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Ethernet Technologie ist in Prozessanlagen nur in den höheren Ebenen der Automatisierungspyramide im Einsatz, kaum in der Feldebene. Dabei bietet Ethernet viele Vorteile, die vor allem im Zuge der Digitalisierung und Industrie 4.0 genutzt werden könnten. Was sind also die Hindernisse für den Einsatz von Ethernet im Feld? Wie sieht eine technische Lösung aus, welche auch für die kommenden Jahre mit verstärkten Anforderungen aus der Digitalisierung zukunftsfähig ist?

The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) is a central element of the global nuclear order, the primary goal of which is to prevent nuclear war. But this understanding is being threatened by a number of developments. Frustration about the lack of nuclear disarmament and concerns about humanitarian consequences of nuclear weapons led to the negotiation of the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW). The new treaty has further exposed existing fault lines within the NPT and exacerbated unresolved conflicts over the proper approach to disarmament and the weighting of the NPT pillars. Currently, disagreements over the compatibility of the two treaties and the approach to the TPNW in particular divide the membership of the NPT. At the same time, real proliferation cases test the regime’s ability to act, as norm enforcement is regularly hampered by interference from the great powers. These developments—the absence of genuine disarmament, disputes among NPT members, competition between the TPNW and the NPT, and actual nuclear proliferation—are part of a comprehensive crisis and destabilization of the non-proliferation regime. We argue that three developments are necessary to restabilize the regime: a cooperative resolution of the power struggles among the major powers; a depolarization of the inter-group divisions in the NPT; and a return to the principle of nuclear war prevention as a common maxim for action.

We report the crystal structure of dolomite-IV, a high-pressure polymorph of Fe-dolomite stabilized at 115 GPa and 2500 K. It is orthorhombic, space group Pnma, a=10.091(3), b= 8.090(7), c= 4.533(3) Å, V= 370.1(4) Å3at 115.2 GPa and ambient temperature. The structure is based on the presence of threefold C3O9carbonate rings, with carbon in tetrahedral coordination. The starting Fe-dolomite single crystal during compression up to 115 GPa transforms into dolomite-II (at 17 GPa) and dolomite-IIIb (at 36 GPa). The dolomite-IIIb, observed in this study, is rhombohedral, space group R3, a=11.956(3), c=13.626(5) Å, V=1686.9(5) Å3at 39.4 GPa. It is different from a previously determined dolomite-III structure, but topologically similar. The density increase from dolomite-IIIb to dolomite IV is ca. 3%. The structure of dolomite-IV has not been predicted, but it presents similarities with the structural models proposed for the high-pressure polymorphs of magnesite, MgCO3. A ring-carbonate structure match with spectroscopic analysis of high-pressure forms of magnesite-siderite reported in the literature, and, therefore, is a likely candidate structure for a carbonate at the bottom of the Earth’s mantle, at least for magnesitic and dolomitic compositions.

Investigating nuclear power plant containments under accidental conditions obviously leads to the question of possible leakage through cracks of the pre-stressed concrete containment. In the last decades a number of civil engineering R&D programs dedicated to theoretical and experimental analyses have been performed. For the PACE-1450 experiment a leakage testing facility for pre-stressed curved specimen has been built in the laboratory of the Materials Testing and Research Institute (MPA Karlsruhe) at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT). The test campaign has now been successfully finished with the evaluation of gained results still ongoing. The first half of the campaign was mainly dedicated to the cracking of the realistically reinforced specimen while the second half was focussing on the leakage behaviour of the cracked specimen. In the tests cold air, heated air and air-steam mixtures were used.

