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This study describes the verification of Wind Atlas Analysis and Application program (WAsP) modelled average wind speeds in a complex terrain. WAsP model was run using data collected at 3 masts: Kalkumpei, Nyiru and Sirima using cup anemometers and wind vanes for the entire 2009 calendar year and verified using data collected by WindTracer LIDAR (light detection and ranging) for 2 weeks from 11th to 24th July 2009. Evaluating WAsP mean wind speed map using LIDAR data showed that Nyiru station provides the best data to model mean wind speed over the wind farm domain with a mean difference of 0.16 m/s, root mean square error of 0.85 m/s and Index of Agreement of 0.61. Construction of a 310 MW windfarm has commenced at this site. Once completed, the windfarm will be operating 365 vestas V52-850kW turbines.

Possessing only essential genes, a minimal cell can reveal mechanisms and processes that are critical for the persistence and stability of life1,2. Here we report on how an engineered minimal cell3,4contends with the forces of evolution compared with the Mycoplasma mycoidesnon-minimal cell from which it was synthetically derived. Mutation rates were the highest among all reported bacteria, but were not affected by genome minimization. Genome streamlining was costly, leading to a decrease in fitness of greater than 50%, but this deficit was regained during 2,000 generations of evolution. Despite selection acting on distinct genetic targets, increases in the maximum growth rate of the synthetic cells were comparable. Moreover, when performance was assessed by relative fitness, the minimal cell evolved 39% faster than the non-minimal cell. The only apparent constraint involved the evolution of cell size. The size of the non-minimal cell increased by 80%, whereas the minimal cell remained the same. This pattern reflected epistatic effects of mutations in ftsZ, which encodes a tubulin-homologue protein that regulates cell division and morphology5,6. Our findings demonstrate that natural selection can rapidly increase the fitness of one of the simplest autonomously growing organisms. Understanding how species with small genomes overcome evolutionary challenges provides critical insights into the persistence of host-associated endosymbionts, the stability of streamlined chassis for biotechnology and the targeted refinement of synthetically engineered cells2,7–9.

J Med Genet 2003;40:733-740 Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a complex condition with high heritability. However, both biochemical investigations and association and linkage studies have failed to define [...]

As we enter the era of personalized medicine, tests that can inform on molecular mechanisms of cancer, and on breast cancer in particular, are in high demand. We currently use DNA- or RNA-based tests of gene expression and/or immunohistochemistry to better characterize a given breast cancer and aid the clinician in selecting the best treatment options. In breast cancer, estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER/neu) are established biomarkers. There are several ways to obtain information on these biomarkers, including invasive testing (biopsy), which can be challenging depending on the location. However, not all tumors that express targets identified by tissue assay will respond to directed therapy. Nuclear imaging tests can be useful in these situations. They can be used as a noninvasive method for detecting tumor, obtaining information about the biology of the tumor, and predicting which tumors will respond to targeted therapies. Here, we will review how radiolabeled glucose and estrogen analogs can be used in breast cancer patients. We focus this review on the application of positron emission tomography (PET) imaging to ER-positive metastatic breast cancer as an example of how imaging can guide breast cancer treatment., Introduction Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women, with more than 200,000 women predicted to be diagnosed in 2014. [1] While most breast cancer is curable, 5% of [...]

Abstract Background--Fibrosing alveolitis (FA) is a common and serious complication of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Before the availability of high resolution computed tomographic (HRCT) scanning, it was difficult to diagnose accurately [...]

Electrical cardioversion is commonly employed in the management of atrial fibrillation. Traditionally, an anaesthetist is present and administers a short acting general anaesthetic. In a busy district general hospital patient [...]

Abstract Objectives--To investigate the potential relation between cumulative exposure to cigarette smoking in patients with or without rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and a positive family history of the disease. Methods--239 outpatient [...]

