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Cobalt(III) and chromium(III) salophen chloride complexes were synthesized and tested for the cycloaddition of carbon dioxide (CO2) with epoxides to obtain cyclic carbonates. The cat1, cat2, cat4, and cat5complexes presented high catalytic activity without cocatalysts and are solvent-free at 100 °C, 8 bar, and 9 h. At these conditions, the terminal epoxides (1a–1k) were successfully converted into the corresponding cyclic carbonates with a maximum conversion of ∼99%. Moreover, cat5was highlighted due to its capability of opening internal epoxides such as limonene oxide (1l) with a 36% conversion to limonene carbonate (2l), and from cyclohexene oxide (1m), cyclic trans-cyclohexene carbonate (2m) and poly(cyclohexene carbonate) were obtained with 15% and 85% selectivity, respectively. A study of the coupling reaction mechanism was proposed with the aid of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) analysis, confirming the single-component behavior of the complexes through their ionization due to epoxide coordination. In addition, crystallographic analysis of cat1single crystals grown in a saturated solution of pyridine helped to demonstrate that the substitution of chloride ion by pyridine ligands to form an octahedral coordination occurs (Py-cat1), supporting the proposed mechanism. Also, a recyclability study was performed for cat5, and a total turnover number of 952 was obtained with only minor losses in catalytic activity after five cycles.

Antimicrobial resistance is a global public health threat. Metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) inactivate β-lactam antibiotics, including carbapenems, are disseminating among Gram-negative bacteria, and lack clinically useful inhibitors. The evolving bisthiazolidine (BTZ) scaffold inhibits all three MBL subclasses (B1–B3). We report design, synthesis, and evaluation of BTZ analogues. Structure–activity relationships identified the BTZ thiol as essential, while carboxylate is replaceable, with its removal enhancing potency by facilitating hydrophobic interactions within the MBL active site. While the introduction of a flexible aromatic ring is neutral or detrimental for inhibition, a rigid (fused) ring generated nM benzobisheterocycle (BBH) inhibitors that potentiated carbapenems against MBL-producing strains. Crystallography of BBH:MBL complexes identified hydrophobic interactions as the basis of potency toward B1 MBLs. These data underscore BTZs as versatile, potent broad-spectrum MBL inhibitors (with activity extending to enzymes refractory to other inhibitors) and provide a rational approach to further improve the tricyclic BBH scaffold.

Childhood obesity is associated with stress. However, most treatment strategies include only dietary and physical activity approaches. Mindfulness may assist in weight reduction, but its effectiveness is unclear. We assessed the effect of mindfulness on stress, appetite regulators, and weight of children with obesity and anxiety. A clinical study was conducted in a pediatric hospital. Eligible children were 10–14 years old, BMI ≥95th percentile, Spence anxiety score ≥55, and who were not taking any medication or supplementation. Participants were assigned to receive an 8-week conventional nutritional intervention (CNI) or an 8-week mindfulness-based intervention plus CNI (MND-CNI). Anthropometry, body composition, leptin, insulin, ghrelin, cortisol, and Spence scores were measured at baseline and at the end of the intervention. Anthropometry was analyzed again 8 weeks after concluding interventions. Log-transformed and delta values were calculated for analysis. Thirty-three MND-CNI and 12 CNI children finished interventions; 17 MND-CNI children accomplished 16 weeks. At the end of the intervention, significant reductions in anxiety score (−6.21 ± 1.10), BMI (−0.45 ± 1.2 kg/m2), body fat (−1.28 ± 0.25%), ghrelin (−0.71 ± 0.37 pg/mL), and serum cortisol (−1.42 ± 0.94 µg/dL) were observed in MND-CNI children. Changes in anxiety score, ghrelin, and cortisol were different between groups (P< 0.05). Children who completed 16 weeks decreased BMI after intervention (−0.944 ± 0.20 kg/m2, P< 0.001) and remained lower 8 weeks later (−0.706 ± 0.19 kg/m2, P= 0.001). We concluded that mindfulness is a promising tool as an adjunctive therapy for childhood obesity. However, our findings need confirmation in a larger sample population.