By means of a case study, the successful implementation of a rheologically optimised cement-based mortar for the construction as well as for the rehabilitation of rain water cisterns is presented in this paper. The material was developed within the scope of a German–Indonesian joint project [“Integrated Water Resources Management” (IWRM)], funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research. Comprehensive rheological investigations are presented which provide the database for the optimization of the mortar with regard to its intended range of application. For the selection of the source materials, special emphasis was placed on the ready availability at low cost. The rheological properties of the fresh mortar allow an easy workability by hand while the hardened mortar shows a durable and tight appearance at the same time. The developed material can be used as a coating for walls, floors and ceilings of cisterns, for the local rehabilitation of damaged areas only or even as a construction material for complete new cisterns. The future multiplication of the IWRM project results within the region was assured by a local capacity development when the presented material concept was applied in practise in Indonesia for the construction of sustainable rain water cisterns in Gunung Kidul.

We simulated the redox decomposition of magnesium-siderite at pressures and temperatures corresponding to the top of the Earth’s D″ layer (135 GPa and 2650 K). It transforms into new phases, with unexpected stoichiometry. We report their crystal structure, based on single-crystal synchrotron radiation diffraction on a multi-grain sample, using a charge-flipping algorithm. Mg2Fe2(C4O13) is monoclinic, a = 9.822(3), b = 3.9023(13), c = 13.154(5) Å, β = 108.02(3)°, V = 479.4(3) Å3(at 135 GPa). It contains tetrahedrally coordinated carbon units, corner-shared in truncated C4O13chains. Half of the cations are divalent, and half trivalent. The carbonate coexists with a new iron oxide, Fe13O19, monoclinic, a = 19.233(2), b = 2.5820(13), c = 9.550(11) Å, β = 118.39(3)°, V = 417.2(5) Å3(at 135 GPa). It has a stoichiometry between hematite, Fe2O3, and magnetite, Fe3O4. The formation of these unquenchable phases indicates, indirectly, the formation of reduced-carbon species, possibly diamond. These structures suggest the ideas that the mineralogy of the lower mantle and D″ region may be more complex than previously estimated. This is especially significant concerning accessory phases of fundamental geochemical significance and their role in ultra-deep iron-carbon redox coupling processes, as well as the iron-oxygen system, which certainly play an important role in the lower mantle mineral phase equilibria.

Die deutsche Diplomatie ist im Großen und Ganzen gut aufgestellt. Ironischerweise liegt in ihrer Stärke – einem verankerten Weltbild und Zielsystem mit kohärenter Strategie – jedoch auch die Wurzel für ihre Schwächen und Fehler. Die suggestive Kraft dieses kognitiv-normativen Komplexes kann unter Umständen zur Selbst-Illusionierung verleiten. Wenn Akteure, Strukturen und Prozesse in den deutschen Horizont treten, deren eigenen Zielsetzungen, Motivationen, Strategien und Handlungsmaximen aus dem deutschen Weltbild herausfallen, kann deutsche Diplomatie fehllaufen und scheitern. German diplomacy is more or less well-equipped. However, ironically its greatest strength—a deep-seated world view, clear goals and a coherent strategy—is also its greatest weakness. The suggestive power of this normative-cognitive structure can induce self-illusionment. Whenever Germany is confronted with actors, structures and processes that contrast its own world view, goals, motifs and strategies in a significant way, its diplomacy can go wrong and fail.

Both application of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) and constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) have been shown to improve outcome after experimental stroke. The aim of the present study was to determine whether concurrent or sequential combination of both therapies will further enhance therapeutic benefit and whether specific modifications in the abundance of various neurotransmitter receptors do occur.

The structure of barite, or baryte, BaSO4, has been refined by single-crystal methods at room temperature to a maximum of 21.5 GPa in He medium. Lattice parameters have been obtained at select pressures by powder diffraction and complemented by the collection of Raman specta at the highest attained pressure. The results of all analyses correspond to BaSO4remaining in the baritetype structure to the highest investigated pressure. Therefore, the search for transitions leading to a post-barite structure, in BaSO4, must be conducted at pressures higher than those investigated here, or, in “lower pressure” analogs

