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Vanadium dioxide (VO2) nanoleafs were prepared by the thermal decomposition method. The synthesized vanadium dioxide (VO2) nanomaterials have been experimentally proven with well-known structural phase orientation properties. Besides, this VO2nanoleaf-like material was scrutinized with a wide range of analyses with discussions also more desirable like XRD (X-ray diffraction analysis), FT-IR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis), SEM (scanning electron microscope), and DRS UV–visible spectroscopy. VO2nanoleaf materials V = O, V–O–V, and V–O stretching vibrations of the functional groups were signified in FT-IR examinations. The varagu tree leaf-like morphology structure was identified by the SEM equipment and observed to the remarkable diameter ranges. VO2nanoleaf material has been acquired for low bandgap energy with a recorded value at 3.3 eV so it was nominated by dye degradation applications. Additionally, VO2nanocatalysts will be reported, and predictable results were highly esteemed for the new research commitments and suggested for future research prospectus. This synthetic approach will focus on less time, low concentration, and good formation of the morphological growth identifications respectively. The VO2nanoleaf materials have admirable efficiencies underneath visible light illumination during Brilliant Green (BG) dye and improved antibacterial activity performances.

Motivated by applications in DNA-based storage and communication systems, we study deletion and insertion errors simultaneously in a burst. In particular, we study a type of error named $t$ -deletion- $s$ -insertion-burst ( $(t,s)$ -burst for short) which is a generalization of the (2, 1)-burst error proposed by Schoeny et al. Such an error deletes $t$ consecutive symbols and inserts an arbitrary sequence of length $s$ at the same coordinate. We provide a sphere-packing upper bound on the size of binary codes that can correct a $(t,s)$ -burst error, showing that the redundancy of such codes is at least $\log (n-t+2)+t-1$ . For $t\geq 2s$ , an explicit construction of binary $(t,s)$ -burst correcting codes with redundancy $\log n+(t-s-1)\log \log n+O_{t}(1)$ is given, where $O_{t}(\cdot)$ suppresses factors that depend only on $t$ . Additionally, we construct a binary (3, 1)-burst correcting code with redundancy at most $\log n+9$ , which is optimal up to an additive constant.

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have been deemed to be a promising energy storage technology in terms of cost-effectiveness and sustainability. However, the electrodes often operate at potentials beyond their thermodynamic equilibrium, thus requiring the formation of interphases for kinetic stabilization. The interfaces of the anode such as typical hard carbons and sodium metals are particularly unstable because of its much lower chemical potential than the electrolyte. This creates more severe challenges for both anode and cathode interfaces when building anode-free cells to achieve higher energy densities. Manipulating the desolvation process through the nanoconfining strategy has been emphasized as an effective strategy to stabilize the interface and has attracted widespread attention. This Outlook provides a comprehensive understanding about the nanopore-based solvation structure regulation strategy and its role in building practical SIBs and anode-free batteries. Finally, guidelines for the design of better electrolytes and suggestions for constructing stable interphases are proposed from the perspective of desolvation or predesolvation.

Heavy reliance on petrochemical-based plastic foams in both industry and society has led to severe plastic pollution (the so-called “white pollution”). In this work, we develop a biodegradable, recyclable, and sustainable cellulose/bentonite (Cel/BT) foam material directly from resource-abundant natural materials (i.e., lignocellulosic biomass and minerals) via ambient drying. The strong resistance to the capillary force-driven structural collapse of the preformed three-dimensional (3D) network during the ambient drying process can be ascribed to the purpose-designed cellulose–bentonite coordination interaction, which provides a practical way for the locally scalable production of foam materials with designed shapes without complex processing and intensive energy consumption. Benefiting from the strong cellulose–bentonite coordination interaction, the Cel/BT foam material demonstrates high mechanical strength and outstanding thermal stability, outperforming commercial plastic polystyrene foam. Furthermore, the Cel/BT foam presents environmental impacts much lower than those of petrochemical-based plastic foams as it can be 100% recycled in a closed-loop recycling process and easily biodegraded in the environment (natural cellulose goes back to the carbon cycle, and bentonite minerals return to the geological cycle). This study demonstrates an energy-efficient ambient drying approach for the local and scalable production of an all-natural cellulose/bentonite foam for sustainable packaging, buildings, and beyond, presenting great potential in response to “white pollution” and resource shortage.

