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The alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in an anion exchange membrane water electrolyzer (AEMWE) is considered to be a promising approach for large-scale industrial hydrogen production. Nevertheless, it is severely hampered by the inability to operate tolerable HER catalysts consistently under low overpotentials at ampere-level current densities. Here, we develop a universal ligand-exchange (MOF-on-MOF) modulation strategy to synthesize ultrafine Fe2P and Co2P nanoparticles, which are well anchored on N and P dual-doped carbon porous nanosheets (Fe2P-Co2P/NPC). In addition, benefiting from the downshift of the d-band center and the interfacial Co-P-Fe bridging, the electron-rich P site is triggered, which induces the redistribution of electron density and the swapping of active centers, lowering the energy barrier of the HER. As a result, the Fe2P-Co2P/NPC catalyst only requires a low overpotential of 175 mV to achieve a current density of 1000 mA cm–2. The solar-driven water electrolysis system presents a record-setting and stable solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency of 20.36%. Crucially, the catalyst could stably operate at 1000 mA cm–2over 1000 h in a practical AEMWE at an estimated cost of US$0.79 per kilogram of H2, which achieves the target (US$2 per kg of H2) set by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE).

Mantle heterogeneity has revealed systematic differences in Pb isotopic compositions between the Indian Ocean-South Atlantic mantle in the Southern Hemisphere and the Pacific Ocean-North Atlantic mantle in the Northern Hemisphere. This large-scale difference in mantle isotopes in the Southern Hemisphere is known as the DUPAL anomaly, but its origin remains controversial. Based on a systematic review of the Nd-Pb isotopic evolution of the Tethyan mantle domain, this study identified the long-term presence of the DUPAL anomaly in this domain since the early Paleozoic, characterized by long-term and high mantle thorium/uranium (Th/U) ratios. By comparing the Nd-Pb isotopic compositions of the Tethyan mantle domain with the Panthalassic-Pacific mantle domain (the Paleo-Asian, Paleo-Pacific, and modern Pacific oceans), it is shown that the mantle initially had low Th/U features due to early Earth crust-mantle differentiation, with the crust having high Th/U ratios. As such, the mantle initially had uniformly low Th/U ratios that were inherited throughout the Panthalassic-Pacific mantle domain. However, the plate tectonics and continental collisions in the Tethyan domain affected its characteristics, leading to the long-term and large-scale DUPAL anomaly. During the opening of and subduction in the Tethys Ocean, Gondwanaland fragmentation and frequent continent-continent collisions led to long-term and extensive crust-mantle interactions and the continuous input of high-Th/U mantle sources, which thus modified the mantle. This process formed not only the unique DUPAL anomaly in the Tethyan mantle domain, but also the Tethyan tectonic domain dominated by continental collisions. Moreover, the high DUPAL anomaly in the Proto- and Paleo-Tethyan mantle domains records the effects of mantle plumes, which might have occurred primarily during the formation of the Proto- and Paleo-Tethys oceans during the early evolution of the Tethyan domain. Therefore, the inherent coupling of mantle domain properties and plate tectonic mechanisms provides important insights for understanding plate tectonics and geodynamic processes in the Tethyan domain.

ABSTRACT The present study investigated five lightweight periclase-magnesium aluminate spinel refractories containing porous spinel aggregates with a varying spinel content. The cement clinker resistance and adherence properties of the lightweight [...]

Electrochemical conversion of NO3–into NH3(NO3RR) holds an enormous prospect to simultaneously yield valuable NH3and alleviate NO3–pollution. Herein, we report monodispersed Bi-doped FeS2(Bi–FeS2) as a highly effective NO3RR catalyst. Atomic coordination characterizations of Bi–FeS2disclose that the isolated Bi dopant coordinates with its adjacent Fe atom to create the unconventional p–d hybridized Bi–Fe dinuclear sites. Operando spectroscopic measurements combined with theoretical calculations disclose that Bi–Fe dinuclear sites can synergistically enhance the hydrogenation energetics of NO3–-to-NH3pathway, while suppressing the competitive hydrogen evolution, leading to a high NO3RR selectivity and activity. Consequently, the specially designed flow cell equipped with Bi–FeS2exhibits a high NH3yield rate of 83.7 mg h–1cm–2with a near-100% NO3–-to-NH3Faradaic efficiency at an ampere-level current density of 1023.2 mA cm–2, together with an excellent long-term stability for 100 h of electrolysis, ranking almost the highest performance among all reported NO3RR catalysts.

Designing high-efficiency and low-cost catalysts with high current densities for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is critical for commercial seawater electrolysis. Here, we present a heterophase synthetic strategy for constructing an electrocatalyst with dense heterogeneous interfacial sites among crystalline Ni2P, Fe2P, CeO2, and amorphous NiFeCe oxides on nickel foam (NF). The synergistic effect of high-density crystalline and amorphous heterogeneous interfaces effectively promotes the redistribution of the charge density and optimizes the adsorbed oxygen intermediates, lowering the energy barrier and promoting the O2desorption, thus enhancing the OER performance. The obtained NiFeO-CeO2/NF catalyst exhibited outstanding OER catalytic activity, with low overpotentials of 338 and 408 mV required to attain high current densities of 500 and 1000 mA cm–2, respectively, in alkaline natural seawater electrolytes. The solar-driven seawater electrolysis system presents a record-setting and stable solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency of 20.10%. This work provides directives for developing highly effective and stable catalysts for large-scale clean energy production.