Ovarian cancer is a lethal malignancy that has not seen a major therapeutic advance in over 30 years. We demonstrate that ovarian cancer exhibits a targetable alteration in iron metabolism. Ferroportin (FPN), the iron efflux pump, is decreased, and transferrin receptor (TFR1), the iron importer, is increased in tumor tissue from patients with high grade but not low grade serous ovarian cancer. A similar profile of decreased FPN and increased TFR1 is observed in a genetic model of ovarian cancer tumor-initiating cells (TICs). The net result of these changes is an accumulation of excess intracellular iron and an augmented dependence on iron for proliferation. A forced reduction in intracellular iron reduces the proliferation of ovarian cancer TICs in vitro, and inhibits both tumor growth and intraperitoneal dissemination of tumor cells in vivo. Mechanistic studies demonstrate that iron increases metastatic spread by facilitating invasion through expression of matrix metalloproteases and synthesis of interleukin 6 (IL-6). We show that the iron dependence of ovarian cancer TICs renders them exquisitely sensitive in vivoto agents that induce iron-dependent cell death (ferroptosis) as well as iron chelators, and thus creates a metabolic vulnerability that can be exploited therapeutically.

This paper evaluated the performance and durability of leading structural shading materials to be used in the Super Containerized Living Units (Super-CLU’s) project. Fifteen unique shading fabrics were tested in five different experiments in order to evaluate their strength, resistance to wind, abrasion, and heat and to assess their heat transmissivity and breathability. A current United States Navy material was used as a control material for the evaluation of the other tested materials. Samples of each fabric were first tensile tested in both their warp and weft orientation to create an ‘as-received’ baseline condition. Then, additional samples of each fabric were exposed to wind, abrasion, or heat and subsequently tensile tested in order to show the degradation in tensile strength as compared to the as-received samples. The heat transmissivity and breathability testing was conducted separately.

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of pregrazing pasture herbage mass (HM) on CH4 emissions, ruminal fermentation, and ADG of grazing beef heifers at 2 stages of the grazing season. Thirty Limousin cross heifers were allocated to 1 of 2 target pregrazing HM treatments [a low HM (LHM) or high HM (HHM) treatment] for 126 d in a randomized block design experiment. Pasture herbage and heifer rumen fluid samples were collected, and enteric CH4 emissions were determined using an SF6 tracer technique during two 5-d measurement periods [MP; MP 1 (25 to 29 May) and MP 2 (6 to 10 September)]. Both DMI and GE intake (GEI) were measured during MP 2, and ADG of the heifers was measured every 14 d throughout the 126-d grazing period. Mean HM for the LHM and HHM treatments were 1,300 and 2,000 kg DM/ha, respectively, during MP 1 and 2,800 and 3,200 kg DM/ha, respectively, during MP 2. The CP concentration of the offered herbage was greater (P < 0.01) for the LHM treatment during MP 1 and tended (P < 0.1) to be greater for the LHM herbage during MP 2. No difference (P > 0.10) in the NDF concentration of the herbage was found between the HM treatments during MP 1 or 2. There was no effect (P > 0.10) of HM treatment on total CH4 emissions (g/d) for either MP [mean value across HM treatments of 121 (SED 5.4) g/d during MP 1 and 132 (8.8) g/d during MP 2], but CH4 emissions (g) per kilogram of ADG were reduced (P < 0.05) from heifers fed the LHM treatment during MP 1 and 2 [mean values for LHM and HHM of 135 and 163 (SED 9.5) g/kg, respectively, during MP 1 and corresponding values of 150 and 194 (9.9) g/kg during MP 2]. Heifers fed the LHM treatment had greater (P < 0.001) ADG throughout the grazing period [mean value across the 126-d grazing period of 0.88 (SEM 0.032) kg/d] than those fed the HHM treatment [corresponding value of 0.73 (0.034)]. For MP 2, CH4 emissions per kilogram of DMI (g CH4/kg DMI) and per megajoule of GEI (MJ CH4/MJ GEI) tended (P ≤ 0.08) to be less for heifers fed the LHM [19.3 (0.08) g/kg and 0.056 (0.0020) MJ/MJ, respectively] than for the HHM (21.1 g/kg and 0.061 MJ/MJ) treatment, and there were no differences (P > 0.10) in DMI or GEI of the heifers between the HM treatments. The results of this study suggest that offering a low pregrazing HM sward will reduce enteric CH4 emissions relative to ADG throughout the grazing season because of increased ADG.

