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El uso de contrastes iodados puede causar nefrotoxicidad. Actualmente se cuestiona que los contrastes sean los responsables exclusivos del daño renal, ya que en la mayoría de los casos coexisten otras causas potenciales de fracaso renal. Con los contrastes actuales de baja osmolaridad e isoosmolares, la incidencia de nefropatía por contraste se estima que es inferior al 1% en la población de bajo riesgo; pero puede incrementarse hasta el 37% en pacientes que reciben contraste por vía intraarterial y/o que presentan insuficiencia renal con filtrado glomerular estimado inferior a 30ml/min/1,73m2. Para minimizar el riesgo de nefrotoxicidad se recomienda administrar la menor cantidad posible de contraste y asegurar una adecuada expansión de volumen mediante la infusión de solución salina 0,9%.

Let R:= K[x1,...,xn] be a polynomial ring over an infinite field K, and let I⊂ Rbe a homogeneous ideal with respect to a weight vector ω = (ω1, ..., ωn) ∈ (Z+)nsuch that dim(R/I) = d.We consider the minimal graded free resolution of R/Ias A-module, that we call the Noether resolution of R/I, whenever A:= K[xn-d+1,...,xn] is a Noether normalization of R/I.When d= 2 and Iis saturated, we give an algorithm for obtaining this resolution that involves the computation of a minimal Gröbner basis of Iwith respect to the weighted degree reverse lexicographic order. In the particular case when R/Iis a 2-dimensional semigroup ring, we also describe the multigraded version of this resolution in terms of the underlying semigroup. Whenever we have the Noether resolution of R/Ior its multigraded version, we obtain formulas for the corresponding Hilbert series of R/I, and when Iis homogeneous, we obtain a formula for the Castelnuovo-Mumford regularity of R/I.As an application of the results for 2-dimensional semigroup rings, we provide a new upper bound for the Castelnuovo-Mumford regularity of the coordinate ring of a projective monomial curve. Finally, we describe the multigraded Noether resolution of either the coordinate ring of a projective monomial curve [EQUATION] associated to an arithmetic sequence or of any of its canonical projections [EQUATION].

The effects of intracerebroventricularly i.c.v. injected interleukin1 IL1 on tyrosine hydroxylase TH activity in the median eminence and on serum adrenocorticotropin hormone ACTH and prolactin PRL levels were studied in freely moving male rats chronically implanted with i.c.v. cannulas. IL1 stimulated TH activity of the median eminence in a dosedependent manner. Intracerebroventricular injections of 100 ng and 200 ng IL1 significantly increased TH activity in the median eminence by 40.6 and 74.7 respectively over the salineinjected control group. The stimulation of ACTH secretion was statistically significant for all doses used, however i.c.v. injections of IL1 failed to elicit significant changes in the serum PRL concentrations. These results suggest that IL1 increases dopaminergic activity of the medial basal hypothalamus to produce its neuroendocrine effects.