As a clean energy carrier, hydrogen energy has become part of the global clean energy strategy and one of the necessary routes to achieve global carbon neutrality. Driven by renewable electricity, water electrolysis promises to be an ideal long-term hydrogen production method that can realize net zero carbon emissions. Compared with conventional alloys, high-entropy alloys (HEAs) have much more catalytic active sites due to their unique structural features including occupation disorder and lattice ordering. They have various promising applications in the field of hydrolysis catalysts. Herein, in this review, the mechanisms of electrolysis of water, catalytic principles of HEAs in hydrolysis processes and latest research progress of HEAs as water electrolysis catalysts are summarized. We also provide perspectives on the difficulties and potential linked to novel HEA design approaches in this attractive sector, with a focus on the connection between both the surface morphology and the catalysis activity. The compositions and possible applications of HEAs in water electrolysis and other emerging fields are outlined.

The practical applications of temperature-tolerant Zn–air batteries (ZABs) rely on highly active and stable bifunctional catalysts that accelerate cathodic oxygen reduction (ORR) and oxygen evolution (OER) reactions. Herein, we successfully integrated fascinating transition metal nitrides and FeCo alloys through a simple coordination assembly and pyrolysis process. Importantly, the alloy-to-nitride ratio in the heterogeneous catalyst can be carefully regulated through the subsequent etching process. Moreover, the composition-dependent ORR/OER performance of the FeCo-Mo0.82N catalysts was revealed. Aqueous ZABs using the optimized FeCo-Mo0.82N-60 as a cathode exhibit a high peak power density of 149.7 mW cm–2and an impressive stability of 600 h with a low charge–discharge voltage gap decay rate of 0.025 mV h–1, which exceeds those of most of recent reports. Furthermore, the FeCo-Mo0.82N-60-based flexible ZABs display a small specific capacity degradation (3%) from 40 to −10 °C, demonstrating excellent temperature tolerance.

Designing efficient and cost-effective bifunctional catalysts is desirable for carbon dioxide and oxygen reduction reactions (CO2RR and ORR) to address carbon neutralization and energy conversion. Herein, a bifunctional CO2RR and ORR catalyst for aqueous Zn-air battery (ZAB) self-driving CO2RR electrolysis is developed using atomically dispersed niobium anchored onto N-doped ordered mesoporous carbon (Nb-N-C). The Nb-N-C atomic catalyst demonstrates aqueous CO2RR activity with CO Faradaic efficiency up to 90%, ORR activity with a half-wave potential of 0.84 V vs.reversible hydrogen electrode, and ZAB activity with a peak power density of 115.6 mW cm−2, owing to the high Nb atom-utilization efficiency and ordered mesoporous structure. Furthermore, two-unit ZABs in series, serving as the power source for the self-powered CO2electrolysis system, continuously convert CO2to CO with average productivity of 3.75 µmol h−1mgcat-1during the first 10 h. Moreover, theoretical calculations exhibit that atomic Nb anchored to N-doped carbon can form Nb-N coordination bonds, effectively reducing the energy barriers of potential-determining *COOH for CO2RR and *O formation for ORR.

An innovative strategy to in-situ grow bimetallic phosphide heterostructure nanowire arrays with lattice-torsion interfaces for solar-driven water splitting with 19.8% STH efficiency has been proposed.

Introduction: Acupuncture has gradually penetrated into many disciplines in clinical medicine, such as surgery, anesthesia, and outpatient examinations. Although a number of clinical trials have investigated the effects of acupuncture on colonoscopy, the results were inconsistent. In this meta-analysis, we analyzed the effects of acupuncture on colonoscopy to provide evidence for subsequent research and clinical application of acupuncture in colonoscopy. Methods: This meta-analysis was performed using Review Manager version 5.4 and Stata version 16 software. The primary outcome was the incidence of adverse events, and the secondary outcomes included patients’ anxiety score before colonoscopy, time to insert the colonoscope, total detection time, propofol consumption, patients' pain score, and patient satisfaction rate. Results: The results showed that the incidence of adverse events (odds ratio [OR] 0.27, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.16–0.43, P= 0.00, I2= 25%), patients' pain score (mean difference [MD] − 1.03, 95% CI − 1.45 to − 0.62, P= 0.00, I2= 94%), and time to insert the colonoscope (MD = − 2.54, 95% CI − 4.96 to − 0.13, P= 0.04, I2= 0%) were significantly lower in the treatment group than in the control group. Compared with the control group, the satisfaction rate of patients (OR 2.53, 95% CI 1.56–4.10, P= 0.00, I2= 47%) in the treatment group was significantly improved. There was no significant between-group difference in patients’ anxiety score, the total detection time, and propofol dosage. Conclusions: During colonoscopy, acupuncture can significantly reduce the incidence of adverse events, relieve patients’ pain, and improve patient satisfaction. Registration: PROSPERO registration number CRD42022324428.

Electronic modulation via heterostructures or vacancies has been recently regarded as an effective strategy to improve electrocatalytic activity by optimizing the adsorption free energies of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) or oxygen evolution reaction (OER) active intermediates during the reaction. Herein, tremella-like Ni–NiO with O-vacancy heterostructure nanosheets grown in situ on Ti3C2TxMXenes (Ni–NiO/Ti3C2TxMXene) are fabricated via a facile strategy. Benefitting from the heterointerfaces between Ni and NiO, the synergetic coupling effects of MXenes and Ni–NiO heterostructures, the O-vacancies, and the unique architecture, the as-prepared Ni–NiO/Ti3C2TxMXene showed superior activity toward the HER and OER in alkaline electrolyte, only requiring overpotentials of 72 mV for the HER and 248 mV for the OER to offer 10 mA cm–2. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that Ni–NiO with O-vacancies can effectively increase the electron density around the Fermi level and modulate the Gibbs free energies of the intermediates during catalytic reactions, thus accelerating the reaction kinetics.