Previous studies have indicated that reducing dietary CP may improve N utilization and effectively diminish manure ammonia emissions; however, the response of manure odor emissions to such dietary modifications has been inconsistent. The objective of the current experiment was to induce decreased lactobacilli (DL) numbers in the distal gastrointestinal tract (dGIT; cecum + colon) of finishing pigs offered both high- and low-CP diets through consumption of chitosan, and examine the influence of this model on manure ammonia and odor emissions when compared with a positive control diet. It was hypothesized that an DL population would be accompanied by an increase in markers of protein fermentation. When compared with normal lactobacilli populations in the dGIT, generation of an DL population would result in increased manure odor emissions from pigs offered both dietary CP concentrations. A 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was conducted to investigate the effect of including chitosan [0 (positive control) vs. 20 g/kg of feed] and high or low dietary CP concentration (200 vs. 150 g/kg of feed) on nutrient digestibility, N utilization, selected bacterial populations, and metabolite composition of the dGIT and manure emissions from finisher pigs (60.3 kg). Consumption of chitosan had no influence (P> 0.05) on nutrient digestibility or N utilization. In both high- and low-CP diets, consumption of chitosan decreased the lactobacilli-to-Enterobacteriaceae ratio (P< 0.01), generating an DL population, and increased pH (P< 0.01) in the dGIT and ammonia (P= 0.02) in the cecum compared with diets that supported normal lactobacilli populations. Consumption of chitosan decreased molar proportions of butyric acid (P< 0.01) and increased valeric acid (P< 0.01) in the dGIT compared with unsupplemented diets. Furthermore, consumption of chitosan increased manure odor emissions (P= 0.05) compared with unsupplemented diets. There was no effect (P> 0.05) of chitosan consumption on manure ammonia emissions from 0 to 240 h. The current study demonstrates that dietary chitosan suppressed populations of lactobacilli in the dGIT. In response, a considerable increase in Enterobacteriaceae, markers of protein fermentation, and manure odor emissions was observed compared with the positive control diet. These effects were observed in pigs offered both high-and low-CP diets. The current study indicates a possible role for lactic-acid bacteria in modulating manure odor emissions relatively independent of the proportions of dietary CP available for fermentation in the dGIT.

It was hypothesized that supplementation of an oat-extracted mixed-linkage (1→3), (1→4)-β-d-glucan (β-glucans) to a wheat-based diet may beneficially mitigate manure odor and ammonia emissions associated with intensive pig production, without depressing nutrient digestibility as has been observed with oat-based diets. An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary β-glucan source and the inclusion of an enzyme composite containing β-glucanase on energy and nutrient digestibility, N utilization, distal gastrointestinal tract (GIT) fermentation, and manure emissions from finisher boars. Twenty-eight boars (BW = 74.2 ± 3.6 kg) were assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments (n = 7/treatment): 1) an oat-based diet (oat), 2) an oat diet + enzyme composite (OE), 3) a wheat-based diet + purified β-glucans (WG), and 4) a wheat-based diet + purified β-glucans + enzyme composite. The wheat-based diets containing purified β-glucans were formulated to contain concentrations of total β-glucans comparable with the oat-based diet. Consumption of the WG diet resulted in a greater digestibility of GE (P= 0.001) and an increase in the urine:feces N excretion ratio (P= 0.049) compared with the oat diet. In the distal GIT, pigs offered the WG diet contained fewer bifidobacteria (P= 0.027) and lactobacilli (P= 0.050) compared with the oat diet. Pigs offered the WG diet had increased manure odor emissions compared with the oat diet (P= 0.023). In conclusion, although supplementing wheat-based diets with extracted oat-β-glucan did not reduce nutrient digestibility, there was a negligible effect in beneficially influencing manure emissions from pigs when compared with a conventional oat formulation.

The Murchison Wide-Field Array (MWA) is a low-frequency radio telescope, currently under construction, intended to search for the spectral signature of the epoch of reionization (EOR) and to probe the structure of the solar corona. Sited in western Australia, the full MWA will comprise 8192 dipoles grouped into 512 tiles and will be capable of imaging the sky south of 40° declination, from 80 MHz to 300 MHz with an instantaneous field of view that is tens of degrees wide and a resolution of a few arcminutes. A 32 station prototype of the MWA has been recently commissioned and a set of observations has been taken that exercise the whole acquisition and processing pipeline. We present Stokes  I, Q, and Uimages from two ?4 hr integrations of a field 20° wide centered on Pictoris A. These images demonstrate the capacity and stability of a real-time calibration and imaging technique employing the weighted addition of warped snapshots to counter extreme wide-field imaging distortions.

