their derivatives O9-tert-butylcarbamoyl quinine (t-BuCQN) and O9-tert-butylcarbamoyl quinidine (t-BuCQD). The results reveal that DNB-Leu binds to all SOs in a 1:1 association mode. Although DNB-Leu exhibits higher affinity for QN and QD than for t-BuCQN and t-BuCQD, no preferential binding of any of the two DNB-Leu enantiomers to QN or QD was observed. By contrast, t-BuCQN binds (S)-DNB-Leu with high enantioselectivity (Kb,S/Kb,R ≈ 10), whereas the t-BuCQD derivative shows similarly high selectivity for the (R)-DNB-Leu enantiomer (Kb,R/Kb,S ≈ 10). The results of optical (CD, UV) titrations of t-BuCQN with (S)-DNB-Leu and t-BuCQD with (R)-DNB-Leu are fully consistent with those obtained from the corresponding calorimetric titrations. The induced CD spectra of (S)-DNB-Leu-t-BuCQN and (R)-DNB-Leu-t-BuCQD ionic complexes display bands of opposite sign indicating that binding of DNB-Leu enantiomers within the SOs molecules occurs at well-defined domains in a “pseudo-enantiomeric fashion” (Lämmerhofer and Lindner, J. Chromatog. 1996, 741, 33). The relative binding constants derived from ITC, UV, and CD titrations are in good agreement with the enantioseparation factors observed with the corresponding immobilized SO versions under HPLC conditions in prior studies. The thermodynamic analysis shows that the ion-pair formation between cinchona alkaloid type SOs and DNB-leucine is a strongly enthalpy-driven process (%@mt;sys@%Δ%@ital@%H%@rsf@%%@/xs;55;%lnwidth@%°%@/xs;63;(%lnwidth-x55)@%%@mh;-x63@%%@sb@%b%@sbx@%%@mx@% up to −38 kJ/mol), accompanied by unfavorable entropic contributions (%@mt;sys@%%@ital@%T%@rsf@%Δ%@ital@%S%@rsf@%%@/xs;55;%lnwidth@%°%@/xs;63;(%lnwidth-x55)@%%@mh;-x63@%%@sb@%b%@sbx@%%@mh;1.5q@%%@ital@%T%@rsf@%Δ%@ital@%S%@rsf@%%@xs;55;%lnwidth@%°%@/xs;63;(%lnwidth-x55)@%%@mh;-x63@%%@sb@%b%@sbx@%%@mx@% up to −15 kJ/mol). The observed highly exothermic %@mt;sys@%Δ%@ital@%H%@rsf@%%@/xs;55;%lnwidth@%°%@/xs;63;(%lnwidth-x55)@%%@mh;-x63@%%@sb@%b%@sbx@%%@mx@% values result most likely from the attractive noncovalent intermolecular interactions, such as van der Waals interactions, hydrogen bonding and π−π interactions, whereas the negative entropy contributions apparently reflect the generation of highly ordered bimolecular ionic associates.

A procedure for the synthesis of (R)- and (S)-enantiomers of α-carbon deuterium-labelled α-amino acids, exemplified for (R)- and (S)-[2-²H1]-Leu is described. Starting from the respective (S)- or (R)-enantiomer or from the racemic mixture of an α-amino acid the selective proton exchange at the α-carbon is carried out by racemization via a Schiff base in monodeuterated acetic acid as solvent which serves as deuterium source. After N-protection the racemic mixture is liquid chromatographically separated into the individual (R)- and (S)-enantiomers on preparative scale employing a chiral anion exchanger based on carbamoylated quinine as chiral selector. After deprotection the enantiomerically pure products can be obtained in good yields. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Cadmium (Cd) has been identified as a potential contaminant in foods posing health risks to humans and, in Australia, potatoes (Solanum tuberosumL.) have been identified as contributing a large proportion of the average dietary Cd intake. To assess the concentrations of Cd in Australian potatoes and soil factors likely to lead to high Cd concentrations, commercial crops and soils were sampled at 352 sites throughout potato production areas in Australia. Across all states, fresh weight (FW) tuber Cd concentrations ranged from 0.004 to 0.232 mg kg−1with an overall mean value of 0.041 and a median of 0.033 mg kg−1(FW). Approximately 92 samples out of 359 (25.6%) exceeded the current maximum permitted concentration (MPC) of 0.05 mg kg−1(FW) and 18 (5.0%) exceeded 0.1 mg kg−1(FW). Concentrations of Cd (EDTA‐extractable) in topsoils ranged from 0.01 to 0.59 mg kg−1with mean and median values of 0.14 and 0.10 mg kg−1, respectively. There was no relationship between Cd concentrations in soil and tubers. Stepwise forward multiple regression analysis of the data indicated that Cl and Zn concentrations in the topsoil, soil pH, and potato cultivar accounted for 57% of the variation in tuber Cd concentrations, with Cl being the dominant factor. Comparison of soil‐plant transfer coefficients (TCs) for Cd with limited international data sets suggests that TCs for Australian soils used for potato production are relatively high.