An in-depth understanding of the catalytic reaction mechanism is the key to designing efficient and stable catalysts. In situtransmission electron microscope (TEM) is the most powerful tool to visualize and analyze the microstructures of catalysts during catalysis. In situTEM combined with three-dimensional (3D) electron tomography (ET) reconstruction technique enables interrogations of catalysts’ structural dynamics and chemical changes in high temporal and spatial dimensions. In this review, we discuss and summarize the recent advances in in situTEM together with 3D ET for catalyst studies. Topics include the latest research progress of in situTEM imaging as well as 3D visualization and quantitative analysis of catalysts. We also pay particular attention to artificial intelligence (AI)-enhanced smart 3D ET. These include deep learning (DL)-based data compression and storage for the analysis of large TEM data, recovery of wedge-shaped information lost in 3D ET reconstructions, and DL models for reducing residual artifacts in 3D reconstructed images. Finally, the challenges and development prospects of current in situTEM and 3D ET research are discussed.

When graphene is used as an electrode material for supercapacitors, it tends to have minor volumetric specific capacitance (<200 F cm–3) and low volumetric energy density (<10 Wh L–1) due to its small packing density and poor pseudocapacitive properties. Herein, nanocellulose/reduced graphene oxide composite hydrogels (NCGHs) with a dense porous structure and large packing density are prepared via a simple hydrothermal method using graphene oxide (GO) and nanocellulose (NC) as a reacting substance. In the reaction system, the high-concentration GO solution provides the driving force for the formation of the dense porous structure of NCGHs through the strong π–π stacking interaction between graphene sheets. NC is used as a physical spacer, and its main function is to inhibit the excessive aggregation of NCGHs. Moreover, the super hydrophilicity of NC can also allow it to be used as an electrolyte reservoir to promote the infiltration of NCGHs by the electrolyte. Meanwhile, the oxygen-containing functional groups retained in NCGHs after the hydrothermal reaction can also enhance their wettability and pseudocapacitance. Consequently, the NCGH-40 based binder-less symmetric supercapacitors delivers a high volumetric capacitance (351.8 F cm–3), a large volumetric energy density (12.2 Wh L–1), and a good rate capability of 80.4% even at 10A g–1. Above all, a capacitance augment of 10.4% is achieved after 10,000 cycles at 10 A g–1, confirming its brilliant cycling stability. These parameters suggest that NCGHs can be applied in next-generation energy storage devices with high volumetric energy density.

Water electrolysis is one of the most popular green-hydrogen generation methods, affording high-purity hydrogen in an environmentally friendly manner. Various breakthroughs have been made in the design and optimization of electrocatalysts. However, the development of low-cost catalysts with high activity remains challenging. Selenide electrocatalysts with the same chalcogenide group have attracted significant attention for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Considering the scarcity and expense of precious metals, this review focuses on the application of transition metal selenide electrocatalysts in the HER and OER. However, the lack of activity of these electrocatalysts is a major disadvantage. Current methods of improving selenide-based electrocatalysts include element doping, phase transformation, defect engineering, and structural and morphological control. Herein, focusing on the mechanisms of the HER and OER and the synthesis of transition metal selenides, methods of improving the catalytic performance of transition metal selenides, such as Fe, Co, Ni, Mn, and other transition metals, for practical applications, are presented. This review provides useful information for the development of selenide catalysts.

The development of robust and efficient trifunctional catalysts showing excellent oxygen evolution reaction (OER), oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) kinetics has been challenging. Herein, we prepared a hybrid iron and cobalt-based metal alloy phosphide on a phosphorus and nitrogen co-doped carbon substrate (FeCo-P/PNC) as a catalyst using a one-step Pregulation method. The catalyst exhibited a positive half-wave potential of 0.86 V versusthe reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) for ORR, and low overpotentials of 350 and 158 mV for OER and HER, respectively, to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm-2. Density functional theory calculations demonstrated the dominant role of P in both FeCo phosphide and carbon matrix, which led to the good ORR, OER and HER kinetics. The assembled aqueous and flexible Zn-air batteries with FeCo-P/PNC as the air cathode displayed excellent peak power densities of 195.1 and 90.8 mW cm–2, respectively, as well as outstanding charging-discharging performance, long lifetime, and high flexibility. Moreover, the self-powered overall water-splitting cell exhibited a low working voltage of 1.71 V to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm-2, confirming its excellent multifunctional OER/ORR/HER activity.

The Central Tianshan Block is one of numerous microcontinental blocks within the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) that overlies Precambrian basement rocks. Constraining the evolution of these ancient basement rocks is central to understanding the accretionary and collisional tectonics of the CAOB, and their place within the Rodinia supercontinent. However, to date, the timing and tectonic settings in which the basement rocks in the Central Tianshan Block formed are poorly constrained, with only sparse geochemical and geochronological data from granitic rocks within the northern segment of the block. Here, we present a systematic study combining U-Pb geochronology, whole-rock geochemistry, and the Sr-Nd isotopic compositions of newly-identified granitic gneisses from the Bingdaban area of Central Tianshan Block. The analyzed samples yield a weighted mean Neoproterozoic 206Pb/238U ages of 975–911 Ma. These weakly-peraluminous granitic rocks show a common geochemical I-type granite affinity. The granitic gneisses are calc-alkaline and enriched in large ion lithophile elements (LILEs) and light rare earth elements (LREEs), but they are depleted in high field strength elements (HFSEs); these characteristics are similar to those of typical subduction-related magmatism. All samples show initial (87Sr/86Sr)(t)ratios between 0.705136 and 0.706745. Values for ƐNd(t)in the granitic gneisses are in the range from −5.7 to −1.2, which correspond to Nd model ages of 2.0–1.7 Ga, indicating a role for Mesoproterozoic to Paleoproterozoic rocks in the generation of the granitic protoliths. The documented geochemical features indicate that the protoliths for the gneisses have a similar petrogenesis and magmatic source, which may reflect partial melting of thickened crust with the addition of small amounts of mantle-derived material. The Central Tianshan Block probably constitute part of an exterior orogen that developed along the margin of the Rodinian supercontinent during the Early Neoproterozoic and underwent a transition from subduction to syn-collision compression at 975–911 Ma.