The magnetic carbon material was synthesized by a simple solid-phase method, and a modified imprinting layer was formed on the surface of the magnetic carbon material by molecular imprinting and microwave methods, and the final modified imprinted Ag-Poly (o-phenylenediamine) (Ag-POPD) photocatalyst was used to degrade the antibiotic ciprofloxacin. The as prepared photocatalyst is very sensitive to temperature, and the ciprofloxacin degradation rate in ambient environment (25 °C) was 73.25% higher than at 40 °C. The photocatalyst has high selectivity to ciprofloxacin and is convenient to recover due to its magnetic properties. The significant increase in photocatalytic activity is mainly attributed to the synergistic effect between Ag and magnetic carbon materials that can accelerate the spatial separation of charge carriers. Furthermore, details of the photocatalytic degradation mechanism of the photocatalyst composite are discussed. The described method is a new single-step continuous microwave synthesis, which also opens new ways to modify/tune materials.

Although the phase inversion method has been widely used for the preparation of the photocatalytic polymer membrane, the embedding of photocatalytic powder in the inside of the polymer membrane seriously blocks the active site and limits the photocatalytic efficiency. In this work, we demonstrate that using a magnetic photocatalyst to prepare the photocatalytic membrane can solve the above challenges with the help of magnetic field assistant method. Moreover, a ZnFe2O4@Poly(o-phenylenediamine) core-shell heterojunction (I-ZnFe2O4@PoPD) with imprinted layer is employed as the photocatalyst to prepare the highly exposed imprinted photocatalytic membrane (IM-ZnFe2O4@PoPD), which provides recognized site to selectively capture the specific pollutants and facilitate the charge transfer by formed built-in electric field between ZnFe2O4and PoPD. In addition, the photodegradation efficiency of the imprinted molecule, such as tetracycline (TC), over the as-prepared IM-ZnFe2O4@PoPD membrane reaches to 75.76%. Inversely, the photodegradation efficiency of unimprinted molecules, like ciprofloxacin (CIP), is only 20.28% in the same condition. The selectivity coefficient of IM-ZnFe2O4@PoPD relative to UIM-ZnFe2O4@PoPD can reach 2.6. Briefly, our work throws light on the preparation of membranes with more exposed active sites and high photocatalytic selectivity.

The recyclable and stable ZnFe2O4small particle decorated one-dimensional perylene diimide (PDI) S-scheme heterojunction (1D PDI/ZnFe2O4) is prepared by the hydrochloric acid-mediated (HCl-mediated) strategy, interestingly, the morphology of the 1D PDI/ZnFe2O4can also be effectively regulated by HCl-mediated process, the existence of HCl can regulate PDI into a uniform rod structure, while the co-existence of HCl and PDI can limit ZnFe2O4to become the uniform small particles. More importantly, based on the 1D rod structure of PDI and the small size effect of ZnFe2O4, carriers can migrate to the surface more easily, which can improve the photocatalytic activity. Meanwhile, due to the appropriate energy level structure, the S-scheme heterojunction structure is formed between PDI and ZnFe2O4, which eliminates meaningless photo-generated charge carriers through recombination and introduces strong redox to further enhance the photodegradation effect, thereby, 1D PDI/ZnFe2O4exhibits excellent photocatalytic ability, under the visible light irradiation, the degradation rate of tetracycline (TC) with 1D PDI/ZnFe2O4(66.67%) is 9.18 times that with PDI (7.26%) and 9.73 times that with ZnFe2O4(6.85%). This work proposes new ideas for the assembly of magnetic organic-inorganic S-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts.