ZusammenfassungEs wird ein Doppler-Global-Velozimeter mit sinusförmiger Laserfrequenzmodulation (FM-DGV) vorgestellt, mit welchem Geschwindigkeitsfelder in Strömungen berührungslos gemessen werden können. Eingesetzt wird dabei ein Diodenlaser (852,36 nm), eine Cäsium-Absorptionszelle und ein fasergekoppeltes Lawinenphotodiodenarray. Die minimal erreichbare Messunsicherheit wird anhand einer Berechnung der Cramér-Rao-Schranke abgeschätzt und mit der der konventionellen DGV-Messtechnik verglichen. Die betrachteten Rauschquellen sind das Quantenschrotrauschen sowie das thermische und Dunkelstromrauschen der Photodetektoren. Die Berechnungen zeigen in Übereinstimmung mit Messungen, dass minimal 0,03 m/s bei einer Streulichtleistung von 3nW, einer Zeitauflösung von 16 ms und bei einem minimalen NEP-Wert des Detektors von 35 fW/vHz erreicht werden können. Zwar wird für die betrachteten Störquellen die resultierende Unsicherheit bei konventionellen DGV-Systemen als ähnlich hoch abgeschätzt, jedoch entfallen beim FM-DGV die u. U. hohen Bildausrichtungs- und Strahlteilungsfehler, da keine Referenzkamera benötigt wird. Es ergeben sich somit vielversprechende Perspektiven in der Anwendung z.B. bei der präzisen Vermessung von 2D3K-Strömungsgeschwindigkeiten in Turbomaschinen und, aufgrund der möglichen hohen Zeitauflösung von bis zu 10 µs, bei der simultanen ortsaufgelösten Messung von Geschwindigkeitsspektren im Rahmen einer Turbulenzanalyse.

A Doppler global velocimetry (DGV) measurement technique with a sinusoidal laser frequency modulation is presented for measuring velocity fields in fluid flows. A cesium absorption cell is used for the conversion of the Doppler shift frequency into a change in light intensity, which can be measured by a fiber coupled avalanche photo diode array. Because of a harmonic analysis of the detector element signals, no errors due to detector offset drifts occur and no reference detector array is necessary for measuring the scattered light power. Hence, large errors such as image misalignment errors and beam split errors are eliminated. Furthermore, the measurement system is also capable of achieving high measurement rates up to the modulation frequency (100 kHz) and thus opens new perspectives to multiple point investigations of instationary flows, e.g., for turbulence analysis. A fundamental measurement uncertainty analysis based on the theory of Cramér and Rao is given and validated by experimental results. The current relation between time resolution and measurement uncertainty, as well as further optimization strategies, are discussed.

Both application of neurotrophic factors like brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and constraint-induced movement therapy like forced arm use have been shown to potentially improve outcome after stroke. The aim of the present study was to check whether postischemic long-term outcome correlates to specific modifications in the abundance of various neurotransmitter receptors.

Das NordWestZentrum wurde in den Jahren 2002 bis 2004 erneut erweitert.

Das NordWestZentrum ist eines der größten Einkaufs‐ und Erlebniszentren in Deutschland. Es wird von sechs Buslinien und einer U‐Bahnlinie angefahren und verfügt zusätzlich über 3500 Parkplätze. Erstmals eröffnet im Jahre 1968, wurde das Zentrum in den Jahren 1986 bis 1988 komplett revitalisiert und zu einer modernen Erlebniswelt umgebaut.

AbstractEs wird ein neuartiges Doppler-Global-Velozimetrie(DGV)-Verfahren mit Laserfrequenzmodulation zur berührungslosen flächenhaften Geschwindigkeitsmessung in einer Strömung beschrieben. Die DGV-Technik beruht auf der Auswertung der Intensitätsänderung, die durch eine Laserfrequenzänderung aufgrund des Doppler-Effektes an der Flanke einer molekularen Absorptionskennlinie hervorgerufen wird. Bei dem konventionellen DGV-Verfahren werden zwecks Referenzierung zwei Kameras verwendet. Dadurch können so genannte Bildausrichtungsfehler auftreten, die das Messergebnis wesentlich verfälschen. Bei dem neuen DGV-Verfahren mit Laserfrequenzmodulation wird hingegen nur eine Kamera benötigt, sodass Bildausrichtungsfehler entfallen und eine geringere Messunsicherheit erreicht werden kann. Es wird experimentell gezeigt, dass bei dem neuen Verfahren Streulichtintensitätsschwankungen die Messunsicherheit nicht beeinträchtigen, falls die Modulation der Laserfrequenz hinreichend schnell ist. Die minimal gemessene Messunsicherheit betrug 0.02 m/s.