West Junggar is a key area for understanding intra-oceanic plate subduction and the final closure of the Junggar Ocean. Knowledge of the Carboniferous tectonic evolution of the Junggar Ocean region is required for understanding the tectonic framework and accretionary processes in West Junggar, Central Asian Orogenic Belt. A series of Early Carboniferous volcanic and intrusive rocks, namely, basaltic andesite, andesite, dacite, and diorite, occur in the Mayile area of southern West Junggar, northwestern China. Our new LA-ICPMS zircon U-Pb geochronological data reveal that diorite intruded at 334 (±1) Ma, and that basaltic andesite was erupted at 334 (±4) Ma. These intrusive and volcanic rocks are calc-alkaline, display moderate MgO (1.62%–4.18%) contents and Mg# values (40–59), and low Cr (14.5×10−6–47.2×10−6) and Ni (7.5×10−6–34.6×10−6) contents, and are characterized by enrichment in light rare-earth elements and large-ion lithophile elements and depletion in heavy rare-earth elements and high-field-strength elements, meaning that they belong to typical subduction-zone island-arc magma. The samples show low initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios (range of 0.703649–0.705008), positive εNd(t)values (range of 4.8–6.2 and mean of 5.4), and young TDMNd model ages ranging from 1016 to 616 Ma, indicating a magmatic origin from depleted mantle involving partial melting of 10%–25% garnet and spinel lherzolite. Combining our results with those of previous studies, we suggest that these rocks were formed as a result of northwestward subduction of the Junggar oceanic plate, which caused partial melting of sub-arc mantle. We conclude that intra-oceanic arc magmatism was extensive in West Junggar during the Early Carboniferous.

Pd is the only metal that can catalyze electrochemical CO2reduction to formate at close-to-zero overpotential. It is unfortunately subjected to severe poisoning by trace CO as the side product and suffers from deteriorating stability and selectivity with increasing overpotential. Here, we demonstrate that alloying Pd with Cu in the form of two-dimensional nanodendrites could enable highly stable and selective formate production. Such unique bimetallic nanostructures are formed as a result of the rapid in-plane growth and suppressed out-of-plane growth by carefully controlling a set of experimental parameters. Thanks to the combined electronic effect and nanostructuring effect, our alloy product catalyzes CO2reduction to formate with remarkable stability and selectivity under the working potential as cathodic as −0.4 V. Our results are rationalized by computational simulations, evidencing that Cu atoms weaken the *CO adsorption and stabilize the *OCHO adsorption on neighboring Pd atoms.

The development of highly active and durable catalysts for electrochemical reduction of CO2(ERC) to CH4in aqueous media is an efficient and environmentally friendly solution to address global problems in energy and sustainability. In this work, an electrocatalyst consisting of single Zn atoms supported on microporous N-doped carbon was designed to enable multielectron transfer for catalyzing ERC to CH4in 1 M KHCO3solution. This catalyst exhibits a high Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 85%, a partial current density of −31.8 mA cm–2at a potential of −1.8 V versus saturated calomel electrode, and remarkable stability, with neither an obvious current drop nor large FE fluctuation observed during 35 h of ERC, indicating a far superior performance than that of dominant Cu-based catalysts for ERC to CH4. Theoretical calculations reveal that single Zn atoms largely block CO generation and instead facilitate the production of CH4.

The ambient electrocatalytic N2reduction reaction (NRR) is a promising alternative to the Haber–Bosch process for producing NH3. However, a guideless search for single-atom-based and other electrocatalysts cannot promote the NH3yield rates by NRR efficiently. Herein, our first-principles calculations reveal that the successive emergence of vertical end-on *N2and oblique end-on *NNH admolecules on single metal sites is key to high-performance NRR. By targeting the admolecules, single Ag sites with the Ag–N4coordination are found and synthesized massively. They exhibit a record-high NH3yield rate (270.9 μg h–1mgcat.–1or 69.4 mg h–1mgAg–1) and a desirable Faradaic efficiency (21.9%) in HCl aqueous solution under ambient conditions. The generation rate of NH3is stable during 20 consecutive reaction cycles, and the reduction current density is almost constant for 60 h. This work provides an effective targeting-design principle to purposefully synthesize active and durable single-atom-based NRR electrocatalysts.

Emerging energy technologies, aimed at addressing the challenges of energy scarcity and environmental pollution, have become a focal point for society. However, these actualities present significant challenges for modern energy storage devices. Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) have gained considerable attention due to their high energy density. Nonetheless, their use of liquid electrolytes raises safety concerns, including dendritic growth, electrode corrosion, and electrolyte decomposition. In light of these challenges, solid-state batteries (SSBs) have emerged as a highly promising next-generation energy storage solution by leveraging lithium metal as the anode to achieve improved safety and energy density. Metal organic frameworks (MOFs), characterized by their porous structure, ordered crystal frame, and customizable configuration, have garnered interest as potential materials for enhancing solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) in SSBs. The integration of MOFs into SSEs offers opportunities to enhance the electrochemical performance and optimize the interface between SSEs and electrodes. This is made possible by leveraging the high porosity, functionalized structures, and abundant open metal sites of MOFs. However, the rational design of high-performance MOF-based SSEs for high-energy Li metal SSBs (LMSSBs) remains a significant challenge. In this comprehensive review, we present an overview of recent advancements in MOF-based SSEs for LMSSBs, focusing on strategies for interface optimization and property enhancement. We categorize these SSEs into two main types: MOF-based quasi-solid-state electrolytes and MOF-based all solid-state electrolytes. Within these categories, various subtypes are identified based on the combination mode, additional materials, formation state, preparation method, and interface optimization measures employed. The review also highlights the existing challenges associated with MOF materials in SSBs applications and proposes potential solutions and future development prospects to guide the advancement of MOFs-based SSEs. By providing a comprehensive assessment of the applications of MOFs in LMSSBs, this review aims to offer valuable insights and guidance for the development of MOF-based SSEs, addressing the key issues faced by these materials in SSBs technology.