Global demand for green and clean energy is increasing day by day owing to ongoing developments by the human race that are changing the face of the earth at a rate faster than ever. Exploring alternative sources of energy to replace fossil fuel consumption has become even more vital to control the growing concentration of CO2, and reduction of CO2into CO or other useful hydrocarbons (e.g., C1and C≥2products), as well as reduction of N2into ammonia, can greatly help in this regard. Various materials have been developed for the reduction of CO2and N2. The introduction of pores in these materials by porosity engineering has been demonstrated to be highly effective in increasing the efficiency of the involved redox reactions, over 40% increment for CO2reduction to date, by providing an increased number of exposed facets, kinks, edges, and catalytically active sites of catalysts. By shaping the surface porous structure, the selectivity of the redox reaction can also be enhanced. In order to better understand this area benefiting rational design for future solutions, this review systematically summarizes and constructively discusses the porosity engineering in catalytic materials, including various synthesis methods, characterization of porous materials, and the effects of porosity on performance of CO2reduction and N2reduction.

Micro(nano)plastics (MNPs) have become a significant environmental concern due to their widespread presence in the biosphere and potential harm to ecosystems and human health. Here, we propose for the first time a micro(nano)plastics capture, utilization and storage (PCUS) concept to achieve MNPs remediation from water while meeting an economically productive upcycling and environmentally sustainable plastic waste management. A highly efficient capturing material derived from surface-modified woody biomass waste (M-Basswood) is developed to remove a broad spectrum of multidimensional and compositional MNPs from water. The M-Basswood delivered a high and stable capture efficiency of > 99.1% at different pH or salinity levels. This exceptional capture performance is driven by multiscale interactions between M-Basswood and MNPs, involving physical trapping, strong electrostatic attractions, and triggered MNPs cluster-like aggregation sedimentation. Additionally, the in vivobiodistribution of MNPs shows low ingestion and accumulation of MNPs in the mice organs. After MNPs remediation from water, the M-Basswood together with captured MNPs is further processed into a high-performance composite board product where MNPs serve as glue for utilization and storage. Furthermore, the life cycle assessment (LCA) and techno-economic analysis (TEA) results demonstrate the environmental friendliness and economic viability of our proposed full-chain PCUS strategy, promising to drive positive change in plastic pollution and foster a circular economy.

Objective This study was performed to assess the feasibility of conservative treatment for stage II or III serous borderline ovarian tumors (BOTs).Methods Twenty-one patients were treated conservatively for advanced serous BOTs from 2006 to 2017. Two patients were lost to follow-up. The patients’ clinical status, surgical results, fertility results, and oncological outcomes were collected.Results The patients’ median age at surgery was 28 years (range, 22–37 years). The median follow-up interval was 74 months (range, 16–214 months). Among the 19 patients who were followed up, 8 had stage II tumors and 11 had stage III tumors. Sixteen patients had noninvasive peritoneal implants. Two patients developed tumor metastasis to the fallopian tubes and one developed metastasis to the pelvic lymph nodes and omentum. The total recurrence rate was 26.3%. Seventeen (89.5%) patients were nulliparous. Four of 10 patients who wished to preserve their fertility obtained natural pregnancy. No patients died of their disease.Conclusions This study supports the efficacy of conservative treatment for advanced BOTs with respect to its favorable fertility result. The overall prognosis is not changed by conservative treatment.