The electron ionization mass spectra of the title compounds have been studied along with the product ion spectra of their metastable or collisionally activated molecular ions. The relative abundances of ions in the spectra allow unambiguous isomer differentiation. Isomerization of the molecular ions was observed in the metastable ion spectra of tetrathianaphthalenes and tetrathiafulvalenes. This isomerization reaction parallels the electrochemical or base‐induced isomerization observed in solution. The studied tetrathiapentalene derivative does not rearrange to the corresponding tetrathiafulvalene or tetrathianaphthalene isomers. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Sowohl die mondadische als auch die dyadische Version der Theorie vom „demokratischen Frieden“ beziehen ihre Annahmen über die zu Grunde liegenden Kausalitätsmechanismen aus diversen Metatheorien, aus dem Rationalismus, dem Konstruktivismus und dem Institutionalismus. Eine genaue Analyse ihrer Kausalitätsannahmen zeigt, dass die Beziehung zwischen Demokratie und friedlichem Verhalten nicht derart zwingend ist, wie es die Theorie suggeriert. Dieses Urteil gilt, wenn man die aus den einzelnen Metatheorien abgeleiteten Kausalitätsmechanismen gesondert betrachtet, und noch mehr, wenn man ihre Wechselwirkung analysiert. In beiden Fällen lassen sich Hypothesen ableiten, die entweder „demokratiespezifische“ Gründe für ein aggressives Verhalten gegenüber Nichtdemokratien vorhersagen oder solche, die aufeine Neutralisierung der besonderen kriegsverhütenden Empathie hinauslaufen, die Demokratien der Theorie gemäß im Verhältnis zueinander entwickeln. Beide Versionen der Theorie enthalten also Antinomen; die Theorie ist unterspezifiziert. Eine wichtige Aufgabe besteht darin, die Kontextbedingungen herauszuarbeiten, unter denen Demokratie tatsächlich die behauptenden friedenserhaltenden Effekte im Wechselverhältnis der Demokratien oder sogar erga omnes hervorbringt. Both the monadic and the dyadic versions of the theory of the “emocratic peace” borrow their assumptions on causal links from different metatheories: rationalism, constructivism, and institutionalism. A thorough analysis of the causal hypothesis involved reveals that the linkage between democracy and peaceful behaviour is not as cogent as either version would have it. This verdict applies if we remain within each of the metatheories supplying the causal assumptions, and even more so if we analyse the combined assumptions of the metatheories. In either case, hypotheses can logically be deduced that would either predict specific reasons for being aggressive towards non-democracies or the neutralization of the particular war-preventing empathy democracies are supposed to develop towards each other. Both variants of the theory thus produce antinomies that are not recognized by the theory. The theory, it turnes out, is underspecified. A major task would be to theorize about the contextual conditions under which democracy does indeed produce peaceful behaviour, towards other democracies or even erga omnes.