This paper primarily investigates the event-triggered tracking control problem for quadcopter attitude systems, utilizing finite-time zero compensation technology. Unlike existing research results, a zero compensation technology is proposed to solve non-affine control input problems such as saturation, dead zones, and gaps. The command filtered compensation technology is used to solve ’differential explosion’ and filtering errors. A novel Tanh type filter and a neural network are employed to approximate virtual control signals and account for un-modeled dynamics, respectively. Moreover, the finite-time convergence theory is used to prove that the state, tracking error, and filtered error compensation signals in the entire closed-loop system converge to an arbitrarily small neighborhood of the equilibrium origin. Finally, the advantages of the proposed control algorithm in improving tracking accuracy and reducing communication load were demonstrated through simulation.

Ambient urea synthesis via C–N coupling from CO2and nitrate reduction offers an attractive alternative to the Bosch-Meiser route, but it is hindered by the lack of efficient catalysts. Herein, we report that Fe-doped InOOH nanosheets effectively catalyze the coreduction of CO2and nitrate, giving a high Faradaic Efficiency of 26.9%, a yield rate of 980.6 μg h–1mgcat.–1, and a good durability. Theoretical calculations further elucidate that iron dopants can tailor the reactivity of the In site, facilitating the hydrogenation of the key *CO2NH2intermediate and suppressing the hydrogen production with a higher energy barrier.

Unraveling the essence of electronic structure effected by d-d orbital coupling of transition metal and methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) performance can fundamentally guide high efficient catalyst design. Herein, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed at first to study the d–d orbital interaction of metallic PtPdCu, revealing that the incorporation of Pd and Cu atoms into Pt system can enhance d-d electron interaction viacapturing antibonding orbital electrons of Pt to fill the surrounding Pd and Cu atoms. Under the theoretical guidance, PtPdCu medium entropy alloy aerogels (PtPdCu MEAAs) catalysts have been designed and systematically screened for MOR under acid, alkaline and neutral electrolyte. Furthermore, DFT calculation and in-situfourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis indicate that PtPdCu MEAAs follow the direct pathway viaformate as the reactive intermediate to be directly oxidized to CO2. For practical direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs), the PtPdCu MEAAs-integrated ultra-thin catalyst layer (4∼5 μm thickness) as anode exhibits higher peak power density of 35 mW/cm2than commercial Pt/C of 20 mW/cm2(∼40 μm thickness) under the similar noble metal loading and an impressive stability retention at a 50-mA/cm2constant current for 10 h. This work clearly proves that optimizing the intermediate adsorption capacity viad-d orbital coupling is an effective strategy to design highly efficient catalysts for DMFCs.

Electrochemical reduction of NO to NH3(NORR) offers a prospective method for efficient NH3electrosynthesis. Herein, we first design single-atom Pd-alloyed Cu (Pd1Cu) as an efficient and robust NORR catalyst at industrial-level current densities (>0.2 A cm–2). Operando spectroscopic characterizations and theoretical computations unveil that Pd1strongly electronically couples its adjacent two Cu atoms (Pd1Cu2) to enhance the NO activation while promoting the NO-to-NH3protonation energetics and suppressing the competitive hydrogen evolution. Consequently, the flow cell assembled with Pd1Cu exhibits an unprecedented NH3yield rate of 1341.3 μmol h–1cm–2and NH3–Faradaic efficiency of 85.5% at an industrial-level current density of 210.3 mA cm–2, together with an excellent long-term durability for 200 h of electrolysis, representing one of the highest NORR performances on record.

Alternative polyadenylation (APA) plays a major role in controlling transcriptome diversity and therapeutic resistance of cancers. However, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) involved in pathological APA remain poorly defined. Here, we functionally characterize LINC00921, a MED13L/P300-induced oncogenic lncRNA, and show that it is required for global regulation of APA in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). LINC00921shows significant potential for reducing NSCLC radiosensitivity, and high LINC00921levels are associated with a poor prognosis for patients with NSCLC treated with radiotherapy. LINC00921controls NUDT21 stability by facilitating binding of NUDT21 with the E3 ligase TRIP12. LINC00921-induced destabilization of NUDT21 promotes 3′ UTR shortening of MED23mRNA via APA, which, in turn, leads to elevated MED23 protein levels in cancer cells and nuclear translocation of β-catenin and thereby activates expression of multiple β-catenin/T cell factor (TCF)/lymphoid enhancer-binding factor (LEF)-regulated core oncogenes (c-Myc, CCND1, and BMP4). These findings highlight the importance of functionally annotating lncRNAs controlling APA and suggest the clinical potential of therapeutics for advanced NSCLC.

