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L’entérovirus (EV) est l’étiologie la plus fréquente des méningites virales, retrouvée dans près de 75 % des cas documentés chez l’enfant. Les méningites à EV sont principalement retrouvées chez les enfants âgés de moins de 1an. L’infection est bénigne dans la majorité des cas et l’évolution est favorable. L’infection donne peu de complications aiguës et de séquelles neurologiques cependant peu d’études se sont intéressées au suivi au long terme de ces enfants. Des tableaux neurologiques plus sévères existent, liés à des sérotypes spécifiques d’EV, tels que l’encéphalite et la myélite flasque aiguës. Le traitement des méningites à EV est exclusivement symptomatique. Dans les rares cas d’infections sévères, un traitement par immunoglobulines polyvalentes peut être discuté.

La vaccination est un enjeu majeur de santé publique. En parallèle des débats toujours fournis en France concernant la sécurité des vaccins, des erreurs peuvent survenir à chacune des étapes du processus de vaccination : prescription, dispensation, préparation, administration, surveillance, transport et stockage.

•Errors can occur at each step of the vaccination process, i.e., prescribing, dispensing, preparation, administration, monitoring, recording in the vaccination record, transport, and storage.•There is partial mastery of vaccine knowledge among health professionals. Knowledge gaps mainly persist concerning live vaccines administered during pregnancy, the lower- or upper-case letters in the diphtheria (D or d) and pertussis (Ca or ca), marketing authorization and dosage for the influenza vaccine, transport of vaccines outside the refrigerator.•Most health professionals mentioned the possibility of writing procedures for the various steps of the vaccine process, but only few of them have actually done it.

•specific antibiotic treatments are indicated, depending on various bacterial etiologies.•duration of treatment is recommended as short as possible.•oral route is recommended as early as possible.•pediatric treatments are not similar to adult treatments.

En France, chaque hiver le virus respiratoire syncytial (VRS) est une des principales causes d'hospitalisation des nourrissons et des jeunes enfants pour infections respiratoires basses. L'estimation du fardeau associé au VRS est complexe car l'agent pathogène responsable de ces infections n'est pas recherché systématiquement. Cette étude visait à estimer la fardeau épidémiologique et économique associé au VRS à travers les excès d'hospitalisation chez les enfants âgés de <5 ans en France sur une période de huit ans, de juillet 2010 à juin 2018.

ABSTRACTAichi virus has been proposed as a causative agent of gastroenteritis. A total of 457 stool specimens from children hospitalized with acute diarrhea and 566 stool specimens from adults and children involved in 110 gastroenteritis outbreaks were screened for the presence of Aichi virus by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) amplification of the genomic region of the 3C and 3D (3CD) nonstructural proteins. Our results show a low incidence of Aichi virus in pediatric samples and the existence of mixed infections with other microbiological agents in some cases. From the outbreak survey, it appears that the presence of Aichi virus is an indicator of mixed infections causing gastroenteritis outbreaks and that it could be involved in half of the oyster-associated outbreaks. A second RT-PCR was developed to amplify a part of the VP1 gene. The phylogenetic analysis showed a good correlation between the two classifications based on 3CD and VP1 gene sequences and revealed the prevalence of genotype A in France. It also allowed us to partially describe an Aichi virus strain that could represent a new genotype, thus suggesting the existence of a certain diversity.

Chaque année en France, 30 % des enfants âgés de moins de deux ans sont infectés par le virus respiratoire syncitial (VRS) à l’origine d’infections respiratoires sévères. Ce virus est responsable de nombreuses hospitalisations chez le nourrisson et le jeune enfant. Cette étude vise à estimer le fardeau hospitalier associé au VRS chez l’enfant âgé de moins de 5 ans en France.

L’acné fulminans (AF) est définie par la survenue brutale d’une acné pustuleuse et nécrotique, extensive, douloureuse, associée à une AEG fébrile, un syndrome inflammatoire biologique et une atteinte ostéoarticulaire dont l’expression la plus classique est l’ostéomyélite multifocale chronique récurrente (OCMR). Nous rapportons une série de 5 cas d’AF associé à une OCMR chez des adolescents.

Background and aims: Acute bacterial meningitis is a life-threatening illness with possible long-term neurocognitive sequelae. Aim of the study was to identify clinical and biological factors associated with death or neurological sequelae in a retrospective cohort of children with bacterial meningitis.Methods: Retrospective cohort study. Inclusion criteria were bacterial meningitis beyond 1 month of age; and death or long-term (>10 yrs) follow-up. Clinical and biological data at admission were retrieved from medical charts.Results: Eighty-nine patients (age at diagnosis 1 month - 15 years) were enrolled between 1990 and 1999. Nineteen (21%) died, two of them suffered from chronic diseases. At diagnosis, the following variables were associated with survival: absence of seizures (p < 0.05), absence of respiratory distress (p < 0.001), GCS> 12 (p < 0.001), platelets> 150,000/mm3 (p < 0.001), WBC > 5,000 (p< 0.01) and blood neutrophils >1,500 (p< 0.01), no need for mechanical ventilation (p < 0.001). Among children who survived: 42 (60%) did not show any neurocognitive problems; 15 (21.4%) developed hearing loss, 10 (14.2%) mild mental retardation, 8 (11.4%) motor problems, 6 (8.5%) epilepsy, 2 (2.8 %) sleep disorders. None developed psychiatric disorders.Conclusion: Some factors were significantly associated with survival in children with bacterial meningitis. The overall prognosis was good in more than half of the long-term survivors. The main limit of our study is its retrospective nature. However, since the routine use of vaccines, the incidence of bacterial meningitis has decreased so that prospective studies are difficult to conduct in developed countries.