The objective of the current experiment was to evaluate the influence of dietary cereal sources of β(1,3)(1,4)-d-glucan (β-glucan) and enzyme supplementation on indices of environmental pollution from finisher pigs. An experiment with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was initiated to investigate the effect of dietary source of β-glucan (barley vs. oats) and enzyme supplementation (no vs. yes) on nutrient digestibility, N utilization, intestinal fermentation, and manure odor and ammonia emissions from finisher boars (n = 4; BW = 73.9 kg; SD = 4.7). Sixteen boars were assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments (n = 4/treatment): 1) barley-based diet, 2) barley-based diet + exogenous enzyme, 3) oat-based diet, and 4) oat-based diet + enzyme. The enzyme supplement used contained endo-1,3(4)-β-glucanase and endo-1,4-β-xylanase. Experimental diets were formulated to contain similar concentrations of DE (13.5 MJ/kg) and digestible lysine (8.8 g/kg). Pigs offered oat-based diets had reduced digestibility of DM (0.795 vs. 0.849; SEM 0.007; P= 0.001), OM (0.808 vs. 0.865; SEM 0.007; P= 0.001), GE (0.806 vs. 0.845; SEM 0.006; P= 0.002), and NDF (0.233 vs. 0.423; SEM 0.033; P< 0.003) compared with those offered barley-based diets. Oat-based diets increased populations of Bifidobacteriumspp. (7.26 vs. 6.38 log cfu/g of digesta; SEM 0.201; P= 0.005) and Lactobacillusspp. (6.99 vs. 6.18 log cfu/g of digesta; SEM 0.234; P= 0.022) in the proximal colon and decreased manure odor emissions [2,179.6 vs. 4,984.6 OuE/m3(where OuErefers to European odor units); SEM 653.7; P< 0.011] compared with barley-based diets. There was an interaction between cereal type and enzyme inclusion on manure ammonia emissions from 0 to 96 h (P= 0.050). Pigs offered barley-based diets containing an enzyme supplement had increased manure ammonia emissions compared with those offered unsupplemented barley-based diets. However, there was no effect of enzyme inclusion on oat-based diets. In conclusion, pigs offered oat-based diets harbored increased Bifidobacteriumspp. and Lactobacillusspp. populations in the proximal colon and had decreased manure odor emissions compared with those offered barley-based diets. Enzyme inclusion had no effect on manure ammonia emissions from pigs offered oat-based diets.

ABSTRACTThe Foodborne Viruses in Europe network has developed integrated epidemiological and virological outbreak reporting with aggregation and sharing of data through a joint database. We analyzed data from reported outbreaks of norovirus (NoV)-caused gastroenteritis from 13 European countries (July 2001 to July 2006) for trends in time and indications of different epidemiology of genotypes and variants. Of the 13 countries participating in this surveillance network, 11 were capable of collecting integrated epidemiological and virological surveillance data and 10 countries reported outbreaks throughout the entire period. Large differences in the numbers and rates of reported outbreaks per country were observed, reflecting the differences in the focus and coverage of national surveillance systems. GII.4 strains predominated throughout the 5-year surveillance period, but the proportion of outbreaks associated with GII.4 rose remarkably during years in which NoV activity was particularly high. Spring and summer peaks indicated the emergence of genetically distinct variants within GII.4 across Europe and were followed by increased NoV activity during the 2002-2003 and 2004-2005 winter seasons. GII.4 viruses predominated in health care settings and in person-to-person transmission. The consecutive emergence of new GII.4 variants is highly indicative of immune-driven selection. Their predominance in health care settings suggests properties that facilitate transmission in settings with a high concentration of people such as higher virus loads in excreta or a higher incidence of vomiting. Understanding the mechanisms driving the changes in epidemiology and clinical impact of these rapidly evolving RNA viruses is essential to design effective intervention and prevention measures.