In this study, a highly active peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activator was prepared by the self-assembly of cobalt disulphide (CoS2) nanoparticles on the surface of graphene oxide nanosheets using a simple electrostatic self-assembly method. The catalysts were characterized, and their ability to activate PMS to eliminate ornidazole (ORZ) was assessed. Degradation experiments showed that the CoS2−GO/PMS system exhibited excellent ORZ degradation performance, removing 99.7 % of ORZ in 10 min. In four consecutive cycles, the reduction rate of ORZ removal by the composite catalyst decreased by only 1.8 %. Both radical quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) tests revealed that sulfate radical (SO4•-) and superoxide radical (O2•-) contributed to the major reactive oxygen species (ROS). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results showed that the sulfur (S) species in CoS2played an important role in the Co(III)/Co(II) cycle, driving the catalyst to exhibit excellent PMS activation. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was used to determine the possible decomposition processes and identify the intermediates of the ORZ medium. Remarkably, the biotoxicity assessment of degraded intermediates analyzed by ECOSAR software indicated the environmentally friendly features of the degradation process.

As a critical alternative step for the synthesis of important chemical feedstocks and complex carbon-based fuels, the electrochemical transformation of CO2into CO holds great significance for the chemical industry. Here, MnO2nanosheets array supported nickel foam has been synthesized and adopted as a binder-free catalyst for electrochemical CO2reduction reaction (CO2RR). The well-distributed nanosheets of MnO2impart a much higher density of accessible active sites for CO2RR, enabling the selective CO2reduction to CO with a large current density (14.1 mA cm–2), excellent Faradaic efficiency (71%) and high electrochemical stability (10 h). This work first demonstrates the great potential of Mn-based oxides for electrocatalytic transformation of CO2to valuable products.

Electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) for NH3generation under ambient conditions presents a promising alternative to the conventional Haber–Bosch process. Here, we report a Fe single-atom catalyst for ambient electrochemical NH3synthesis. This catalyst achieves high Faradaic efficiency (18.6 ± 0.8%) and NH3yield rate (62.9 ± 2.7 μg h−1mgcat.−1) in neutral aqueous electrolyte at room temperature and −0.4 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode. Furthermore, this catalyst exhibits a negligible activity decay during electrolysis for 24 h. X-ray absorption fine structure analyses and theoretical calculations reveal that atomically dispersed single Fe species are stabilized by N in Fe–N4 configuration, which is favorable for N2activation. This work opens new opportunities for developing advanced single atomic site catalysts for NH3synthesis via NRR.

Converting carbon dioxide to useful C2 chemicals in a selective and efficient manner remains a major challenge in renewable and sustainable energy research. Herein, we adopt butterfly wings to assist the preparation of an electrocatalyst containing monodispersed Cu particles supported by nitrogen-doped carbon frameworks for an efficient reduction of CO2. Benefiting from structure advantages and the synergistic effect between nitrogen dopants and stepped surface-rich Cu particles, the resulting catalyst exhibited a high faradic efficiency of 63.7 ± 1.4% for ethylene production (corresponding to an ethylene/methane products’ ratio of 57.9 ± 5.4) and an excellent durability (∼100% retention after 24 h). This work presents some guidelines for the rational design and accurate modulation of metal heterocatalysts for high selectivity toward ethylene from CO2electroreduction.

Nanoporous Zn-doped Co3O4sheets with abundant lateral surfaces are developed. The lateral surfaces have single-unit-cell width (0.84 ± 0.03nm) and contain more oxygen vacancies than conventional base/top surfaces, causing ultrahigh activity and durability for oxygen evolution and overall water splitting. Thus, the sheets are promising for practical and green hydrogen production.

Electroreduction is a promising technique for the conversion of CO2into fuel or valuable chemicals. In this study, thin-layered SnSe2as a robust catalyst for CO2electroreduction was reported, efficiently furnishing formate with a high faradaic efficiency of 91 ± 4% and a stable activity for more than 100 h. The promising electrochemical performances of thin-layered SnSe2were related to the increased abundance of the exposed active sites, enhanced conductivity, the absence of binders and the presence of selenium promoters in SnSe2. This work can open new avenues for the development of transition metal dichalcogenide-based electrocatalysts with high efficiency.

Calcium ions are important in cell process, which control cell functions. Many models on calcium oscillation have been proposed. Most of existing literature analyzed calcium oscillations using numerical methods, and found rich dynamical behaviours. In this paper, we explore a further study on an established three-store model, which contains endoplasmic reticulum (ER), mitochondria and calcium binding proteins. We conduct bifurcation analysis to identify two Hopf bifurcations, and apply normal form theory to study their stability and show that one of them is supercritical while the other is subcritical. Further, we transform the model into a slow-fast system, and then apply the geometrical singular perturbation theory to investigate the mechanism of generating slow-fast motions. The study reveals that the mechanism of generating the slow-fast oscillating behaviour in the three-store calcium model for certain parameter values is due to the relative fast change in the free calcium in cytosol, and relative slow changes in the free calcium in mitochondria and in the bounded Ca 2 + binding sites on the cytosolic proteins. A further parametric study may provide some useful information for controlling harmful effect, by adjusting the amount of calcium in a human body. Numerical simulations are present to demonstrate the correct analytical predictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

•Considering SOCE, a new model is built to describe calcium oscillations in cell.•It is indicated that SOCE plays a key role in calcium oscillations in cell.•Change laws of the amplitude and period of calcium oscillations are obtained.