A dual-wavelength heterodyne differential interferometer was developed and tested together with scanning mechanics. To extend the range of unambiguity, two wavelengths were applied. This is important for measuring structures with surface discontinuities (reliefs, steps). The automatic adjustment of the interferometer with respect to the rotational symmetrical measuring surfaces (aspheres) is important. An adjustment is needed to scan the asphere through its vertex. Typical measurements on a sphere, an asphere, and steps are shown.

Cadmium (Cd) has accumulated in many agricultural soils in Australia due to fertilization with phosphatic fertilizers that contained Cd as an impurity. Nine field and seven glasshouse experiments using light-textured soils were conducted to investigate the effect of current-season applications of calcitic lime on i) soil pHw, ii) tuber yield, and iii) Cd accumulation in tubers of a range of processing (Russet Burbank, Atlantic, Shepody and Kennebec) and fresh market (Crystal, Pontiac and Desiree) potato cultivars. Liming increased soil pH values by up to 2 units. Yields of potato tubers were generally unaffected by liming. Under glasshouse conditions, significant reductions in tuber Cd concentrations were found after liming of soils. In contrast, in the field, application of calcitic lime at rates up to 20 t ha−1had either no effect or significantly (p<0.05) increased tuber Cd concentrations. Concentrations of Cd in tubers were closely correlated (R2=0.74,p<0.001) with concentrations of chloride (Cl). The lack of any beneficial effect of lime application in reducing tuber Cd concentrations under field conditions is attributed to a combination of ineffective mixing of lime throughout the whole root zone, inadequate time of reaction of lime with soil, competitive desorption of Cd2+by Ca2+and low soil moisture inhibiting lime dissolution under field conditions. Further work is required to resolve which mechanisms are most important.

In some areas of southern Australia, cadmium (Cd) concentrations in excess of the Australian maximum permitted concentration (0.05 mg kg-1fresh weight) have been found in tubers of commercially grown potato (Solanum tuberosumL.) crops. Field experiments were therefore conducted in various regions of Australia to determine if Cd uptake by potatoes could be minimised by changes in either phosphorus (P), potassium (K) or zinc (Zn) fertilizer management. Changing the chemical form in which either P fertilizer (monoammonium phosphate, diammonium phosphate, single superphosphate and reactive rock phosphate) or K fertilizer (potassium chloride and potassium sulfate) were added to crops had little influence on tuber Cd concentrations. Fertilizer Cd concentrations also had little influence on tuber Cd concentrations, suggesting that residual Cd in the soil was a major contributor to Cd uptake by the crops on these soils. Addition of Zn at planting (up to 100 kg Zn ha-1) significantly reduced tuber Cd concentrations at four of the five sites studied. However, the largest variation was between sites rather than between treatments, with site mean tuber Cd concentrations varying tenfold (from 0.018 to 0.177 mg Cd kg-1fresh weight). Factors associated with irrigation water quality at the sites, in particular the chloride concentration, appeared to dominate any effects of changing fertilizer type or Cd concentration.