Enantiopure acyclic (E)- and (Z)-configured allylic sulfoximines have been synthesized from N,S-dimethyl-S-phenylsulfoximine and aldehydes by the addition− elimination−isomerization route through the intermediate generation of the corresponding (E)-configured vinylic sulfoximines. Isomerization of the vinylic sulfoximines with DBU preferentially afforded the corresponding (Z)-configured allylic sulfoximines, which were subsequently isomerized by DBU to preferentially yield the (E)-isomers. Titanation of lithiated (E)-configured allylic sulfoximines with ClTi(OiPr)3 furnished the corresponding bis(2-alkenyl)diisopropyloxytitanium(IV) complexes, which reacted with aldehydes in the presence of ClTi(OiPr)3 with high regio- and diastereoselectivities at the γ-position to give the corresponding (Z)-anti-configured δ-N-methylsulfonimidoyl-substituted homoallylic alcohols in good yields. In the absence of ClTi(OiPr)3 at low temperatures, only one allylic moiety of the bis(alkenyl)diisopropyloxytitanium complex is transferred to the aldehyde. In this way, a cyclic lithiated allylic sulfoximine has been converted with high regio- and diastereoselectivity to the corresponding homoallylic alcohols bearing a vinylic sulfonimidoyl group. Titanation of lithiated (E)- and (Z)-configured allylic sulfoximines with ClTi(NEt2)3 afforded the corresponding mono(2-alkenyl)tris(diethylamino)titanium(IV) complexes, which reacted with aldehydes with moderate to high regioselectivities and high diastereoselectivities preferentially at the α-position to give the corresponding syn-configured β-N-methylsulfonimidoyl-substituted homoallylic alcohols along with the (Z)-anti-configured δ-N-methylsulfonimidoyl-substituted homoallylic alcohols in good yields. In this way, the cyclic lithiated allylic sulfoximine was converted with high regio- and diastereoselectivity to the corresponding isomeric homoallylic alcohols bearing an allylic sulfonimidoyl group. In the case of mono(alkenyl)tris(diethylamino)titanium(IV) complexes, the regioselectivity of their reactions with aldehydes has been found to depend on the size of the substituent at the CC double bond and the aldehyde, as well as on the configuration of the double bond. Reaction of racemic lithiated N-methyl-S-(3,3-diphenyl-2-propenyl)-S-phenylsulfoximine with ClTi(OiPr)3 afforded the corresponding bis(alkenyl)diisopropyloxytitanium(IV) complex. X-ray structure analysis revealed a distorted octahedral cis,cis,cis-configured bis(2-alkenyl)diisopropyloxytitanium(IV) complex, in which the allylic moieties are coordinated in a bidentate fashion through C-α and the N atom to the Ti atom, both having the relative configuration RSSC. In solution, the titanium complex shows fluxional behavior, which is characterized by topomerization of the isopropyloxy groups and allylic moieties. The exchange of the latter occurs with retention of the configuration at C-α.

Disodium[hydroxotetranitronitrosyl]ruthenate(II) is a photochromic compound excitable with blue‐green light which exhibits at least one unusually long‐lived metastable state at low temperature. At 298 K, the compound crystallises in the space group C2/m. A reversible phase transition occurs at 240 K upon cooling, as detected by Differential Scanning Calorimetry and X‐ray powder diffraction which causes a lowering of the crystal symmetry to the space group P21/n. Synchrotron X‐ray single crystal diffraction and FT‐IR spectroscopy data obtained on the ground and the excited states of the title compound low temperature phase are presented.

Abstract Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN) with autosomal recessive inheritance represents a genetically heterogeneous group of disorders with variable clinical, pathologic and electrophysiologic manifestations. A new variant of autosomal recessive HMSN, clinically defined by sensorimotor polyneuropathy associated with deafness and mental retardation, has recently been described. We report on the first autopsy case with this type of HMSN: a girl of non‐consanguineous parents with a presumably autosomal recessive type of motor and sensory neuropathy clinically associated with deafness, mental retardation, and epilepsy. The autopsy showed complete absence of large myelinated fibers in peripheral motor and sensory nerves corresponding to a lack of large neurons in dorsal root ganglia and anterior horns of the spinal cord, moderate neurogenic muscle atrophy, and nearly complete absence of neurons in the dentate nucleus of the cerebellum. Molecular genetic analyses in our case revealed neither genetic alterations in the survival motor neuron gene nor in the PMP‐22 gene.