Considering the targeted chemotherapy, a mathematical model of tumor-immune system was constructed on the basis of de Pillis’s model. In this paper, we conducted qualitative analysis on the mathematical model, including the positivity and boundedness of solutions, local stability and global stability of equilibrium solutions. Some numerical simulations were given to illustrate the analytic results. Comparing the targeted chemotherapy model with regular chemotherapy model, we found that the targeted chemotherapy was benefit to kill tumor cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the domain of acidic water splitting, designing bifunctional catalysts that marry high activity with enduring stability is a formidable challenge. Herein, we have constructed platinum-containing ruthenium oxide nanoparticles (Pt@RuOxNPs) to achieve excellent overall water splitting performance in acidic electrolytes. Pt@RuOxNPs demonstrate exceptional catalytic activity for both the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in acidic seawater, requiring overpotentials of only 20 mV and 157 mV, respectively, to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm−2. Furthermore, in 0.5 M H2SO4, this catalyst exhibits high HER (19 mV) and OER (236 mV) catalytic activities. The two-electrode water splitting system composed of bifunctional Pt@RuOxNPs requires cell voltages of only 1.442 and 1.465 V to deliver a current density of 10 mA cm−2in acidic seawater and 0.5 M H2SO4. Remarkably, this catalyst displays remarkable stability in the water splitting process. It is shown that the introduction of Pt could augment oxygen vacancies and enhance catalytic activity significantly. The synergy between Pt and Ru further contributes to the improved performance. Additionally, we have observed that acidic seawater holds distinct advantages for acidic water splitting, along with a thorough exploration of the relationship between Cl−concentration and catalytic performance. This study not only provides a strategy to improve the catalytic activity and stability of ruthenium-based catalysts for water splitting in acidic environments, but also unveils the promoting effect of Cl−on the catalytic activity in acidic water splitting.

Abstract: This paper investigates the finite-time ruin probability in a risk model with constant force of interest, upper tail asymptotically independent claims, and a general claim arrival process. We obtain a uniformly asymptotic formula for times in a finite interval. In particular, with a certain dependence among the inter-arrival times, the formula holds uniformly for all times. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: For a dependent risk model with constant interest rate, in which the claim sizes form a sequence of upper tail asymptotically independent and identically distributed random variables, and their inter-arrival times are another sequence of widely lower orthant dependent and identically distributed random variables, we will give an asymptotically equivalent formula for the finite-time ruin probability. The obtained asymptotics holds uniformly in an arbitrarily finite-time interval. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

New field relations and U‐Pb ages of detrital zircons from Middle Devonian‐Upper Triassic sedimentary rocks in the South Tianshan constrain the time and style of terminal suturing between the Tarim Craton and the Yili‐Central Tianshan arc. The variety of mélange blocks set within diagnostic thrust‐imbricates demonstrates that basalts, limestones, cherts, and sandstones belong to the Ocean Plate Stratigraphy (OPS) of an accreted oceanic plate. The imbricated OPS structure is further confirmed by our observation of lateral juxtaposition of Lower Carboniferous meta‐sandstones and Upper Carboniferous sandstones. Detrital zircon ages from Middle Devonian to Lower‐Middle Triassic rocks show no input from the Tarim Craton, but rather derivation from the Yili‐Central Tianshan arc or from isolated seamounts/oceanic plateaus within the South Tianshan oceanic plate. The integrated field observations and sediment provenance indicate that these rocks belong to the South Tianshan accretionary complex. The Upper Triassic sandstones show a mixed provenance from the Tarim Craton and the Yili‐Central Tianshan arc suggesting that the final subduction of the South Tianshan oceanic plate lasted until its terminal collision to the Tarim craton in the Late Triassic. Our work not only supports continuous northward subduction of the South Tianshan oceanic plate, but also indicates that the cryptic terminal suture between the Tarim Craton and the Yili‐Central Tianshan arc is situated on the southern boundary of the South Tianshan accretionary complex, providing new constraints on the final amalgamation of the Altaid orogen. This multi‐disciplinary study demonstrates an optimum means of unraveling the complex framework and tectonic evolution of an accretionary orogen. South Tianshan was an accretionary complex belonging to the Yili‐Central Tianshan arc, rather than a passive margin of the Tarim CratonTerminal suture between the Tarim and the Yili‐Central Tianshan is situated in the southern boundary of the South TianshanNorthward subduction of the South Tianshan oceanic plate lasted until the Late Triassic as indicated by a mixed provenance South Tianshan was an accretionary complex belonging to the Yili‐Central Tianshan arc, rather than a passive margin of the Tarim Craton Terminal suture between the Tarim and the Yili‐Central Tianshan is situated in the southern boundary of the South Tianshan Northward subduction of the South Tianshan oceanic plate lasted until the Late Triassic as indicated by a mixed provenance

The NH3electrosynthesis under ambient conditions represents an attractive alternative to the traditional Haber−Bosch industrial process, and NO is one of the major air pollutants. Here, with single-atom-site Nb catalyst, the ambient electrochemical denitration of NO exhibited a record high NH3yield rate of 8.2 × 10−8 mol cm−2 s−1, which is two orders of magnitude larger than those achieved by the best-reported catalysts for the ambient NH3electrosynthesis and approaches the US Department of Energy target. Theoretical calculations reveal that the single-atomic Nb sites not only facilitate the NO adsorption but also lower the energy barrier of the potential-determining step.

Electrochemical N2reduction reaction (NRR) has long been regarded as a promising process to generate NH3under ambient conditions. Therefore, developing cost-effective and high-performance non-noble-metal catalysts for NRR is highly desirable. Inspired by the biological nitrogenase structure, we here designed and synthesized a catalyst with iron-molybdenum sub-nanoclusters and single atoms on porous nitrogen-doped carbon (FeMo/NC). The catalyst features porous structure beneficial to active site exposure and accessibility to electrolyte as well as FeMo sub-nanoclusters and single atoms enabling to activate N2molecular. In situ near-ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy tests reveal that during the process from vacuum to nitrogen saturation, N2was close to, adsorbed on and interacted with Fe and Mo in FeMo/NC. The Fe and Mo through electron transfer play a key role in activating the N2molecules. Therefore, when tested for NRR, FeMo/NC achieves the maximum Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 11.8 ± 0.8% at −0.25 V and NH3yield rate of 26.5 ± 0.8 μg h−1mgcat.−1at −0.3 V in neutral electrolyte. Moreover, the catalyst exhibits ignorable variations in the FE and a slight decrease in current density for 100,000 s. This work develops a non-precious bimetallic electrocatalyst with synergetic effect capability for efficient NH3production and provides a guideline for the design of efficient and robust catalysts with coexistence of sub-nanoclusters and single atoms.