This paper describes the development and calibration of a simple on farm quick test for sap nitrate-N in potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L). A description is given of the plant tissue to sample, bulk sampling procedures, sap extraction, dilution and measurement of sap nitrate-N. Thirty petioles of the youngest fully expanded leaves per plot were collected and bulked. Segments 10-20 mm long were excised from near the centre of each petiole, crushed and the sap collected. One mL of this sap was diluted a hundred-fold. The concentration of nitrate-N in sap was determined by immersing a test strip into the 1: 100 diluted sap extract and then reading the intensity of colour in the strip by reflectometric analysis with a simple, hand held meter. Three strips were read for each sample tested. Standard solutions were used to calibrate test strips.Linear regression equations were used to investigate the relationships between nitrate-N concentration determined in sap and dry matter. A highly significant linear relationship was found between nitrate-N concentration as determined in sap (by the quick test method) and that in dry matter (by a laboratory method), (R2 = 0.89***). Effects of site, cultivar, sampling time and certain interactions although significant were of low magnitude and in total accounted for only 7.9% of the total variation in the above relationship. Depending on sampling times, the estimated critical nutrient ranges (CNR) of sap nitrate-N for 95 and 100% of maximum tuber yield varied from 1366.1-1443.7 mg/L, at the first sampling time to 530.0-826.5 mg/L at the Gnal sampling time. These CNR can be used as 'target' levels in crop monitoring programs aimed at efficient N management. The quick test for sap nitrate-N can be used to monitor the N status of crops and recorded nitrate levels compared to our CNR and N applied if needed before significant reductions in yield occur. Each test on collected petioles took only 10 minutes. Costs of equipment and materials for a run of 500 samples (with 3 test strips per sample) were approximately $A2 per sample.This sap test offers a rapid, accurate method for plant tissue nitrate-N analysis that permits the grower or consultant to sample, analyse and monitor potato crops on-farm at a modest cost and could easily be extended to many other crops.

This paper describes the derivation of critical nutrient ranges (CNR) for nitrate-N in petioles of potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L.) at different sampling times during crop growth for use as interpretation standards or 'target' levels when assessing plant nitrogen (N) status. Nine rates of N from 0 to 320 kg/ha were applied in randomised block experiments to the cultivars Atlantic, Coliban or Kennebec at 5 sites over 2 years. Petioles of the youngest fully expanded leaves were analysed for nitrate-N at 5 sampling times. Petiole samples were collected when the length of the longest tuber was <2, 10, 25, 35 and 50 mm.Rates of applied N required for 95 and 100% of maximum yield ranged from 87 - 261 kg/ha across sites. Sensitivity of nitrate-N levels to variations in N supply depended on site and petiole sampling time. The first sampling time was too early to reliably detect N deficiency except in very deficient situations. However, at later sampling times coefficients of determination (R2) for the relationships between nitrate-N concentrations and tuber yield were significant except on one occasion for the cultivar Atlantic.The CNR decreased from 2.71 - 2.97% nitrate-N at the first petiole sampling time to 0.99 - 1.60% at the final sampling time. CNR for nitrate-N at each sampling time was relatively narrow. Effects of site and cultivar on the CNR values established for nitrate-N were not significant, however sampling time had a significant effect on CNR values. Hence the importance of carefully specifying petiole sampling time to ensure correct interpretation of plant test data.We have shown that CNR can be established for nitrate-N concentrations in petioles and that these are useful to monitor the N status of potato plants during crop growth.

The purpose of this experiment was to refine the measurement of individual differences in the utilization of learned material and to explore further its relationship to creativity. The refinements were: (1) Ss memorized a list of 12 pairs of words, all of which could be used as learned and (2) Ss were not given any clues of constructional uses of the experimental words when given the problem of writing stories on topics assigned. Ss were asked to write creative stories using as many of the learned words as possible. The results strengthened previous findings that the functioning of associative bonds, the active fragmenting of associative bonds, and the process of regrouping memorized material are measurable, stable phenomena. Attempts to find relationships between measures of word usage and measures of (a) creativity, (b) originality, (c) intelligence, (d) learning, and (e) solving a human-relations problem met with failure, further indicating the need to concentrate our efforts on direct measurement of the creative process rather than inferring it from the evaluation of an end product labeled “creative,” “original,” or “innovative.”

1.Under the action of peroxides or UV radiation mercuric alkanoates undergo initiated free-radical decarboxylation with formation of alkylmercury compounds.2.For the lower alkanoates — mercuric acetate and propionate — the decarboxylation reaction has a chain character and provides a convenient method for the synthesis of organomercury compounds, particularly (alkanoyloxy) methylmercurys.3.In the aromatic series the decarboxylation of mercuric salts goes much less readily. The introduction of a substituent into the aromatic nucleus hinders the decarboxylation of mercuric arenecarboxylates.4.Mercurous carboxylates react with peroxy compounds with formation of organomercury compounds. The reaction is of preparative interest and can be applied for the fixation of free radicals in the liquid phase.