A prevailing view in contemporary philosophy of mind is that zombies are logically possible. I argue, viaa thought experiment, that if this prevailing view is correct, then I could be transformed into a zombie. If I could be transformed into a zombie, then surprisingly, I am not certain that I am conscious. Regrettably, this is not just an idiosyncratic fact about my psychology; I think you are in the same position. This means that we must revise or replace some important positions in the philosophy of mind. We could embrace radical skepticism about our own consciousness, or maintain the complete and total infallibility of our beliefs about our own phenomenal experiences. I argue that we should actually reject the logical possibility of zombies.

A GaAs-based p-i-n junction grown by MOVPE and using the high purity and low dissociation temperature tertiarybutylarsine (TBAs) precursor, was studied. Such a structure is suitable to play the role of a sub-cell in a multi-junction photovoltaic device. Electrical measurements showed excellent properties of the junction; in particular, the forward current-voltage characteristic was detected over ten orders of magnitude, showing: a rectification ratio of about 1010 at 1.2 V, low reverse current and low series resistance. Capacitance measurements confirmed the low contaminant concentration of the unintentionally doped intrinsic region (of the order of 1014 cm–3). A fill factor equal to 0.81, confirming low background doping and indicating low series resistance, has been measured for the illuminated junction. The long wavelength tail of the spectral response, controlled by the diffusion length of the minority carriers (holes) in the n-type base region of the junction, has been fitted, giving a hole diffusion length equal to 2 µm. The comparison with an identical structure, grown by MOVPE with the use of the traditional arsine precursor, showed that the p-i-n junction here studied has some superior electrical and photoelectrical properties, in particular a lower dark-current. Although the primary use for devices of this kind is as a part of a more complex heterostructure, the p-i-n junction studied in this work also achieves a good projected conversion efficiency as a single junction cell (21.4 ± 1)% at AM1.5g. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Abstract According to alethic functionalism, truth is a higher-order multiply realizable property of propositions. After briefly presenting the view’s main principles and motivations, I defend alethic functionalism from recent criticisms raised against it by Cory Wright. Wright argues that alethic functionalism will collapse either into deflationism or into a view that takes “true” as simply ambiguous. I reject both claims.

The orientational behavior of micron-sized rod-shaped SiC particles in the liquid crystal (LC) solvents E7, N-(4-methoxybenzylidene)-4-butylaniline (MBBA), and 4-octyl-4‘-cyanobiphenyl (8CB) has been studied. Particles were observed to predominately orient either parallel or perpendicular to the nematic director, with an equilibrium orientation depending on their surface chemistry and choice of LC solvent. In two cases, a bimodal distribution of particle orientations was found, with a minority population of particles adopting an orientation orthogonal to the majority one. Longer particles were slightly better oriented than shorter ones. No temperature dependence on particle orientation was observed up to the clearing point. Successive deposition of particles onto a solid substrate with different equilibrium orientations controlled through choice of the LC was shown to be effective for producing films with alternating particle arrangement between layers. Taken together these findings demonstrate that liquid crystals can provide a versatile means for solution-phase assembly of ordered films comprised of micron- and submicron-sized rod-shaped building blocks.

Single- and multiwalled carbon nanotubes dispersed in nematic liquid crystal (LC) solvents are found to be orientationally ordered by the nematic matrix. Procedures are demonstrated for the preparation of monolayer and multilayer nanotube films with organization controlled using well-established methods of LC alignment, including grooved surfaces, magnetic fields, and patterned electrodes. LC alignment should be possible with other nanometer-sized building blocks, offering a general route for controlled assembly of organized nanomaterials and devices.

We describe a detailed theoretical investigation of two-photon absorption photoconductivity in semiconductor microcavities. We show that high enhancement (by a factor of >10, 000) of the nonlinear response can be obtained as a result of the microcavity effect. We discuss in detail the design and performance (dynamic range, speed) of such a device with the help of the example of an AlGaAs/GaAs microcavity operating at 900 nm. This device shows promise for low-intensity, fast autocorrelation and demultiplexing applications.

A series of analogues of the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitory natural product balanol which bear modified benzophenone subunits are described. The analogues were designed with the goal of uncovering structure−activity features that could be used in the development of PKC inhibitors with a reduced polar character compared to balanol itself. The results of these studies suggest that most of the benzophenone features found in the natural product are important for obtaining potent PKC inhibitory compounds. However, several modifications were found to lead to selective inhibitors of the related enzyme protein kinase A (PKA), and several specific modifications to the polar structural elements of the benzophenone were found to provide potent PKC inhibitors. In particular, it was found that replacement of the benzophenone carboxylate with bioisosteric equivalents could lead to potent analogues. Further, a tolerance for lipophilic substituents on the terminal benzophenone ring was uncovered. These results are discussed in light of recently available structural information for PKA.