It is highly desirable to develop Pt single-atom (SA) catalysts with an optimized mass activity for acidic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), but it remains a significant challenge. In this study, a new Pt SA strongly coupled with amorphous MoOX(Pt-SA/ɑ-MoOx) is rationally designed. The synergistic effect between unsaturated Pt atoms and defective MoOxcan significantly lower the reaction barrier contributing to the fast HER reaction kinetics. Hence, Pt-SA/ɑ-MoOxexhibits an ultrahigh mass activity of 52.0 A mgPt−1at an overpotential of 50 mV, corresponding to better acidic HER activity than those reported previously for Pt SA-based catalysts. Furthermore, Pt-SA/ɑ-MoOxshows Pt-like kinetics with a small Tafel slope of 123 mV dec−1and outstanding long-term electrochemical stability for 20 h. This developed synthetic method is also extended for the fabrication of other amorphous MoOx-supported SA catalysts (e.g. Ir, Au and Pb). As far as we know, our study reports the first example of the combination of metal SA and amorphous oxide for highly efficient electrocatalysis.

According to the actual acceleration index requirements, a high-speed large-thrust linear induction motor for accelerating the system was designed. Due to the variable pole pitch design, the variation of the pole pitch plays a key role in the design, and the influence of the variation of the pole pitch on the output of the electromagnetic thrust is analyzed. The variable pole distance double-sided linear induction motor is used as the acceleration drive. It does not need to detect the speed and displacement. The primary winding current frequency is constant. As the speed increases, it will not be limited by the inverter frequency, and will not increase the motor loss. The frequency is constant and the control is optimized and simpler.

The poem "A Long Way From Home," by is presented. First Line: My family married me off to; Last Line: floating home again!

MAM (mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membrane complex) is kind of complexes formed between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria, and it plays an important role in calcium signal transduction of cell. Coherence resonance is cooperative effect of noise and nonlinear system. In the field of life science, coherence resonance reflects the rhythm of life, so studying it by using the theory and method of nonlinear stochastic dynamics has very important biological significance. On the basis of the calcium oscillation model considering the role of MAMs proposed by Szopa et al., and taking two important indexes - the maximal permeability of the Ca 2+ channels in the ER membrane ( k ch ) and the maximal permeability of MCU (mitochondrial calcium uniporter) at MAMs ( k MAM ) as the analysis parameters, this paper further studies the bifurcation characteristic of the system, including two-parameter bifurcation and one-parameter bifurcation, and theoretically expounds the reasons for the generation and disappearance of calcium oscillations. Then, on the basis of bifurcation analysis, we focus on the coherence resonance characteristic of calcium signals and its physiological significance when analysis parameters are affected by environmental noise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we consider a nonstandard compound renewal risk model with arbitrary dependence between the aggregate amount of claims caused by an accident and the waiting time of the corresponding accident. For the case when various dependence structures are imposed among the involved modeling factors and the common claim-size distribution is consistently varying tailed, we obtain for the large deviations of the aggregate amount of claims some asymptotic results, which hold uniformly for all x in a t -interval. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper presents an experimental investigation on nonlinear low frequency gravity water waves in a partially filled cylindrical shell subjected to high frequency horizontal excitations. The characteristics of natural frequencies and mode shapes of the water–shell coupled system are discussed. The boundaries for onset of gravity waves are measured and plotted by curves of critical excitation force magnitude with respect to excitation frequency. For nonlinear water waves, the time history signals and their spectrums of motion on both water surface and shell are recorded. The shapes of water surface are also measured using scanning laser vibrometer. In particular, the phenomenon of transitions between different gravity wave patterns is observed and expressed by the waterfall graphs. These results exhibit pronounced nonlinear properties of shell–fluid coupled system. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• Multiple three-parameter bifurcation analyses of galloping stability are carried out. • A variety of internal resonance behaviors are observed. • Synchronous and limited-amplitude galloping characteristics are explained. • Modal interaction processes for multi-modal coupling galloping of iced transmission lines are discussed. Considering geometric and aerodynamic nonlinearities, in this work, a reduced dynamic model with crescent-shaped ice accretions has been established to describe the coupling effects of in-plane, out-of-plane and torsional motions on galloping with longitudinal motions limited to in-plane and out-of-plane directions for simplification. Based on natural frequencies and associated eigenfunctions obtained for each of the three directions, motion equations containing two in-plane, two out-of-plane and two torsional components are obtained by Galerkin spatial discretization. By using eigenvalue analysis and numerical methods, galloping stability is investigated at different wind speeds, sags, initial wind attack angles, in-plane damping ratios and torsional damping ratios. The effect laws of different parameters on galloping are analyzed and Hopf bifurcation points are obtained, which denote the upper and lower critical wind speeds where the upper critical wind speed is mainly related to in-plane motion. Then, multi-modal interaction mechanisms with different parameters are discussed in detail. A variety of internal resonance behaviors are observed in the system and their similarities and differences are analyzed. Meanwhile, galloping presents synchronous and limited-amplitude characteristics, the reasons of which are explained. These reveal the occurrence of different energy exchanges among various modes. This research provides a theoretical foundation for the design of transmission lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]