In this work, an efficient AgVO3/MoS2composite photocatalyst was successfully synthesized via a hydrothermal method. The photocatalytic activity of the as-prepared photocatalyst was evaluated by using it for assessing the degradation of different organic pollutants under visible-light irradiation. The composite 3%-AgVO3/MoS2catalyst demonstrated a significantly enhanced photocatalytic activity compared to the pure compounds (AgVO3and MoS2). The reason behind the excellent photocatalytic performance was the modification of MoS2by AgVO3to facilitate O2adsorption/activation. In addition, the composite catalyst facilitates the two-electron oxygen reduction reaction whereby H2O2is generated on the surface of MoS2to produce additional reactive oxygen species (ROSs). ESR coupled with the POPHA fluorescence detection method and a free radical capture experiment were used to elucidate the mechanism of formation of the ROSs, including •OH, •O2−and H2O2. Furthermore, the generation of additional ROSs could accelerate electron consumption, leaving behind more holes for the oxidation of organic pollutants. A possible photocatalytic mechanism of the composite is also discussed.

Nanocarbon materials recognized as effective and inexpensive catalysts for independent electrochemical reactions, are anticipated to possess a broader spectrum of multifunctionality toward oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). A rational design of trifunctional nanocarbon catalyst requires balancing the heteroatoms-doping and defect-engineering to afford desired active centers and satisfied electric conductivity, which however is conceptually challenging while desires in-depth research both experimentally and theoretically. This work reports a N,B-codoped graphitic carbon nanocage (NB-CN) with graphitic yet defect-rich characteristic as a promising trifunctional electrocatalyst through a facile thermal pyrolysis assisted in-situ catalytic graphitization (TPCG) process. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations are conducted, for the first time, to demonstrate that the best performance for ORR/OER and HER can be originated from the configuration with B metato a pyridinic-N, which presents a minimum theoretical overpotential of 0.34V for ORR, 0.39V for OER, and a lowest Gibbs free-energy (ΔGads) of 0.013eV for HER. A primary zinc-air battery is assembled presenting a maximum power density of 320mWcm−2along with excellent operation durability, evidencing great potential in practical applications.

A retrievability and successive degradation photocatalytic nanoreactor MS@FCN was first developed, which contained a magnetic photocatalytic core and mesoporous shell. The photocatalytic nanoreactor showed strong adsorption capacity, high activity, and good stability in degrading tetracycline. The nanoreactor can efficiently strengthen the binding abilities fixed to the tetracycline molecule and make the visible reflected in the confinement space for further enhancement of the absorption efficiency, which was confirmed by adsorption experiments and UV–vis DRS. Moreover, the mesoporous shell can protect the magnetic photocatalytic core inside for facilitating recycling and making the photocatalytic reaction cycle be carried out in and out of the microenvironment of the nanoreactor, which also was proved by cycling test and HPLC-MS. Therefore, this kind of ideal photocatalytic nanoreactor may offer a new opportunity to develop functional photocatalysts for complicated catalytic processes.

The traditional photocatalysts have no selective photocatalysis ability and are difficult to separate and recycle. Herein, the imprinted modified non-metal S-scheme heterojunction photocatalytic membrane (IM-NSH-PM) was prepared via imprinting modification technology and dopamine (DA) tight adhesion method, which possessed high throughput (2548.6Lm-2h-1bar-1), good self-cleaning performance, excellent stability and recovery performance. The cross-linking and polymerization of DA on PVDF membrane surface can form a strong interaction between basement membrane and imprinted modified non-metal S-scheme heterojunction (IM-NSH), which made IM-NSH-PM adhered closely together. Besides, the formed S-scheme heterojunction between PDI and g-C3N4, which weakened the recombination rate of electrons and holes and further improved the photodegradation ability. The photodegradation rate of TC by IM-NSH-PM reached 71.88%. More importantly, under the action of imprinting modification, IM-NSH was endowed with many imprinted cavities consistent with the three-dimensional structure of tetracycline (TC), thereby TC can be preferentially selective adsorbed and degraded, and the selectivity coefficient of IM-NSH-PM to non-imprinted modified non-metal S-scheme heterojunction photocatalytic membrane (NIM-NSH-PM) was 1.88. This work shows a meaningful idea for exploring self-cleaning membranes with good selective photodegradation ability for the target pollutant.