The aim of this article is to present the Haskamotof Barcelona of 1354 in their political and legal context. These agreements were a response to the difficult situation faced by the Jews of the Crown of Aragon in the 14th c., when natural and human disasters threatened the survival of their communities. The target of this project was to assemble all the aljamasof the Crown in a supra-communal assembly of representatives. The drafters also wished to achieve a number a measures from the King and the Church improving the delicate situation of Catalan-Aragonese Jewry. These Haskamot, despite not succeeding in their objectives, are a perfect starting point for any research on the legal and jurisdictional relations between Christians and Jews.

Late Medieval anti-Jewish violence is a well-known phenomenon, but its origins and institutionalization are still blurred and enigmatic. In thirteenth and fourteenth century Catalonia, the denouement of the increasing popular hostility against the Jewry was particularly dramatic. The seeds of violence were the result of a long and complex process of social, theological and political interactions. In this contribution, we will discuss the intellectual matrix of medieval anti-Semitism in Catalonia and its relationship with the rising of scholastics and with the theoretical foundations of Catalan politics. We will also approach its counterpart: the Jewish response to collective suffering.

The synthesis and characterization of air-stable Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes with 3,5-dinitrobenzoate (DNB) and 3,5-dimethylpyrazole (L1) or bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)methane (L2) are described. Three of these complexes exhibit a monomeric structure, while the Cu(II) complex with L2 is a trinuclear complex. Density functional theory calculations were performed to understand the unexpected formation of the three-centered compound. In agreement with the X-ray crystal structure, the N–H moiety present in L1 was identified as possible driving force to obtain monomeric structures, while L2, without it, can favor the trinuclear complex formation. Thermal studies were carried for the complexes, and it was observed that the presence of the azole ligand allows the decomposition of the complexes at lower temperatures due to the presence of acidic protons, being especially important for L1.

Upper respiratory infections are the principal cause of morbidity in children <5 years of age. The objectives of this study were (i) to develop quality-of-care indicators for evaluation of care for children with upper respiratory infections (URI) at the primary care level using data from the electronic health records and (ii) to evaluate the quality of URI care offered to children <5 years of age at family medicine clinics (FMCs).

El objetivo de este estudio fue demostrar si la decisión de realizar una tomografía axial computarizada de cráneo (TACC) en un paciente con traumatismo craneoencefálico (TCE) no severo se encontraba determinada por la presencia o ausencia del médico tratante durante la valoración en el servicio de urgencias.

There are few studies on the factors that influence the time to diagnosis (TD) in childhood cancer. The object of the present study was to determine the influence of some clinical and social factors associated to TD in children with cancer seen at Mexico City (MC) hospitals. A retrospective study was performed. A total of 4,940 clinical records of children with cancer were reviewed. Cases of cancer were grouped, according to the International Classification of Childhood Cancer. The median (med) TD was calculated for each group (type) of cancer. The association between delayed TD (longer than 1 month) and type, age at diagnosis, parental educational level, medical institution, and place of residence was analyzed, for which the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were obtained. Leukemias had the shortest TD (med = 1 month), while Hodgkin disease (HD) and retinoblastoma had the longest TD (med = 5 months). The highest risk for delayed TD was in children with HD (OR = 7.0; 95% CI 5.3–9.3), in the 10–14 age group (OR = 1.8; 95% CI 1.4–2.3), with low maternal educational level (OR = 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–2.1), in the population with no access to social security (OR = 1.3; 95% CI 1.1–1.4), and whose place of residence is far from MC (OR = 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–2.1). In Mexican children with cancer, age at diagnosis, and societal characteristics are important factors affecting timely diagnosis. Med Pediatr Oncol 2002;39:25–31. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.