An emission-spectrometric N-15 analyzer combined with an automatic N-analyzer is described. In the N-analyzer the sample is combusted according to Dumas and the total N content is determined by means of a thermal conductivity detector. The nitrogen is separated from the helium carrier gas after the quantitative determination by selective adsorption using a molecular sieve 5 Å at -90° C. After desorption at = 300° C the nitrogen is transferred into the evacuated quartz discharge tube for emission-spectrometric N-15 analysis. The total analysis takes about 30 min per sample which should contain not less than 200 µg of nitrogen.

The folic acid content of grain, cereal products (including beer), bakery products and legumes was determined by means of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Free folate (monoglutamate forms) and total folate (monoglutamate + polyglutamate forms) were differentiated. Of the grain analysed, rye, with a mean value of 143 µg/100 g, contained more total folate than wheat (mean=91 µg/100 g). The total folate content of bakery products ranged from 14 µg/100 g (whole grain rye bread) to 88 µg/100 g (crispbread). Beer had a very low total folate content (mean=3 µg/100 ml). The mean of the free folate portion was 76.5% in grain and cereal products and 65.6% in bakery products. Of the legumes analysed, beans (mean=128 µg/100 g) had the highest content of total folate, followed by lentils (103 µg/100 g) and peas (57 µg/100 g). The mean value of the free folate portion in legumes (73.1%) was comparable with the values of grain, cereal products and bakery products. In addition to tetrahydrofolic acid (THF), 5-methyl-THF and 5-formyl-THF, pteroylglutamic acid (PteGlu) and 10-formyl-PteGlu were determined in all products (except beer). Their proportion (PteGlu+10-formyl-PteGlu) of the total folate content ranged from 23.5% to 44.4%.

Bis(ethylendithio)tetrathiafulvalene (BEDT-TTF or ET) can be oxidized with Cu(SCN)2to yield superconducting, microcrystalline κ-(ET)2Cu(NCS)2. The reaction is achieved either by heating a suspension of the reactants in various organic solvents or by ultrasound agitation at room temperature. The formation of the title compound was established by X-ray diffractograms, FT-IR and ESR spectroscopy. Susceptibility measurements revealed superconducting transition temperatures of 9.5—10 K. The clearly observed Meissner effect suggests superconductivity to be a bulk property of the so-obtained powder samples.

The folic acid content of food of animal origin was determined by means of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Free folate (monoglutamate forms) and total folate (monoglutamate + polyglutamate forms) were differentiated. Liver (bovine 963, hog 136 µg/100 g) and kidney (bovine 410, hog 93 µg/100 g) contained the highest content of total folate, followed by egg (67µg/100g), soft cheese (44-62µg/100 g), milk and other dairy products (3-28 µg/100 g). Chicken, fish, beef and pork contained only a low content of total folate (1-12 µg/100 g). The free folate portion ranged from 14.7 to 100% (mean 69.2%). The main folate derivatives tetrahydrofolic acid (THF), 5-methyl-THF and 5-formyl-THF showed the following distribution. In milk and milk products the mean was 70% for 5-formyl-THF, 20% for 5-methyl-THF and 10% for THF; in the other products the three derivatives were distributed about equally but the range of variation was high.

Summary The folic acid content of vegetables (including potatoes) and fruits was determined by means of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Free folate (monoglutamate forms) and total folate (monoglutamate+polyglutamate forms) are differentiated. Vegetables contained 27–187 µg/100 g and fruits 10–80 µg/100 g total folate. The free folate portion ranged from 6.3% to 96.8% (mean 35%) in vegetables and from 11.6% to 89.0% (mean 56%) in fruits. In addition, the results of the quantification of the main folate derivatives tetrahydrofolic acid (THF), 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid (5-CH3-THF) and 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid (5-CHO-THF) are presented. The mean values were 70% 5-CH3-THF, 20% 5-CHO-THF and 10% THF. Their total, resulting from the addition of pteroylglutamate equivalences, is comparable with the results of microbiological methods reported in the tables of nutritive values.