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A novel hollow capsule-like recyclable functional ZnO/C/Fe3O4was synthesized by employing the convenient and mild sol–gel method combined with the surface imprinting technique, which possessed good light response ability, superior magnetic separation performance and excellent reproducibility. This as-prepared functional ZnO/C/Fe3O4was proved to not only exhibit high photocatalytic activity but also possess a strong three-dimensional oriented ability to selectively recognize and photodegrade danofloxacin mesylate. Through getting insight into the mechanism, we can confirm that in this photocatalytic reaction, h+and OH play major roles compared with O2−. This work not only puts forward a novel design idea of functional semiconductor materials but also is expected to be widely applied to the oriented recognition and removal of a target substance according to the practical requirement.

A new imprinted photocatalyst ICTX@Mfa is prepared by employing a molecular imprinting technique, which is authenticated viaa variety of modern analysis methods. It exhibits superior specific oriented recognition capability, stability and retrievability for selectively degrading common antibiotic ciprofloxacin molecules under visible light. Through gaining an insight into the photocatalytic mechanism of ciprofloxacin molecules over ICTX@Mfa, we can confirm that the generation of holes and hydroxyl radicals plays a major role in degrading ciprofloxacin in virtue of the active species detection experiments. This work puts forward a new design idea and provides an illustrative example for selective oriented removal of the specified organic pollutant molecules according to practical requirements.

AbstractCdS/halloysite nanotube (HNT) samples doped with several metal ions (Mn+-CdS/HNTs, where Mn+= Zn2+, Bi3+, Cr3+, and Ni2+) were synthesized using a facile and effective hydrothermal method. The as-prepared photocatalysts were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectra, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscope, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared. The photocatalytic activity of the Mn+-CdS/HNTs photocatalyst was evaluated by the degradation of tetracycline under visible-light irradiation. The optimum Mn+-doping amount was investigated in detail. At last, the possible photodegradation mechanism for metal-ion-doping photocatalyst was further discussed.

CdS/halloysite nanotube (HNT) samples doped with several metal ions (Mn+-CdS/HNTs, where Mn+= Zn2+, Bi3+, Cr3+, and Ni2+) were synthesized using a facile and effective hydrothermal method. The as-prepared photocatalysts were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectra, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscope, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared. The photocatalytic activity of the Mn+-CdS/HNTs photocatalyst was evaluated by the degradation of tetracycline under visible-light irradiation. The optimum Mn+-doping amount was investigated in detail. At last, the possible photodegradation mechanism for metal-ion-doping photocatalyst was further discussed.

AbstractTiO2/HNTs were modified by metal ions with the impregnation method. The as-prepared photocatalysts were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectra (UV–vis DRS), and inductively coupled plasma-atomic (optical) emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The results demonstrated that TiO2/HNTs were successfully synthesized, and anatase TiO2was formed after calcination. Moreover, after modification, the as-prepared TiO2/HNTs still kept crystalline structure. Furthermore, a red-shift was obviously observed fromUV–vis DRS, and the band gap energy was narrowed. ICP-AES proved that compared with TiO2/HNTs, metal ions were existed in metal ion@TiO2/HNTs. The photocatalytic activity was studied by the degradation of antibiotics aqueous solution under the visible light irradiation. The results showed that Fe3+@TiO2/HNTs had the strong ability to degrade tetracycline, and the optimum adding concentration of Fe3+was 0.2 g/L. In addition, the degradation effect of tetracycline was better. The photodegradation rate of 40 mg L−1tetracycline simulated wastewater could reach 76.54%. The binary system was also investigated, which showed that the degradation rate of co-doped TiO2/HNTs was lower than Fe3+@TiO2/HNTs.