Die Beziehungen zwischen dem INH-Blutspiegel und der INH-Konzentration im Harn werden untersucht. Es besteht eine enge Korrelation, die eine indirekte Ermittlung des Blutspiegels erlaubt. Einem Blutspiegel von 0,75–1,25 μg INH/ml entspricht eine Harnkonzentration von ∼ 100 μg INH.

To determine whether the receptivity and effectiveness of hints was related to the length of time Ss had spent on a problem before receiving them, a good and a poor hint were used in the Hatrack Problem (Maier, 1945) with 383 male college students, who were individually tested. Three stages of problem solving were selected for each hint in order to measure the importance of timing. These were as follows: (1) at the outset, before problem-solving activity had started, (2) at a point when Ss were about to give up after experiencing a variety of failures, and (3) at an intermediate stage when Smight be actively involved in exploring his own ideas. (1) Differences attributable to the stages at which the hints were introduced were not significant for either hint. This similarity seemed to result from the manner in which the hints interrupted ongoing activity. Ss were told that the hint was applicable. (2) The analysis of activity following the hint supported an earlier study demonstrating that the effect of the hint was to eliminate activity incongruous with it. Thus the value of each hint depended upon the incorrect activity it eliminated. (3) The timing of the hint did not influence subsequent problem-solving activity.

By means of electrochemical iodination and bromination of potassium dodecahydro-7,8-dicarba-nido-undecaborate, extracted are monoiodide and monobromide derivatives in the form of alkylammonium salts with preparative yields. Their structure is confirmed by the data of elemental analysis and IR and 11B NMR spectroscopy.

The ionic complexes [C5H5Co(L)(Ph2PMe)I]+[I]-(L = Ph3P and Ph2PMe) were prepared by the reactions of cyclopentadienyl(triphenylphosphine)cobalt and cyclopentadienyl(methyldiphenylphosphine)cobalt diiodides with methyldiphenylphosphine. The treatment of these complexes with sodium tetraphenylborate results in the formation of [C5H5Co(L)(Ph2PMe)I]+[BPh4]-compounds.

Dicyclopentadienyldithienyltitanium (C5H5)2Ti(C4H3S)2was reacted with valine, leucine, and isoleucine hydrochlorides to obtain the corresponding titanocene aminoacylates (C5H5)2Ti[OCOCH(NH3Cl)R]2.

The dependence of the yield of p-cyclopentadienyl(nitrosyl)nickel on the conditions of its electrochemical synthesis from cyclopentadiene under an atmosphere of nitric oxide has been studied with the use of a nickel anode. The general character of the reaction has been demonstrated by its extention to monosubstituted ethyl-, isopropyl-, and benzoylcyclopentadienes.

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.

Potato tubers can accumulate high concentrations of cadmium (Cd) in edible portions, so that techniques to determine high risk Cd environments are required by growers. The use of combined soil and irrigation water analyses prior to crop planting was investigated as a means to predict risks of Cd accumulation in tubers. Soils and irrigation waters were analysed at 134 sites in the major potato production areas in Western Australia, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, and New South Wales. Irrigation waters were analysed for electrical conductivity (EC), major cations, and anions. Cadmium was extracted from soil using aqua regia (1 : 3 HNO3: HCl), EDTA (ethylenediamine-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetate), DTPA (diethylene-triamine-pentaacetate), 0·01 M CaCl2, 0·01 M Ca(NO3)2, 0·1 M CaCl2, and 1·0 M NH4NO3. The preferred test procedure was validated in a subsequent sampling and analysis program at 39 sites. Irrigation water quality (EC or Cl concentration), measured prior to planting, explained the greatest variation in tuber Cd concentrations. Of the soil test procedures, only Cd extracted by 0·01 M CaCl2 significantly improved the predictive capacity of water EC. These 2 measures explained >55% of the variance in tuber Cd concentrations. The data set were transformed to generate a probability curve for exceeding Cd concentrations of either 0·05 or 0·1 mg/kg fresh weight, the latter being the current maximum permitted concentration (MPC) in Australia for potato tubers. The probability of producing potato tubers exceeding 0·05 and 0·1 mg/kg fresh weight was >50% once irrigation water EC increased above 1·4 and 3·0 dS/m, respectively. Using the relationships developed, growers should be able to quantify Cd risks by a simple test of irrigation water EC prior to planting and, if further precision is needed, also determine CaCl2-extractable Cd in soil. Additional keywords: extractable, available, salinity, food quality.

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.