We measure the effect of intensity on the homogeneous linewidth of two high finesse semiconductor microcavities in the strong coupling regime using degenerate four-wave mixing. We find that the collisional broadening due to polariton–polariton scattering shows a threshold behaviour with intensity. At low intensities, a strong suppression is seen due to the small density of states available. Above threshold, the number of accessible states dramatically increases, giving a large increase in the collisional broadening. We also investigate the effect of modifying the dispersion curve, by detuning, on the threshold behaviour.

ABSTRACTA restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) detection assay was developed to examine the genetic relationship(s) among VP7-encoding genes from 100 Irish rotavirus isolates and 30 randomly selected global rotavirus isolates (from the current databases). RFLP analysis of the VP7 gene segments was performed independently with three enzymes (RsaI, AluI, and EcoRV) in separate reactions by direct digestion of the DNA product amplified by reverse transcriptase (RT)-mediated PCR (RT-PCR) or by using computational methods. Thirty-six RFLP patterns were identified for all 130 strains, and of these, only nine patterns were associated with the Irish isolates. A correlation between the G type of the Irish isolates and certain single or combined enzyme profiles was apparent. These data suggested that the Irish wild-type rotavirus population was homogeneous and could be distinguished by RFLP analysis from global isolates of the same serotype(s). The deduced amino acid sequences of the VP7 RT-PCR products from six Irish isolates known to be of the G serotype revealed significant amino acid substitutions within major antigenic regions. In addition, these data identified the existence of at least two genetic lineages within serotype G1 strains which were distinguishable by RFLP analysis.

A novel process for producing cubic liquid crystalline nanoparticles (cubosomes) has been developed. The process entails simple mixing of two waterlike solutions with a minimal input of energy. The key to this process is the inclusion of hydrotrope. Most lipids, such as monoolein, used to form cubic liquid crystals are essentially insoluble in water. The hydrotrope dissolves the lipid to create a waterlike solution. Water is added to the hydrotrope solution, resulting in a precipitous decrease in lipid solubility. Provided that the dilution trajectory falls into a cubic phase−water miscibility gap, nanometer-scale cubic liquid crystalline particles form spontaneously, presumably from a homogeneous nucleation mechanism. The process is versatile enough to accommodate any lipid and hydrotrope combination that forms cubic liquid crystalline material upon dilution. Actives and stabilizers can be formulated into either of the two solutions, allowing the production of colloidally stabilized, controlled-release dispersions. The phase diagram of the monoolein−ethanol−water system is determined to assess appropriate formulation of solutions and to develop dilution trajectories. This process replaces current processes that require long hold times, processing of solidlike materials, and very high-energy inputs to create cubosome nanoparticle dispersions. This process produces smaller, more stable cubosomes than by conventional bulk dispersion techniques.

Single crystals of NaHP2 (sodium hydrogen dipalmitate) have been prepared from mixtures of NaP (sodium palmitate) and HP (palmitic acid) in ethanol. The phase compound crystallizes in the P21/a space group, with a = 9.906 Å, b = 7.163 Å, c = 45.580 Å, β = 92.78°, and 4 molecules per unit cell. The arrangement of the headgroups is unique among known soap and fatty acid structures by accommodating both hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions. Carboxylate and acid-like pairs couple perpendicular to the bilayer to accommodate a “short” hydrogen bond, and the sodium is shared among laterally adjacent carboxylate anions to create a pseudo-six-member ring, which adds to the crystal stability. Molecular dynamic (MD) simulations establish a set of interaction parameters to describe the structure and energetics of acid−carboxylate bonds, which accounts for the solid-state miscibility of HP and NaP. Infrared data, collected by ATR-FTIR on very pure, powdered NaH2P3, Na2H3P5, and NaHP2 acid−soap standards reveal peculiar changes in the carbonyl and hydroxyl spectral regions. These spectra were analyzed on the basis of crystal structure and MD simulation data.