TiO2/HNTs were modified by metal ions with the impregnation method. The as-prepared photocatalysts were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectra (UV–vis DRS), and inductively coupled plasma-atomic (optical) emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The results demonstrated that TiO2/HNTs were successfully synthesized, and anatase TiO2was formed after calcination. Moreover, after modification, the as-prepared TiO2/HNTs still kept crystalline structure. Furthermore, a redshift was obviously observed fromUV–vis DRS, and the band gap energy was narrowed. ICP-AES proved that compared with TiO2/HNTs, metal ions were existed in metal ion@- TiO2/HNTs. The photocatalytic activity was studied by the degradation of antibiotics aqueous solution under the visible light irradiation. The results showed that Fe3+@TiO2/HNTs had the strong ability to degrade tetracycline, and the optimum adding concentration of Fe3+was 0.2 g/L. In addition, the degradation effect of tetracycline was better. The photodegradation rate of 40mgL-1tetracycline simulated wastewater could reach 76.54%. The binary system was also investigated, which showed that the degradation rate of co-doped TiO2/HNTs was lower than Fe3+@TiO2/HNTs.

AbstractMagnetic TiO2nanocomposites with good monodispersity were successfully synthesized via a mild sol–gel method, which were used for removal of salicylic acid (SA) residues from aqueous solution. These as-prepared nanocomposites were extensively characterized by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscope, N2adsorption–desorption isotherm with the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method, Fourier-transformed infrared spectra, X-ray diffraction, and vibrating sample magnetometer. These results indicated that magnetic TiO2nanocomposites possessed the core-shell structure of good dispersibility, excellent chemical stability, and magnetic property (Ms = 22.11 emu/g). According to the results of series experiments, magnetic TiO2nanocomposites showed fast kinetics and satisfied adsorption capacity for adsorption of SA. Under the optimum experimental condition, the adsorption process followed pseudo-second-order reaction kinetics and Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Moreover, the thermodynamic parameters calculated from the adsorption data suggested that the adsorption of SA was a spontaneous and endothermic nature of the process. In addition, magnetic TiO2nanocomposites were proved to exhibit high catalytic efficiency for photodegradation of SA under visible light irradiation, and the intermediate products of photodegradation were inferred from the mass spectrometry.

Magnetic TiO2nanocomposites with good monodispersity were successfully synthesized via a mild sol–gel method, which were used for removal of salicylic acid (SA) residues from aqueous solution. These as-prepared nanocomposites were extensively characterized by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscope, N2adsorption–desorption isotherm with the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method, Fourier-transformed infrared spectra, X-ray diffraction, and vibrating sample magnetometer. These results indicated that magnetic TiO2nanocomposites possessed the core-shell structure of good dispersibility, excellent chemical stability, and magnetic property (Ms = 22.11 emu/g). According to the results of series experiments, magnetic TiO2nanocomposites showed fast kinetics and satisfied adsorption capacity for adsorption of SA. Under the optimum experimental condition, the adsorption process followed pseudo-second-order reaction kinetics and Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Moreover, the thermodynamic parameters calculated from the adsorption data suggested that the adsorption of SA was a spontaneous and endothermic nature of the process. In addition, magnetic TiO2nanocomposites were proved to exhibit high catalytic efficiency for photodegradation of SA under visible light irradiation, and the intermediate products of photodegradation were inferred from the mass spectrometry.

Nanodimensional monodispersed Cu–MnO heterostructures were synthesized via a facile solution-based method. Cu–MnO heterostructures with narrow size distribution were successfully achieved in the presence of organic surfactants to prevent agglomeration during the growth process. Furthermore, the unique architecture of carbon-coated Cu–MnO (Cu–MnO@C) core–shell heterostructures obtained after a thermal annealing process preserved the electrical integrity of the electrode via the conductive copper “nanobridge” to provide an efficient electron transfer pathway between the active materials and the current collector. On the other hand, the amorphous carbonaceous shell evidently gives a protective layer to attain structural integrity throughout the electrochemical measurements. Enhancement in the electrochemical performance can be reflected by the excellent cycling stability and high rate capability of the Cu–MnO@C heterostructures as compared to the MnO@C nanoparticles.

Heteropolyacid–chitosan/TiO2composites were modified by the conducting polymers and synthesized via a solvothermal method. The conducting polymers were prepared via the synthesis of heteropolyacids (H3PMo12O40, H3PW12O40, H4SiW12O40) and chitosan. It was found that the conducting polymers (heteropolyacids–chitosan) could improve the photocatalytic activity of TiO2a lot, and the H3PMo12O40–chitosan/TiO2sample possessed the highest photocatalytic activity among the composite samples. The compound photocatalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectra, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy.

Olivine-type LiMPO4(M = Fe, Mn, Co, Ni) has become of great interest as cathodes for next-generation high-power lithium-ion batteries. Nevertheless, this family of compounds suffers from poor electronic conductivities and sluggish lithium diffusion in the [010] direction. Here, we develop a liquid-phase exfoliation approach combined with a solvothermal lithiation process in high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT) supercritical fluids for the fabrication of ultrathin LiMPO4nanosheets (thickness: 3.7–4.6 nm) with exposed (010) surface facets. Importantly, the HPHT solvothermal lithiation could produce monodisperse nanosheets while the traditional high-temperature calcination, which is necessary for cathode materials based on high-quality crystals, leads the formation of large grains and aggregation of the nanosheets. The as-synthesized nanosheets have features of high contact area with the electrolyte and fast lithium transport (time diffusion constant in at the microsecond level). The estimated diffusion time for Li+to diffuse over a [010]-thickness of <5 nm (L) was calculated to be less than 25, 2.5, and 250 μs for LiFePO4, LiMnPO4, and LiCoPO4nanosheets, respectively, viathe equation of t= L2/D. These values are about 5 orders of magnitude lower than the corresponding bulk materials. This results in high energy densities and excellent rate capabilities (e.g., 18 kW kg–1and 90 Wh kg–1at a 80 C rate for LiFePO4nanosheets).

SERS them right: Ag/C nanoparticles (see figure; red line) and Ag/Ag/C nanoclusters (blue line) were synthesized as platforms for surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). The results showed that the Ag/Ag/C nanoclusters led to great enhancement of the Raman signals for methyl benzenethiol molecules.

Ultrasonic treatment was employed to improve the dispersibility of the Fe3O4nanoparticles dispersed in aqueous solutions. Electrophoresis and XPS spectra indicate that the ultrasonic treatment can induce the generation of chemisorbed hydroxyl groups and the oxidation of Fe2ions on the surface of the magnetic nanoparticles, thus resulting in improved dispersibility of the magnetic nanoparticles. After growth of silica protection layers on the Fe3O4nanoparticles with different times of ultrasonic treatment, Fe3O4SiO2coreshell nanoparticles with different amounts of the magnetic cores were successfully prepared.

The major contribution of this paper is the application of modern analysis techniques to the important Message Passing Interface standard, work done in order to obtain information useful in designing both application programmer interfaces for object-oriented languages, and message passing systems. Recognition of ‘Design Patterns’ within MPI is an important discernment of this work. A further contribution is a comparative discussion of the design and evolution of three actual object-oriented designs for the Message Passing Interface ( MPI-1SF ) application programmer interface (API), two of which have influenced the standardization of C++ explicit parallel programming with MPI-2, and which strongly indicate the value of a priori object-oriented design and analysis of such APIs. Knowledge of design patterns is assumed herein. Discussion provided here includes systems developed at Mississippi State University (MPI++), the University of Notre Dame (OOMPI), and the merger of these systems that results in a standard binding within the MPI-2 standard. Commentary concerning additional opportunities for further object-oriented analysis and design of message passing systems and APIs, such as MPI-2 and MPI/RT, are mentioned in conclusion. Connection of modern software design and engineering principles to high performance computing programming approaches is a new and important further contribution of this work. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A DE/MX interlayer with synergistically enhanced chemical trapping and catalytic conversion effectively retards the shuttling of polysulfides in Li-S batteries.